Hazel Nut
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Read about Hazel Nut in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Hazel Nut. The nuts of Corylus (which see). In North America, the term is mostly applied to the native species of Corylus, and the word filbert is used more or less indiscriminately for the nuts of the Old World species. (See Filbert.) In the present article, the term hazel nut is used generically for the fruits of all the species. Fig. 1788. The three native hazels, Corylus americana, C. californica and C. rostrata. have been sparingly introduced to cultivation, but have not developed varieties worthy of naming or propagating. The foreign species, C. Avellana, C. pontica and C. maxima, and perhaps others, were introduced along the Atlantic seaboard at an early day and are maintained in gardens throughout the New England and Middle Atlantic States. Efforts to make extensive culture profitable in the eastern United States have hitherto failed, probably from attacks of a fungous disease, Cryptosporella anomala, common on C. americana, but not specially injurious to that species. It attacks and destroys the. young branches, and later the older branches and trunk, without killing the root. Bordeaux mixture has been suggested as a preventive, but recorded successful experiments are lacking. Experimental plantings on the Pacific slope indicate greater success with imported hazels there than in the East, but they have not developed commercial importance. The requirements of the filbert in America, so far as known, are: moderately rich, well drained soil; absence of Corylus americana from vicinity; freedom from mild periods in winter and late frosts in spring. It is specially subject to frost-injury, as both staminate and pistillate catkins develop in fall and quickly swell and open under the influence of mild weather in winter. The staminate catkins commonly bloom first. If they are destroyed by frost, fertilization can be accomplished by suspending branches from other localities, even of other species. Propagation by seeds is easily done by stratifying in fall and planting in nursery rows in early spring. Seedlings vary exceedingly, and varieties are perpetuated by budding, grafting, suckers or layers, commonly by the last two methods. A considerable supply of well- rooted suckers can be secured from fruiting trees by banking in summer with rich soil or stable manure to promote root-formation. Stools for layering should be heavily manured to force long and slender shoots suitable for bending. These should be staked down in winter or spring and covered with earth. They may be removed to nursery rows or orchard at end of first season. Planting should be at a distance of 10 to 20 feet in well-prepared soil, in fall or spring. Ground may be cropped with low-growing, cultivated plants while trees are young, but should be maintained in good tilth and fertility. Pruning is of special importance with this nut. Trees general, such varieties as have husks shorter than their fruits are termed nuts, while such as have husks as long as or longer than their fruits are designated filberts. But few varieties are known in America, most of the hazels grown being seedlings from imported nuts. Varieties of Corylus avellana and C. maxima are not clearly distinguishable, but in general those with husks longer the nuts are assigned to C. maxima, and with short husks to C. avellana. Alba (White Filbert).—Regarded in England ; of the best varieties. Can be Kept in husk longer than most others because of constricted form of husk, with a white skin. Known as Avelinier Blanche, etc. Succeeds in California. Cosford (Miss Young's, Thin-shelled).—Nut oblong, thin-shelled, of excellent quality; in a hirsute, laciniatixl husk, about the same length as nut. Crispa (Cape Nut, Frizzled Filbert).—Nut thin-shelled, somewhat flattened, late; in husks curiously frizzled throughout and wide open at the mouth. Very productive. Downton Large Square.—Nut very large, semi-square, thick- shelled and well filled, of the highest quality; husk smooth, shorter than nut. Du Chilly.—A fine, large, compressed-cylindrical variety, with moderately thick shell, and of fine quality. Introduced from France by Felix Gillet, of California. The largest filbert grown in America so far as known. Grandis (Round Cobnut).—Nut large, short, slightly compressed, of good quality when fresh, with a thick and hard shell; in a short husk, much frizzled and hairy. One of the best varieties; considered the true Barcelona nut of commerce. Also known as Downton, Dwarf Prolific, Great Cob, Pearson's Prolific and Round Cob. Jones. — A short, roundish nut. of medium size and good quality, somewhat grown for several years in central Delaware. Bush hardy and vigorous, producing suckers freely, and thus far free from disease. Lambert (Lambert's Filbert. Lambert's Nut, Filbert Cob; Kentish Cob, erroneously). — Nut large, oblong, somewhat compressed; shell rather thick; kernel plump and of rich flavor; an excellent keeper. Husk quite smooth, longer than nut and but slightly cut in margin. Tree productive. Considered the best variety grown in England, where it has been known since 1812. Purple leaved— Nut large and of excellent quality; in a husk longer than the fruit. Planted for ornament, and productive of good nuts under proper treatment. The leaves and husks are of a deep purple color, which 5°t\ is retained until frost. The staminate catkins are tender and often injured by frosts in winter, but when supplied with pollen from some more hardy variety it yields large crops. Red Aveline (Avelinier Rouge, Red Hazel). — Nut large, ovate, thin- shelled, with a smooth, red-skinned kernel, and of sweet nutty flavor. This variety is prized in eastern California as a productive sort of good quality. Spanish. — Nut very large, oblong, thick-shelled, with a smooth husk longer than the fruit. Sometimes confounded with Grandis. W. A. Taylor.
The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text. |
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References
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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