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File:Malva neglecta.jpg

2012-11-21T17:07:13Z

Gardenmaster: Gardenmaster uploaded a new version of "File:Malva neglecta.jpg": Juvenile Malva neglecta; leaves

Juvenile Malva neglecta; leaves

File:Malva neglecta.jpg

2012-11-21T17:03:47Z

Gardenmaster: Juvenile Malva neglecta; leaves

Juvenile Malva neglecta; leaves

Malva neglecta

2012-11-21T16:49:00Z

Gardenmaster:

[[File:Malva neglecta.jpg]]

''Malva neglecta'', known as Common Mallow, is a frequently weed in gardens.

This is an incomplete entry. Cannot get the photo to load and I am out of time. More later.

Malva neglecta

2012-11-21T16:45:25Z

Gardenmaster: Created page with "File:Malva neglecta.jpg Malva neglecta, known as Common Mallow, is frequently a weed in gardens."

[[File:Malva neglecta.jpg]]

Malva neglecta, known as Common Mallow, is frequently a weed in gardens.

Glossary of Gardening Terms

2012-01-07T04:26:57Z

Gardenmaster: /* E */

Glossary of botanical and horticultural technical terms.

The following set of words includes many descriptive terms used on Plants.am and elsewhere, with explanations of their meaning.

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==A==
''[[Aberrant]]''. Unusual, or exceptional; a plant or structure that varies from customary structure or from the type; used mostly of variation.

''[[Abortive]]''. Defective; barren; not developed.

''[[Abrupt]]''. Changing suddenly rather than gradually, as a [[leaf]] that is narrowed quickly to a point, or a [[pinnate]] leaf that has no terminal [[leaflet]]; not tapering.

''[[Acaulescent]]''. [[Stemless]], or apparently stemless; sometimes the stem is subterranean or protrudes only slightly.

''[[Accessory buds]]''. [[Bud]]s more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Accessory fruit]]''. [[Fruit]]-like body composed of [[pericarp]] and other structure or structures seemingly a part of it, but not originally united with it, as [[wintergreen berry]].

''[[Accrescent]]''. Increasing; becoming larger after [[flower]]ing, as the [[calyx]] in some plants.

''[[Accumbent]]''. Lying against; said of [[cotyledon]]s when the edges are placed against the [[radicle]].

''[[Achene]]'' (akene). A dry [[indehiscent]] one-seeded [[pericarp]].

''[[Achlamydeous]]''. Lacking [[calyx]] or [[corolla]]; [[naked]].

''[[Acinaciform]]''. Shaped like a scimitar; curved, round toward the point, being thicker on the outer side than on the convex or inner side.

''[[Acotyledonous]]''. Without [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Adnate]]''. Grown to, united with another part; as [[stamen]]s with the [[corolla]]-tube or an [[anther]] in its whole length with the [[filament]].

''[[Adventitious buds]]''. [[Bud]]s appearing on occasion, rather than in regular places and order, as those arising about wounds.

''[[Adventive]]''. Said of an introduced plant not yet established; imperfectly or only partially [[naturalize]]d.

''[[Aestivation]]''. The arrangement of [[floral envelope]]s in the [[bud]] (aestivus, ''summer'', when [[flower]]s mostly appear. Vernation is [[leaf]]-arrangement in the bud).

''[[Affinity]]''. A plant or part closely related to another or much resembling it in structure.

''[[Agglomerate]]''. Piled together, heaped up.

''[[Aggregate fruit]]''. One formed by the coherence of [[pistil]]s that were distinct in the [[flower]], as [[blackberry]].

''[[Albumen]]''. Starchy or other nutritive material accompanying the [[embryo]]; commonly used in the sense of [[endosperm]], for the material surrounding the embryo.

''[[Alburnum]]''. The [[sapwood]] or younger wood of a tree.

''[[Alternate]]''. Any arrangement of [[leaves]] or other parts not opposite or [[whorled]]; placed singly at different heights on the [[axis]] or [[stem]].

''[[Alveolate]]''. Honey-combed, or pitted with angular separated depressions.

''[[Ament]]''. Catkin.

''[[Amentiferous]]''. Bearing [[ament]]s or catkins.

''[[Amorphous]]''. Formless; of no definite or constant [[form]].

''[[Amphigean]]''. Of both worlds, the Old and New; said of distribution of plants.

''[[Amphitropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is apparently turned a quarter way around, so that it is half inverted and with the scar or [[hilum]] on the side.

''[[Ampullaceous]]''. Said of plants bearing flask-like parts, as in certain aquatics such as [[Utricularia]].

''[[Analogous]]''. Related in function or use, but not in origin. See ''[[Homologous]]''.

''[[Anastomosing]]''. Netted; interveined; said of [[leaves]] marked by cross-veins forming a network.

''[[Anatropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is inverted, with the [[micropyle]] next the [[hilum]] or scar.

''[[Ander]]''. Male; occurs in combinations as, ''[[monandraus]]'', having one [[stamen]].

''[[Andraeceum]]''. The male or [[stamen]]-bearing part of a flower; the stamens spoken of collectively. See ''[[Gynaecium]]''.

''[[Androphore]]''. The cylinder or column formed by [[monadelphous]] [[filament]]s, as in the [[mallow]] and [[bombax]] tribes.

''[[Angiosperms]]''. Plants that bear the seeds within a [[pericarp]], in distinction from the [[gymnosperm]]s which have naked [[ovule]]s and seeds; having a closed ovary.

''[[Annual]]''. Of one season's duration from [[seed]] to maturity and death.

''[[Anterior]]''. Front; on the front side; away from the axis; toward the subtending [[bract]].

''[[Anther]]''. The pollen-bearing part of the [[stamen]], borne at the top of the [[filament]] or sometimes [[sessile]].

''[[Antheriferous]]''. [[Anther]]-bearing.

''[[Anthesis]]''. [[Flower]]ing; strictly, the time of expansion of a flower, but often used to designate the flowering period; the act of flowering.

''[[Anthocarpous]]''. Said of a body combined of flowers and fruit united into a solid mass, as in the [[pineapple]] or the [[mulberry]].

''[[Anthodium]]''. Flower-head of the [[Composite]]; in common speech this flower-head is erroneously called a "flower."

''[[Antical]]''. Front, anterior.

''[[Apetalous]]''. No [[petal]]s; petals missing.

''[[Apical]]''. At the apex or top.

''[[Apocarpus]]''. [[Carpel]]s not united; see ''[[Syncarpous]]''.

''[[Appendage]]''. An attached subsidiary or secondary part, as a projecting part or a hanging part or supplement.

''[[Appressed]]''. Closely and flatly pressed against; adpressed.

''[[Arachnoid]]''. Cobwebby, by soft and slender entangled hairs; also spider-like.

''[[Areole]]'', areola. A small more or less angular space on a surface, as between network of veins.

''[[Aril]]''. An appendage or an outer covering of a seed, growing out from the [[hilum]] or [[funiculus]]; sometimes it appears as a pulpy covering.

''[[Arillate]]''. Provided with an aril.

''[[Arillode]]''. An [[aril]]-like structure, or false aril; a coating or covering of the seed arising from its own surface, and not from the [[funiculus]].

''[[Armed]]''. Provided with any kind of strong and sharp defense, as of [[thorn]]s, spines, prickles, barbs.

''[[Articulate]]''. Jointed; provided with nodes or joints, or places where separation may naturally take place.

''[[Ascending]]''. Rising up; produced somewhat obliquely or indirectly upward.

''[[Asexual]]''. Sexless; without sex.

''[[Auricle]]''. An ear-shaped part or appendage, as the projections at the base of some leaves and petals.

''[[Awl-shaped]]''. Narrow and sharp-pointed; gradually tapering from base to a slender or stiff point.

''[[Awn]]''. A bristle-like part or appendage.

''[[Axil]]''. Upper angle that a [[petiole]] or [[peduncle]] makes with the stem that bears it.

''[[Axile]]''. Borne in or on the [[axis]], or relating to it.

''[[Axillary]]''. In an [[axil]].

''[[Axis]]''. The main or central line of development of any plant or organ; the main stem.

==B==
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''[[Bacca]]''. A berry.

''[[Baccate]]''. Berry-like; pulpy or fleshy.

''[[Banded]]''. Marked with cross-bars or horizontal lines of color, or with very prominent ribs or other structure.

''[[Barb]]''. A short point or bristle; usually employed to designate points with reflexed or fishhook-like rarely ascending appendages.

''[[Barbulate]]''. With fine beards.

''[[Bark]]''. The word is often used in a general way to designate the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this sense, it includes all that peels readily, as the bark of the hemlock and oak, used for tanning leather. In a stricter sense, it is applied to the corky layers formed on the outer surface of woody plants. It is formed from an active layer of tissue,—the phellogen. The bark is developed in different ways on different trees. So distinct are the resulting tissues that species of trees may be readily recognized by their bark alone. Cork of commerce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of southwestern Europe. Inasmuch as the word covers so many structures, it is little used by botanists in technical descriptions.

''[[Bark-grafting]]''. A kind of grafting in which the [[cion]]s are inserted between the bark and wood of a stub; often, but erroneously, called crown-grafting.

''[[Base]]''. The bottom or lower end of a part or structure or organ, even though this part may be uppermost as the organ hangs on the plant.

''[[Basifixed]]''. Attached or fixed by the base, as an [[ovule]] that is affixed to its support by its bottom rather than by its side or by an angle.

''[[Basin]]''. The depression at the apex or blossom-end of an apple or other [[pome]] fruit.

''[[Basinerved]]''. All the ribs or nerves of a leaf or [[petal]] starting from its base.

''[[Bast]]''. The soft part of the fibro-vascular bundles in plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases in thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of basswood have been used in making cordage; also in making strong paper.

''[[Beak]]''. A long prominent and substantial point; applied particularly to prolongations of fruits and [[carpel]]s.

''[[Beard]]''. A long [[awn]] or bristle-like hair.

''[[Berry]]''. Pulpy, indehiscent, few- or many-seeded fruit; technically, the pulpy fruit resulting from a single [[pistil]], containing one or more seeds but no true [[stone]], as the tomato.

''[[Bi-]] or Bis-''. In Latin compounds, signifying ''two'' or ''twice''.

''[[Biauriculate]]'', biaurite. Having two ears.

''[[Bicallose]], bicallous''. Furnished with two [[callosities]], as the [[lip]] of some [[orchid]]s.

''[[Bicrural]]''. With two tails, legs, or slender elongations.

''[[Biennial]]''. Of two seasons' duration from seed to maturity and death.

''[[Bifarious]]''. Arranged in two rows.

''[[Bifid]]''. Two-cleft or two-cut.

''[[Bifoliolate]]''. With two [[leaflet]]s to a leaf.

''[[Biforate]]''. With two openings, pores or [[aperture]]s.

''[[Bigener]]''. Plant arising from a cross between two [[genera]].

''[[Bilabiate]]''. Two-[[lip]]ped, double-lipped.

''[[Bilamellate]]''. Bearing or consisting of two plates.

''[[Bilobed]]''. Two-lobed; parted into two lobes.

''[[Bilocular]]''. Two-celled; with two locules or compartments.

''[[Bipartite]]''. Divided into two parts; separated nearly to base.

''[[Bipinnate]]''. Twice-pinnate; when the primary divisions are [[pinnate]].

''[[Bipinnatifid]]''. Twice-pinnatifid; when [[pinnatifid]] primary parts are pinnately cut.

''[[Biplicate]]''. Bearing two plaits or folds.

''[[Biseptate]]''. Twice-divided; with two partitions.

''[[Biserial]]''. In two series or sets.

''[[Biserrate]]''. Doubly [[serrate]]; the serratures themselves serrate.

''[[Bisexual]]''. Two-sexed; with both stamens and pistils.

''[[Biternate]]''. Twice-ternate; when the divisions of a [[ternate]] leaf are divided into three.

''[[Bivalvular]]''. Two-[[valve]]d.

''[[Bivittate]]''. With two [[vittae]] or oil-tubes.

''[[Bladdery]]''. Inflated; empty, and the walls thin like the bladder of an animal.

''[[Blade]]''. The expanded part of leaf or petal.

''[[Blanching]]''. A whitening or decoloring of the usually green parts of plants, as in celery or endive when it is prepared for use.

''[[Bole]]''. The trunk of a tree, particularly of a large tree.

''[[Boss]]''. A prominent center or projection on a flat and more or less circular surface.

''[[Bottom-heat]]''. A term used to designate the condition that arises when the roots of plants, or the soil in which they grow, are exposed to a higher temperature than that of the air in which the aerial parts are growing.

''[[Brachiate]]''. Branches or parts spreading at nearly right- angles and placed alternately.

''[[Brachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''short'', as brachypodus, ''on a short foot'' or ''stalk''.

''[[Bract]]''. A much-reduced leaf, particularly the small or scale-like leaves in a flower-cluster or associated with the flowers.

''[[Bracteal]]''. Concerning or pertaining to [[bract]]s.

''[[Bracteole]]''. [[Bractlet]].

''[[Bractlet]]''. [[Bract]] born on a secondary [[axis]], as on the [[pedicel]] or even on a [[petiole]].

''[[Breaking]]''. Said when buds start to grow.

''[[Bristly]]''. Bearing stiff strong hairs or bristles.

''[[Bud]]''. An incipient or nascent [[shoot]]; the rudimentary or beginning state of a [[stem]]; particularly, in common speech, a thickened and condensed resting-stage of a shoot, or a flower or leaf before expanding; in [[propagating]], a single [[bud]] used on a [[cutting]] or [[cion]].

''[[Budding]]''. The operation of applying a single [[bud]] to the surface of the growing wood of the stock, with the intention that it shall grow. The bud is usually inserted underneath the [[bark]] of the [[cion]], and is held in place by a bandage. Budding is a part of the general process of [[graft]]ing. Called ''inoculation'' in old writings.

''[[Bulb]]''. A thickened part in a resting state and made up of [[scale]]s or [[plate]]s on a much shortened [[axis]].

''[[Bulbel]]''. A [[bulb]] arising from a mother-bulb.

''[[Bulbiferous]]''. [[Bulb]]-bearing.

''[[Bulblet]]''. Aerial [[bulb]]; a bulb borne above ground, as in the flower-cluster or a leaf-[[axil]].

''[[Bulbo-tuber]]''. [[Corm]].

''[[Bulbous]]''. [[Bulb]]-like; with the structure or the characteristics of a bulb.

''[[Bullate]]''. The surface blistered or puckered, as the leaf of a Savoy cabbage.

''[[Bursicle]]''. A little pouch-like or purse-like receptacle.

''[[Bush]]''. A low and thick shrub, without distinct trunk.

==C==
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''[[Caducous]]''. Falling off early, or prematurely, as the [[sepal]]s in some plants.

''[[Calcarate]]''. Spurred.

''[[Calcariform]]''. Spur-formed; shaped like a [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Calceolate]]''. Slipper-like; having the form of a rounding toed shoe.

''[[Callosity]]''. A thickened and hardened part or protuberance.

''[[Callus]]''. A hard prominence or protuberance; in a cutting or on a severed or injured part, the roll of new covering tissue.

''[[Calycine]]''. Pertaining to a [[calyx]], or calyx-like.

''[[Calyculate]]''. [[Calyx]]-like; bearing a part resembling a calyx; particularly, furnished with bracts against or underneath the calyx resembling a supplementary or outer calyx.

''[[Calyptra]]''. A hood or lid; particularly the hood or cap of the [[capsule]] of a [[moss]].

''[[Calyptriform]]''. Hood-formed; like a cap pulled over.

''[[Calyx]]''. The outer circle of floral envelopes.

''[[Cambium]]''. The growing or nascent tissue lying between the [[xylem]] and [[phloem]] of the fibro-vascular bundle, and therefore on the outside of the woody trunk between wood and [[bast]], or in trees and shrubs between wood and "bark." Its function is to increase the stem in diameter.

''[[Campanulate]]''. Bell-shaped.

''[[Campylotropous]]''. Said of an [[ovule]] or seed so curved or turned on itself as to bring the [[apex]] and [[base]] together.

''[[Canaliculate]]''. Grooved or channeled lengthwise.

''[[Canescent]]''. Gray-pubescent and hoary.

''[[Cap]]''. A convex removable covering of a part, as of a [[capsule]]; in the grape, the [[cohering]] [[petal]]s fall off as a cap.

''[[Capillary]]''. Hair-like; very slender.

''[[Capitate]]''. Headed; in heads; formed like a head; aggregated into a very dense or compact cluster.

''[[Capitulum]]''. Head; a close body of [[sessile]] [[flowers]].

''[[Capsular]]''. Pertaining to a [[capsule]]; formed like a capsule.

''[[Capsule]]''. Compound pod; a dry fruit of more than one [[carpel]], opening at maturity.

''[[Carinate]]''. Keeled; provided with a projecting central longitudinal line or ridge on the lower or under surface.

''[[Carpel]]''. One of the foliar units of a compound pistil; a simple pistil contains one carpel.

''[[Carpophore]]''. Fruit-stalk; stem bearing the [[carpel]]s; particularly, in the [[Umbelliferae]], the slender extended axis that supports the ripe seed-like carpels.

''[[Cartilaginous]]''. Hard and tough, like parchment.

''[[Caruncle]]''. On a seed, a protuberance or growth at or around the [[hilum]].

''[[Caryopsis]]''. An achene-like fruit, with the thin [[pericarp]] or covering grown fast to the seed; it is the characteristic fruit of the cereal grains and other grasses.

''[[Cataphyll]]''. An undeveloped [[leaf]], as at the beginning of a growth.

''[[Catkin]]''. A scaly-bracted spike with declinous flowers; ament; prominent in willows and poplars.

''[[Caudex]]''. Stem, trunk; used particularly to designate the persistent base of an herbaceous stem that is otherwise annual, and also for the stem of tree-ferns and palms.

''[[Caudicle]]''. Little [[stem]], stemlet; stalk of [[pollinium]] in orchids.

''[[Caulescent]]''. More or less stemmed or stem-bearing; having an evident stem above ground.

''[[Caulicle]]''. [[Stemlet]] of the embryo; [[radicle]].

''[[Cauline]]''. Pertaining or belonging to the [[stem]].

''[[Cavity]]''. The depression at the bottom or stem-end of an apple or similar fruit.

''[[Cell]]''. One of the ultimate compartments or vesicles of which plants are composed or made up; also, a cavity or compartment or locule of an ovary or anther.

''[[Cellular]]''. Tissue made up of short thin-walled cells, rather than of fibers or tubes.

''[[Centrifugal]]''. Away from the center.

''[[Centripetal]]''. Toward the center.

''[[Centrum]]''. The central part of any structure; particularly the large central air-space in hollow stems.

''[[Cephalanthium]]''. An old name for the [[flower]]-head of [[composite]]s; anthodium.

''[[Cephalium]]''. The head-like [[stem]]-end of condensed cacti, bearing the flowers and fruits.

''[[Cernuous]]''. Drooping; inclining somewhat from the perpendicular.

''[[Cespitose]]''. Matted; growing in tufts; in little dense clumps; said of low plants that make tufts or turf of their [[basal]] growths.

''[[Chaeta]]''. A bristle; seta.

''[[Chaff]]''. A small thin dry and membranous [[scale]] or [[bract]]; in particular, the bracts in the [[flower]]-heads of composites.

''[[Champain]]''. Expanse of flat, open countryside.

''[[Channeled]]''. Deeply grooved lengthwise; [[canaliculate]].

''[[Chartaceous]]''. Thin, hard and stiff; having the texture of writing-paper.

''[[Chrysos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''golden'' or ''golden yellow''.

''[[Ciliate]]''. Fringed with hairs; bearing hairs on the margin.

''[[Ciliolate]]''. Slightly or minutely [[ciliate]].

''[[Cinereous]]''. Ash-colored; light gray.

''[[Cinnamomeus]]''. Cinnamon-colored.

''[[Cion]]''. The [[bud]] or [[branch]] used in [[graft]]ing; also spelled ''[[scion]]''.

''[[Circinate]]''. Coiled downward or inward from the top, as the young [[frond]] of a [[fern]] and [[cycas]].

''[[Circumscissile]]''. Opening or dehiscing by a line around the [[fruit]] or [[anther]], the [[valve]] usually coming off as a lid.

''[[Cirrhiferous]]''. [[Tendril]]-bearing.

''[[Cirrhiform]]''. [[Tendril]]-form.

''[[Cirrhus]], cirrus''. A [[tendril]].

''[[Cladophyllum]]''. A flattened [[leaf]]-like [[branch]], functioning as [[foliage]], as in many [[acacia]]s and in [[asparagus]].

''[[Clados]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a ''branch''.

''[[Clasping]]''. [[Leaf]] partly or wholly surrounding [[stem]].

''[[Clavate]]''. Club-shaped; said of a long body thickened toward the top.

''[[Claw]]''. The long narrow [[petiole]]-like base of the [[petal]]s or [[sepal]]s in some flowers.

''[[Cleistogamous flowers]]''. Small closed self-fertilized [[flower]]s, as in some [[violet]]s and in many other plants.

''[[Close fertilization]]''. [[Fecundation]] by [[pollen]] from same [[flower]]; self-fertilization.

''[[Clove]]''. One of the separable parts of a composite [[bulb]], as of the [[garlic]].

''[[Clypeate]]''. With the form of an ancient buckler or round convex shield; shield-like.

''[[Coalescence]]''. The union of similar parts or organs, or of those in the same series as [[stamen]]s with stamens and [[petal]]s with petals.

''[[Coarctate]]''. Crowded together.

''[[Coccus]]''. A [[berry]] (plural cocci); in particular, one of the parts of a lobed fruit with one-seeded cells.

''[[Cochleariform]]''. Spoon-shaped.

''[[Coherent]]''. Two or more similar parts or organs joined.

''[[Cohesion]]''. The union of two or more organs of same kind.

''[[Collateral]]''. By the side; standing side by side.

''[[Column]]''. Body formed of union of [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in [[orchid]]s, or of stamens, as in [[mallow]]s.

''[[Commissure]]''. The place of joining or meeting; as the face by which one [[carpel]] joins another.

''[[Comose]]''. Bearing a tuft or tufts of hair.

''[[Complete flower]]''. All parts present.

''[[Complete leaf]]''. Having [[blade]], [[petiole]], [[stipules]].

''[[Complicate]]''. Folded over or back on itself.

''[[Compound]]''. Of two or more similar parts in one organ.

''[[Compound leaf]]''. A [[leaf]] with two or more separate [[leaflet]]s; in some cases (as in [[Citrus]]) some of the leaflets may be obsolete and the compound leaf have only one leaflet.

''[[Compound pistil]]''. Of two or more [[carpel]]s united.

''[[Compressed]]''. Flattened, especially flattened laterally.

''[[Conchiform]]''. Shell-form; like one valve of a bivalve shell.

''[[Conduplicate]]''. Two parts folded together lengthwise.

''[[Cone]]''. A dense and usually elongated collection of flowers or fruits borne beneath scales, the whole with [[scale]]s and [[axis]] forming a detachable homogeneous fruit-like body; some cones are of short duration, as the [[staminate]] cones of pines, and others become dry and woody durable parts .

''[[Confluent]]''. Running together so as to form a single part or organ; blended.

''[[Conformed]]''. Of the same form or character as something else or as a related part or structure.

''[[Congested]]''. Crowded very closely together; collected into a mass or body.

''[[Conglobate]]''. Gathered into a ball or globe.

''[[Conglomerate]]''. Clustered; brought together.

''[[Coniferous]]''. [[Cone]]-bearing.

''[[Connate]]''. United or joined; in particular, like or similar structures joined as one body or organ.

''[[Connective]]''. The filament or tissue connecting the two cells of an [[anther]], particularly when the cells are separated.

''[[Connivent]]''. Coming together or converging, but not organically connected.

''[[Conoidal]]''. [[Cone]]-like; nearly conical.

''[[Convolute]]''. Said of floral envelopes in the [[bud]] when one edge overlaps the next part or [[petal]] or [[sepal]] or [[lobe]] while the other edge or margin is overlapped by a preceding part; rolled up.

''[[Cordate]]''. Heart-shaped; with a [[sinus]] and rounded lobes at the base and [[ovate]] in general outline.

''[[Cork]]''. The name applied to the outer impervious mostly not-living part of the [[bark]]. Most bark, develops a corky exterior, and in some cases it becomes very prominent. In ''[[Enonymous thunbergianus]]'', the English maple, the [[corky barked elm]], and other [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, it forms wings on the branches. The cork of commerce comes from the bark of ''[[Quercus ilex]]'' (better known as ''Q. Suber''), plantations of which grow in southwestern Europe. The cork tree of the catalogues, ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'', is a curious tree, cultivated for ornament.

''[[Corm]]''. A solid [[bulb]]-like part, usually subterranean, as the "bulb" of [[crocus]] and [[gladiolus]].

''[[Cormel]]''. A [[corm]] arising from a mother-corm.

''[[Cormlet]]''. Aerial [[corm]], or one borne in the [[inflorescence]] or in the [[leaf]] [[axil]]s.

''[[Cormous]]''. With [[corm]]s, or pertaining to corms.

''[[Corneous]]''. Horny; hard and very dense in texture.

''[[Corniculate]]''. Bearing or terminating in a small horn-like protuberance or process.

''[[Corolla]]''. Inner circle of floral envelopes; if the parts are separate, they are [[petal]]s; if not separate, they are [[teeth]], [[lobe]]s or [[division]]s..

''[[Corona]]''. Crown, coronet; any appendage or intrusion that stands between the [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s, or on the [[corolla]], as the [[cup]] of a [[daffodil]], or that is the outgrowth of the [[staminal]] part or circle, as in the [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Coroniform]]''. [[Crown]]-formed or crown-like; [[corona]]-like.

''[[Corticate]]''. Having a [[cortex]] or hard [[bark]]; also having a [[rind]], as the [[lemon]] and [[orange]].

''[[Corymb]]''. Short and broad, more or less flat-topped [[indeterminate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Corymbose inflorescence]]''. Outer [[flower]]s opening first.

''[[Costa]]''. A rib; in particular a strong rib or line, as a midrib or mid-nerve.

''[[Costate]]''. Ribbed.

''[[Cotyledon]]''. [[Seed]]-[[leaf]]; the primary leaf or leaves in the embryo; in some plants the cotyledon always remains in the seed-coats and in others (as [[bean]]) it emerges on [[germination]].

''[[Crateriform]]''. Deep saucer-shaped; cup-shaped.

''[[Creeper]]''. A trailing [[shoot]] that takes [[root]] in the ground throughout its length.

''[[Crenate]]''. Shallowly round-toothed or obtusely toothed.

''[[Crenulate]]''. Finely or shallowly [[crenate]].

''[[Crested]]''. With elevated and irregular or toothed ridge.

''[[Cribrose]]''. Sieve-like; with numerous small apertures.

''[[Crop]]''. Produce of tilled, cared-for or protected plants.

''[[Croppage]]''. The whole subject of the producing of crops.

''[[Cross]]''. The offspring of any two flowers that have been fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the operation of cross-[[pollinating]]. Cross-pollination is the transfer of the pollen of one flower to the [[pistil]] of another.

''[[Cross-fertilization]]''. [[Fertilization]] or [[fecundation]] secured by [[pollen]] from another [[flower]].

''[[Cross-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[flower]] to flower.

''[[Crown]]''. [[Corona]]; also that part of the [[stem]] at the surface of the ground; also a part of a [[rhizome]] with a large [[bud]], suitable for use in [[propagation]].

''[[Cruciate]]''. Cross-shaped or cross-like.

''[[Crustaceous]]''. Said of bodies or coverings that are hard and brittle.

''[[Cryptogam]]''. [[Flower]]less plant, as [[fern]], [[moss]], [[fungus]], [[seaweed]]; less used than formerly as a technical term.

''[[Cryptos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying concealed.

''[[Culm]]''. The stem of [[sedge]]s and [[grass]]es, and similar plants.

''[[Cuneate]]''. Wedge-shaped; triangular, with the narrow end at point of attachment, as of [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s.

''[[Cupular]]''. Cup-like or cup-shaped; the [[acorn]] [[nut]] sits in a [[cupule]] or little cup (whence the name Cupuliferae).

''[[Cuticle]]''. The external [[rind]] or skin of a plant or part; usually applied to the thin waterproof membrane overlying the epidermis.

''[[Cutting]]''. A severed vegetative or asexual part of a plant used in [[propagation]]; as a cutting of [[root]], of [[stem]], or of [[leaf]].

''[[Cyathiform]]''. Cup-shaped.

''[[Cymbiform]]''. Boat-shaped.

''[[Cyme]]''. A broad, more or less flat-topped [[determinate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Cymose inflorescence]]''. With central [[flower]]s opening first.

''[[Cypsela]]''. An old term for the [[fruit]] of [[composite]]s, being dry, one-celled and one-seeded.

==D==
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''[[Deciduous]]''. Falling, as the leaves of non-[[evergreen]] trees. ie. Plants that lose their leaves during winter.

''[[Decompound]]''. More than once compound.

''[[Decumbent]]''. Reclining or lying on the ground, but with the end ascending.

''[[Decurrent]]''. Running down the stem, as the leaf of [[mullein]].

''[[Decussate]]''. Opposite leaves in four rows up and down the stem; alternating in pairs at right angles.

''[[Definite]]''. Said of a constant or known number, not exceeding twenty; contrasted with indefinite, above twenty, when the parts are usually not counted in systematic descriptions.

''[[Deflexed]]''. Turned downward abruptly.

''[[Defoliation]]''. The casting or falling of the leaves.

''[[Dehiscence]]''. The method or process of opening of a seed- pod or anther.

''[[Deliquescent]]''. Trunk or leader lost in the branches; said of tree-top without a leader.

''[[Deltoid]]''. Triangular; delta-like.

''[[Dendroid]]''. Said of tree-shaped small plants.

''[[Dendron]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a tree.

''[[Dentate]]''. With sharp spreading teeth.

''[[Depauperate]]''. Applied to a plant or part that is less perfectly developed than usual or normal; also said of very small members of a genus or family.

''[[Depressed]]''. More or less flattened endwise or from above.

''[[Descending]]''. The direction gradually downwards.

''[[Determinate]]''. Definite cessation of growth at the apex or in the main axis.

''[[Di-]]. Dis,-''. In Greek combinations, signifying two or twice as [[diphyllus]], two-leaved.

''[[Diadelphous]]''. In two groups, as the [[stamen]]s of some [[Leguminosae]], joined by their [[filament]]s.

''[[Diandrous]]''. With two [[stamen]]s.

''[[Diaphanous]]''. Transparent or translucent.

''[[Dicarpellous]]''. Comprised of two [[carpel]]s.

''[[Dichlamydeous]]''. Provided with both [[calyx]] and [[corolla]].

''[[Dichogamy]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s maturing at different times.

''[[Diclinous]]''. Imperfect; having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s but not both; unisexual. See ''[[Monoclinous]]''.

''[[Dicoccous]]''. Separating into two [[cocci]].

''[[Dicotyledonous]]''. With two [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Didynamous]]''. With four [[stamen]]s in two pairs of different length.

''[[Diffuse]]''. Loosely branching or spreading; of open growth.

''[[Digitate]]''. Hand-like; compound with the members arising from one point.

''[[Dimerous]]''. The parts in twos.

''[[Dioecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] flowers on different plants. .

''[[Dipterous]]''. Two-winged.

''[[Dipyrenous]]''. Having two [[stones]] or [[pyrenes]].

''[[Disciform]]''. Flattish and circular like a discus.

''[[Discoid]]''. Disk-like; in particular, said of a head of [[Compositae]] without ray-flowers.

''[[Disk]], disc''. A more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle about the [[pistil]]; receptacle in the head of [[Compositae]].

''[[Disk-flowers]]''. The tubular flowers in the center of heads of [[Compositae]], as distinguished from the ray-flowers.

''[[Dissected]]''. Divided into many slender segments.

''[[Dissepiment]]''. A partition, particularly in an ovary or fruit.

''[[Distinct]]''. Separate; not united with parts in the same series.

''[[Divided]]''. Separated to the base.

''[[Division]]''. [[Propagation]] by means of separating the [[root]] system or [[rhizome]] system into parts; cutting up the plant into several root-bearing parts or pieces, as when one [[rhubarb]] plant is made into two or more.

''[[Dorsal]]''. Back; relating to the back or outer surface of a part or organ.

''[[Dorsiferous]]''. Bearing anything on the back.

''[[Dorsifixed]]''. Attached by the back.

''[[Dorsoventral]]''. Literally, back-front; placed with reference to the back or front or to both.

''[[Double]]''. Said of flowers that have more than the usual number of floral envelopes, particularly of petals; full.

''[[Downy]]''. Covered with very short and weak soft hairs.

''[[Drupe]]''. A fleshy one-seeded [[indehiscent]] fruit, with seed enclosed in a stony [[endocarp]]; stone-fruit.

''[[Drupelet]]''. One [[drupe]] in a fruit made up of aggregate drupes, as in the raspberry.

''[[Dumose]]''. Low and branching, as a bush.

==E==
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''[[E-]] or Ex-''. In Latin-formed words, usually denoting, as a prefix, that parts are missing, as [[exstipulate]], without stipules, [[estriate]], without stripes.

''[[Ecalcarate]]''. Without [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Ecology]]''. Study of habits and modes of life of animals and plants and their relationships to one another.

''[[Ecostate]]''. Without ribs.

''[[Edentate]]''. Without teeth.

''[[Effuse]]''. Loosely spreading; very diffuse.

''[[Eglandulose]]''. Without glands.

''[[Elliptic]]''. A flat part or body that is oval and narrowed to rounded ends.

''[[Elongate]]''. Lengthened; stretched out.

''[[Embryo]]''. The [[plantlet]] in the seed.

''[[Endocarp]]''. The inner layer or part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Endogen]]''. Term applied to stems having scattered bundles, as of [[Indian corn]], not appropriate, and now little used. See ''[[Exogen]]''.

''[[Endosperm]]''. Starch or other food outside or around the embryo; [[albumen]].

''[[Ensiform]], ensate''. Sword-shaped; long, flat, 2-edged, nearly or quite straight, with a sharp point.

''[[Entire]]''. Margin not in any way indented; whole.

''[[Environment]]''. Surroundings; conditions in which organisms live and grow.

''[[Ephemeral]]''. Persisting for one day only, as [[flower]]s of [[spiderwort]].

''[[Epi]]''. A Greek prefix signifying on or upon.

''[[Epicarp]]''. The outer layer or surface of the [[pericarp]].

''[[Epichile]]''. The upper part of the jointed lip of an [[orchid]].

''[[Epicotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying above the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Epidermis]]''. Superficial layer of cells and underneath the cuticle.

''[[Epigeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s rising into the air in [[germination]].

''[[Epigeous]]''. Close upon the ground rather than underneath.

''[[Epigynous]]''. Borne on the ovary; used of floral parts when ovary is inferior and flower not [[perigynous]].

''[[Epipetalous]]''. On a [[petal]].

''[[Epiphyllous]]''. On a [[leaf]].

''[[Epiphyte]]'', Air-plant; a plant growing on another or on some other elevated support.

''[[Equitant]]''. Sitting astride; used for [[conduplicate]] leaves that stand inside each other in two ranks, as in [[Iris]].

''[[Erostrate]]''. Without a beak.

''[[Essential organs]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s.

''[[Evergreen]]''. Remaining green throughout the year.

''[[Exalbuminous]]''. [[Seed]]s without [[albumen]] or [[endosperm]].

''[[Excentric]]''. Out of or away from the center.

''[[Excurrent]]''. The [[trunk]] or [[leader]] continuing through the top.

''[[Exfoliating]]''. Coming off in thin layers, as the [[bark]] of [[birch]] and other plants.

''[[Exocarp]]''. The outside part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Exogen]], exogenous''. Growing and increasing in diameter by layers on the exterior of the woody cylinder, in distinction from [[endogen]]s.

''[[Exserted]]''. Sticking out; projecting beyond, as [[stamen]]s from a [[perianth]].

''[[Exsiccated]]''. Dry or dried.

''[[Exstipulate]]''. Without [[stipule]]s.

''[[Extrorse]]''. Looking or facing outward.

''[[Eye]]''. The marked center of a [[flower]]; a [[bud]] on a [[tuber]], as on a [[potato]]; a single-bud [[cutting]].

==F==
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''[[Facies]]''. The general appearance or "looks" of a plant; or the characteristic appearance of a plant society.

''[[Farinaceous]]''. Containing starch, or starch-like materials.

''[[Fasciated]]''. Much flattened; an abnormal or teratological widening and flattening of the stem.

''[[Fascicle]]''. A condensed or close cluster, as of flowers.

''[[Feminine]]''. Pistillate (in higher plants).

''[[Fertile]]''. Said of pollen-bearing stamens and seed-bearing fruits.

''[[Fertilization]]''. Impregnation of the [[ovule]]; the act of union of sperm and egg cells, in the higher plants taking place within the ovule: [[fecundation]].

''[[Fetid]]''. Having a disagreeable odor.

''[[Fibrillose]]''. With fine fibers or threads.

''[[Fibrous]]''. Fiber-like; containing fibers or thread-like parts.

''[[Fibro-vascular]]''. Made up of both fibers and ducts; combination of fibrous and vascular structure.

''[[Filament]]''. Stalk of the [[anther]].

''[[Filiform]]''., Thread-like; long and very slender.

''[[Fimbriate]]''. Fringed.

''[[Fimbrillate]]''. Minutely fringed.

''[[Fistular]]''. Cylindrical and hollow.

''[[Flaccid]]''. Soft; lax and weak; not rigid.

''[[Flagelliform]]''. Whip-form; long and slender like a lash.

''[[Flagging]]''. Wilting; said particularly of newly made cuttings and recently transplanted plants.

''[[Flexuous]]''. Having a more or less zigzag or wavy form; said of stems of various kinds.

''[[Floccose]]''. With tufts or flocks of soft wool or woolly hair.

''[[Flora]]''. The plant population of a given region; also a book describing this population.

''[[Florets]]''. Individual flowers of composites and grasses; also other very small flowers that make up a very dense form of inflorescence.

''[[Floriferous]]''. Flower-bearing.

''[[Foliaceous]]''. [[Leaf]]-like; said particularly of [[sepal]]s and [[calyx]]-lobes and of [[bract]]s that in texture, size or color look like small or large leaves.

''[[-foliate]]''. In combinations, -leaved; having [[leaves]]; as trifoliate, three-leaved.

''[[-foliolate]]''. Having [[leaflet]]s; as trifoliolate, of three leaflets.

''[[Follicle]]''. Dry, dehiscent [[pericarp]] opening only on the front suture.

''[[Follicular]]''. With follicles; follicle-like.

''[[Foramen]]''. An aperture or opening.

''[[Forked]]''. [[Branch]]ing or divided into nearly equal parts or members.

''[[Fornicate]]''. Arched.

''[[Free]]''. Not joined to other organs; as [[petal]]s free from the [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Frond]]''. [[Leaf]] of [[fern]]; sometimes used in the sense of [[foliage]].

''[[Frosted]]''. With a more or less shining or crystallized white covering.

''[[Fructification]]''. The act or process of [[fruit]]ing; also the fruiting organ or organs.

''[[Fruit]]''. The ripened [[pericarp]] or pericarps with the [[adnate]] parts; the seed-bearing organ.

''[[Fruticose]]''. [[Shrub]]by or shrub-like in the sense of being woody.

''[[Fugacious]]''. Falling or withering away very early.

''[[Fumose]]''. Smoke-colored.

''[[Function]]''. What a plant or a part does; its vital activities.

''[[Funicle]]''. The [[stalk]] or [[stipe]] of an [[ovule]] or [[seed]].

''[[Funnelform]]''. With tube gradually widening upward and passing insensibly into the limb, as in many flowers of [[Convolvulus]]; [[infundibuliform]].

''[[Furrowed]]''. With longitudinal channels or grooves.

''[[Fusiform]]''. Spindle-shaped; narrowed both ways from a swollen middle, as dahlia roots.

==G==
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''[[Galea]]''. A [[hood]] or a helmet-shaped part or structure, as found in the upper [[lip]] of some [[corolla]]s.

''[[Gamete]]''. One of the sex-cells, either male or female.

''[[Gamopetalous]]''. [[Corolla]] of one piece; [[petal]]s united.

''[[Gamophyllous]]''. [[Leaf|Leaves]] united.

''[[Gamosepalous]]''. [[Calyx]] of one piece; [[sepal]]s united.

''[[Geminate]]''. In pairs; twin.

''[[Gemma]]''. A [[bud]]; particularly a bud or bud-like structure by which a plant [[propagate]]s.

''[[Gemmiparous]]''. [[Bud]]-bearing.

''[[Gemmule]]''. A little [[bud]] or bud-like structure.

''[[Generation]]''. Period from birth (impregnation) to death; the epoch from one 1-celled stage of a plant to the next 1-celled stage.

''[[Germination]]''. The unfolding of the embryo and becoming self-established of the [[plantlet]].

''[[Gibbosity]]''. A swelling or bulging on one side or near the base.

''[[Glabrate]]''. Nearly [[glabrous]], or becoming glabrous with maturity or age.

''[[Glabrous]]''. Not hairy.

''[[Gladiate]]''. Sword-shaped or sword-like.

''[[Gland]]''. Properly a secreting part or prominence or appendage, but often used in the sense of gland-like.

''[[Glandular]]''. Having or bearing secreting organs, or [[gland]]s.

''[[Glandulose]], glanduliferous''. [[Gland]]-bearing.

''[[Glaucous]]''. Covered with a "bloom" or a whitish substance that rubs off.

''[[Glochidiate]]''. Said of parts with summit barbed.

''[[Glomerate]]''. In dense or compact cluster or clusters.

''[[Glomerule]]''. Dense head-like [[cluster]]s; properly a dense [[cyme]].

''[[Glume]]''. A small [[chaff]]-like bract; in particular, one of the two empty [[bract]]s at the base of the [[grass]] [[spikelet]].

''[[Graft]]''. A [[branch]] or [[bud]] inserted on another plant with the intention that it shall grow there; [[cion]].

''[[Grafting]]''. The process of inserting a [[cion]] [also spelled [scion]]in a plant with the intention that it shall grow there. See ''[[Budding]]''.

''[[Granular]], granulose''. Covered with very small grains; minutely or finely mealy.

''[[Gymnos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying naked or not covered: as [[gymnosperm]]s, with naked [[seed]]s (not in a [[pericarp]]). See ''[[Angiosperm]]''.

''[[Gynandrous]]''. With the [[stamen]]s grown on the [[pistil]], forming one organ, as in the [[orchid]]s.

''[[Gynobase]]''. [[Stipe]] or [[stalk]] of an [[ovary]], being an extension or prolongation of the receptacle; short [[gynophore]].

''[[Gynaecium]]''. The female or [[pistil]]-bearing part of the [[flower]]. See ''[[Andraecium]]''.

''[[Gynophore]]''. [[Stipe]] of an [[ovary]] prolonged within the [[calyx]].

==H==
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''[[Habit]]''. The looks, appearance, general style or mode of growth; as an upright, open, [[decumbent]] or strict habit.

''[[Habitat]]''. Particular place in which a plant grows; as a swamp, roadside, lawn, woods, ballast-heap, hillside.

''[[Hairs]]''. A general name for many kinds of small and slender outgrowths on the parts of plants; special kinds of hairiness are designated as [[setose]], [[villous]], [[comose]], [[pubescent]], [[hirsute]], and others.

''[[Halberd-shaped]]''. [[Hastate]].

''[[Hamate]]''. Hooked.

''[[Hastate]]''. Of the shape of an arrow-head but the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointed or narrow and standing nearly or quite at right angles; halberd-shaped.

''[[Haulm]]''. Straw-like stems, as of the cereal grains; sometimes also applied to the stems of palms; usually a collective noun.

''[[Head]]''. A short dense spike; [[capitulum]].

''[[Heart-shaped]]''. [[Cordate]]; [[ovate]] in general outline but with two rounded basal lobes; has reference particularly to the shape of the base of a [[leaf]] or other expanded part.

''[[Heel]]''. An enlarged or more or less transverse part on the lower end of a [[cutting]] secured from the older or larger [[branch]] from which the cutting is taken.

''[[Helicoid]]''. Twisted or coiled in [[snail]]-shell form.

''[[Heliotropism]]''. The characteristic of turning toward the light.

''[[Hemi-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying half.

''[[Hepta-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying seven.

''[[Herb]]''. Naturally dying to the ground; without persistent [[stem]] above ground; lacking definite [[woody]] firm structure.

''[[Herbaceous]]''. Not [[woody]]; dying down each year; said also of soft branches before they become woody.

''[[Hermaphrodite]]''. Bearing both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in the same [[flower]]; two-sexed; [[bisexual]].

''[[Hesperidium]]''. The [[fruit]] of the orange-kind.

''[[Hetcrocarpous]]''. Various-[[fruit]]ed; with more than one kind or form of fruit.

''[[Heterogamous]]''. With two or more kinds or [[form]]s of [[flower]]s.

''[[Heteros]]''. In Greek composition, signifying various, or of more than one kind or form; as [[heterophyllous]], with more than one kind or form of [[leaf]].

''[[Hilum]]''. In the [[seed]], the scar or mark indicating the point of attachment.

''[[Hip]]''. Fruit of the [[rose]], being an urn-like or closed receptacle bearing the [[achenes]] inside. See ''[[Hypanthium]]''.

''[[Hirsute]]''. With rather rough or coarse hairs.

''[[Hirtellous]]''. Softly or minutely hirsute or hairy.

''[[Hispid]]''. Provided with stiff or bristly hairs.

''[[Hispidulous]]''. Somewhat or minutely hispid.

''[[Hoary]]''. Covered with a close white or whitish pubescence.

''[[Homo-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying alike or very similar.

''[[Homocarpous]]''. All the fruits, as of a flower-head, alike.

''[[Homogamous]]''. Presenting only one kind of flowers.

''[[Homologous]]''. Related in origin or morphology. See ''[[Analogous]]''.

''[[Homomorphous]]''. Uniform; all the given parts alike.

''[[Horny]]''. Hard and dense in texture; [[corneous]].

''[[Hybrid]]''. A plant resulting from a [[cross]] between two or more parents that are more or less unlike.

''[[Hygroscopic]]''. Capable of absorbing moisture from atmosphere.

''[[Hypanthium]]''. A [[fruit]]-like body (as the rose-hip) formed by the enlargement of the [[torus]] and bearing the proper fruits on its upper or inner surface; literally "beneath the [[flower]]." Now commonly used to denote the cup-shaped receptacle on which [[calyx]], [[petal]]s and [[stamen]]s are inserted in cases of [[perigyny]], as in [[plum]], [[fuchsia]].

''[[Hypochil]]''. The lower or [[basal]] part of the [[lip]] in [[orchid]]s.

''[[Hypocotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying below the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Hypocrateriform]]''. Salver-form; that shape of the [[flower]] characterized by a cylindrical tube and a flat-spreading limb, as in [[phlox]].

''[[Hypogeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s remaining beneath the ground in [[germination]].

''[[Hypogynous]]''. Borne on the [[torus]], or under the [[ovary]]; said of the [[stamen]]s or [[petal]]s.

==I==
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''[[Immarginate]]''. Without a rim or edge.

''[[Immersed]]''. Entirely under water.

''[[Imparipinnate]]''. Unequally [[pinnate]]; odd-pinnate; with a single terminal [[leaflet]].

''[[Imperfect flower]]''. Having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s, but not both.

''[[Implexed]], implexuous''. Entangled, interlaced.

''[[Impregnation]]''. [[Fecundation]] or [[fertilization]] of the [[ovule]] by the [[pollen]]; also, the infiltration of substances.

''[[Impressed]]''. Deeply nerved; furrowed or grooved as if by pressure.

''[[Inarching]]''. The [[grafting]] together of two plants with the intention that, when they are severed, part of one plant will be growing on the other.

''[[Incanescent]]''. [[Hoary]]- or gray-[[pubescent]]; [[canescent]].

''[[Incised]]''. Cut; slashed irregularly, more or less deeply and sharply.

''[[Inclining]]''. Looking or falling down from the horizontal.

''[[Included]]''. Not protruded, as [[stamen]]s not projecting from the [[corolla]].

''[[Incomplete]]''. Lacking some of its parts, as a [[flower]] deficient in [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Incrustate]]''. Crusted; with a hard or firm covering.

''[[Incumbent]] ([[cotyledon]]s)''. Of a [[seed]] so bent over that the back of one cotyledon lies against the [[radicle]].

''[[Indefinite]]''. Very numerous, as above twenty; see ''[[Definite]]''.

''[[Indehiscent]]''. Not regularly opening, as a [[seed]]-[[pod]] or [[anther]].

''[[Indeterminate]]''. Growing on from the apex, particularly of the main axis.

''[[Indigenous]]''. [[Native]] to the region; not [[introduced]] from some other country.

''[[Indumentum]]''. A covering of [[hair]].

''[[Induplicate]]''. With margins folded inward.

''[[Indurated]]''. Hard, hardened.

''[[Indusium]]''. The little growth covering or surrounding the [[sorus]] or fruit-dot in [[fern]]s.

''[[Inferior]]''. Beneath, lower, below; as an inferior ovary, one that is below the [[calyx]]-leaves.

''[[Inflated]]''. Blown up; bladdery.

''[[Inflorescence]]''. Mode of [[flower]]-bearing; technically less correct but much more common in the sense of a flower-cluster.

''[[Infra-]]'' In combinations, signifying below.

''[[Infundibuliform]]''. [[Funnelform]].

''[[Innate]]''. Said of an [[anther]] when attached by its base to the [[filament]].

''[[Innovation]]''. An [[offshoot]] or departure from the [[axis]].

''[[Inserted]]''. Attached; as a [[stamen]] growing on the [[corolla]].

''[[Inter-]]''. In composition, signifying between, particularly between closely related parts or organs.

''[[Interfoliaceous]]''. Between the [[leaves]], particularly between two leaves of a pair.

''[[Internode]]''. The part or space of [[stem]] between two [[node]]s or joints.

''[[Interrupted]]''. Not continuous; in particular, the interposition of small [[leaflet]]s or [[segment]]s between others.

''[[Intorted]]''. Twisted upon or around itself.

''[[Intramarginal]]''. Just within the margin or edge; between the margins.

''[[Introduced]]''. Brought from another region, either intentionally or otherwise; in [[horticulture]], used to designate the intentional bringing of plants into [[cultivation]] either from another country or from the wild.

''[[Introrse]]''. Turned or faced inward or toward the [[axis]], as an anther looking toward the center of the flower.

''[[Inverted]]''. Turned over; end-for-end; top-side down.

''[[Involucel]]''. A secondary [[involucre]]; small involucre about the parts of a [[cluster]].

''[[Involucre]]''. A whorl of small [[leaves]] or [[bract]]s standing close underneath a [[flower]] or flower-[[cluster]].

''[[Involute]]''. Said of a flat body (as a [[leaf]]) rolled inward or toward the upper side. See ''[[Revolute]]''.

''[[Irregular flower]]''. Some parts different from other parts in same series.

==J==
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''[[Jointed]]''. With [[node]]s, or points of real or apparent articulation.

==K==
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''[[Keeled]]''. Ridged like the bottom of a boat; also the two front united [[petal]]s of a papilionaceous [[flower]].

''[[Knaur]]''. An excrescence, bur or knot of woody tissue that will grow when removed and used as a [[cutting]].

==L==
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''[[Labellum]]''. [[Lip]], particularly the lip of [[orchid]]s.

''[[Labiate]]''. [[Lip]]ped; a member of the [[Labiatae]].

''[[Labyrinthiform]]''. With intricate winding lines or passages.

''[[Lacerate]]''. Torn; irregularly cleft or cut.

''[[Laciniate]]''. Slashed into narrow pointed lobes.

''[[Lactescent]]''. Containing [[milk]] or a milk-like substance.

''[[Lacunose]]''. Having holes or empty places, particularly in the anatomical structure.

''[[Lamella]]''. A thin flat plate or part.

''[[Lamina]]''. The [[blade]] of a [[leaf]] or [[petal]] or other expanded part or body.

''[[Lanceolate]]''. Lance-shaped; much longer than broad; widening above the base and tapering to the apex.

''[[Lapidose]]''. Found in stony places.

''[[Lateral]]''. On or at the side.

''[[Layer]]''. A [[branch]] that takes [[root]] and gives rise to an independent plant.

''[[Leaflet]]''. One part of a compound [[leaf]]; secondary leaf.

''[[Leaf-stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of a [[leaf]]; [[petiole]]; foot-[[stalk]].

''[[Legume]]''. Simple [[pericarp]] [[dehiscing]] on both sutures; [[pod]].

''[[Lemma]]''. In [[grass]]es, the [[flower]]ing [[glume]],—the lower of the two bracts immediately inclosing the flower.

''[[Lenticular]]''. [[Lentil]]-shaped; lens-shaped.

''[[Lepals]]''. Sterile [[stamen]]s, particularly those [[nectaries]] or scales representing [[stamen]]s; term little used.

''[[Lepidote]]''. Surfaced with small scurfy scales.

''[[Liana]], liane''. A [[woody]] [[twining]] or [[climbing]] plant entangling a [[tropical]] [[forest]].

''[[Life-history]]''. The sum of the events in the life of a plant.

''[[Ligneous]]''. [[Woody]].

''[[Ligule]]''. A strap-shaped organ or body; particularly, a strap-shaped [[corolla]], as in the ray-[[flower]]s of composites; also a projection from the top of the [[sheath]] in [[grass]]es and similar plants.

''[[Limb]]''. The expanded flat part of an organ; in particular, the expanding part of a gamopetalous [[corolla]].

''[[Limbate]]''. Surrounded by an edging of another color; margined with color; also, provided with a [[limb]].

''[[Line]]''. One-twelfth of an inch.

''[[Linear]]''. Long and narrow, the sides parallel or nearly so.

''[[Lineate]]''. Lined; bearing thin parallel lines.

''[[Linguiform]]''. Shaped like a lingula, or with a projecting tongue-like part or process.

''[[Lip]]''. One of the parts in an unequally divided [[corolla]] or [[calyx]]; these parts are usually two, the upper [[lip]] and the lower lip, although one lip is sometimes wanting; the upper lip of [[orchid]]s is by a twist of the stipe made to appear as the lower; a labium.

''[[Lobe]]''. Any part or segment of an organ; specifically a part of [[petal]] or [[calyx]] or [[leaf]] that represents a division to about the middle.

''[[Lobule]]''. A small [[lobe]].

''[[Locule]]''. Compartment or cell of a [[pistil]] or [[anther]].

''[[Loculicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] between the partitions into the cavity.

''[[Lodicule]]''. A small scale in a [[grass]] [[flower]], between the [[lemma]] and [[stamen]]s.

''[[Loment]]''. A [[legume]] with constrictions or articulations.

''[[Lorate]]''. Strap-shaped.

''[[Lyrate]]''. Pinnatifid but with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes.

==M==
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''[[Medullary]]''. Relating to the [[pith]]; the medullary rays seen in cross-sections of [[wood]]y [[trunk]]s radiate from the medulla or pith.

''[[Meniscoidal]]''. Like a [[meniscus]] or [[disk]]; with the [[form]] of a watch-crystal.

''[[Mericarp]]''. The peculiar [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] of the [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[-merous]]''. In composition, referring to the numbers of parts; as [[flower]]s 5-merous, in which the parts of each kind or series are five or in fives.

''[[Mesocarp]]''. Middle layer or part of a [[pericarp]]; the part between the [[endocarp]] and [[exocarp]].

''[[Mesochil]]''. The intermediate or middle part of the [[lip]] of [[orchid]]s when the lip is separated into three parts.

''[[Micropyle]]''. The opening through which impregnation takes place; the point on the [[seed]] marking the [[orifice]] of the [[ovule]].

''[[Midrib]]''. The main rib of a [[leaf]] or leaf-like part.

''[[Mitriform]]''. Mitre-shaped, or like a [[cap]].

''[[Monadelphous]]''. [[Stamen]]s united in one group by their [[filament]]s as in many [[Leguminosae]].

''[[Moniliform]]''. Suggesting a string of beads.

''[[Mono-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''one''.

''[[Monoclinous]]''. [[Hermaphrodite]]; perfect; the two sexes in the same [[flower]]. See ''[[Diclinous]]''.

''[[Monocotyledonous]]''. With a single [[cotyledon]].

''[[Monoecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] [[flower]]s on same plant.

''[[Monogynous]]''. With only one style.

''[[Monopetalous]]''. One-[[petal]]ed; all the petals united to form one body or organ, as a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]].

''[[Monopodiol]]''. [[Axial]] direction continued by growth from [[terminal]] [[bud]] or [[persistence]] of the [[leader]].

''[[Monostichous]]''. In one row.

''[[Monstrosity]]''. Deformity; any unusual or non-typical kind of development.

''[[Morphology]]''. The science or subject that treats of forms or of the transformations of organs.

''[[Mucose]]''. With a slimy covering or secretion.

''[[Mucro]]''. A short and sharp abrupt tip.

''[[Mule]]''. An old word for a [[cross]], particularly between different [[species]]; [[hybrid]]; [[cross-breed]].

''[[Multifid]]''. Cut or cleft into many narrow [[lobe]]s or parts.

''[[Multiple]]''. Of several or many distinct parts.

''[[Multiple fruit]]''. The united product (in one body) of several or many [[flower]]s.

''[[Multiseptate]]''. With many divisions or chambers, as some [[nut]]s.

''[[Muscariform]]''. In form of a brush or fly-brush.

''[[Mycelium]]''. Vegetative part of a [[fungus]], composed of threads or thready tissue.

==N==
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''[[Naked flower]]''. With no [[floral]] envelopes; without [[calyx]] and [[corolla]].

''[[Napiform]]''. Turnip-shaped; more or less short-[[fusiform]]; broader than high and abruptly tapering both ways.

''[[Navicular]]''. Boat-shaped; [[cymbiform]].

''[[Nectariferous]]''. [[Nectar]]-bearing.

''[[Nectary]]''. A structure or [[organ]] that [[secrete]]s [[nectar]].

''[[Nephroid]]''. Kidney-shaped; [[reniform]].

''[[Nerve]]''. A vein or slender rib, particularly if not [[branch]]ed.

''[[Netted]]''. Marked with [[reticulated]] lines or nerves that project somewhat above the surface.

''[[Neuter]], neutral''. Neither [[stamen]]s nor [[pistil]]s; sexless.

''[[Nidulate]]''. Nested; as if like or borne in a nidus or nest.

''[[Node]]''. A joint where a [[leaf]] is borne or may be borne; also incorrectly the space between two [[joint]]s, which is properly an [[internode]].

''[[Nucleus]]''. The [[kernel]] of a [[seed]]; the central denser structure of a cell.

''[[Nucule]]''. A small [[nutlet]]; any hard [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] or part.

''[[Nut]]''. An [[indehiscent]] 1-celled and 1-[[seed]]ed hard and bony [[fruit]], even if resulting from a compound ovary.

''[[Nutlet]]''. A small or diminutive [[nut]]; [[nucule]].

==O==
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''[[Ob-]]''. A Latin syllable, usually signifying inversion.

''[[Obconical]]''. Inversely conical; cone attached at the small point.

''[[Oblanceolate]]''. Inversely [[lanceolate]]; with the broadest part of a lanceolate body away from the point of attachment.

''[[Oblique]]''. Slanting; unequal-sided.

''[[Oblong]]''. Longer than broad, and with the sides nearly or quite parallel most of their length.

''[[Obovate]]''. Inverted [[ovate]].

''[[Obovoid]]''. An ovoid body attached at the smaller end.

''[[Obsolescent]]''. Nearly obsolete; becoming rudimentary.

''[[Obsolete]]''. Not evident or apparent; rudimentary.

''[[Obtuse]]''. Blunt, rounded.

''[[Ocellated]]''. Eyed; a circular spot of one color inside a larger spot or area of another color.

''[[Ochraceous]]''. Ochre-yellow, gradually changing to brown.

''[[Ocrea]]''. A boot-shaped or tubular stipule, as in [[Polygonum]].

''[[Oculus]]''. An [[eye]]; a [[leaf]]-[[bud]] when used as a [[cutting]].

''[[Offset]]''. A plant arising close to the base of mother plant.

''[[Oleaginous]]''. Fleshy and oily.

''[[Oligos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying few.

''[[Opaque]]''. Dull; not translucent or shining.

''[[Operculum]]''. A lid, as of a circumscissile capsule.

''[[Orthos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''straight''.

''[[Orthotropous]]'' ([[ovule]] or seed). An erect straight [[seed]], with the [[micropyle]] at the apex and [[hilum]] at the base.

''[[Osseous]]''. Bony, hard, brittle; of very close texture.

''[[Ovary]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing part of a [[pistil]].

''[[Ovate]]''. With an outline like that of hen's egg cut in two lengthwise, the broader end downward.

''[[Ovoid]]''. A solid that is oval in outline.

''[[Ovule]]''. The body which, after [[fertilization]], becomes the [[seed]].

''[[Ovuliferous]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing.

==P==
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''[[Painted]]''. Said of colors that are in streaks of unequal brilliancy.

''[[Palate]]''. In personate corollas, a rounded projection or prominence of the lower [[lip]], closing the throat or very nearly so.

''[[Palea]], palet''. In the [[grass]] [[flower]], the upper of the two inclosing bracts, the lower one being the [[lemma]].

''[[Palmate]]''. Lobed or divided in a [[palm]]-like or hand-like fashion.

''[[Palmatifid]]''. Cut about half way down in a [[palmate]] form.

''[[Panicle]]''. A branching [[raceme]]; [[flower]]-[[cluster]] in which the [[branch]]es are [[racemose]], the flowers being [[pedicellate]].

''[[Papilionaceous corolla]]''. Butterfly-like; pea-like [[flower]], with a standard, wings, and keel.

''[[Pappiform]]''. [[Pappus]]-like.

''[[Pappus]]''. Peculiar [[calyx]]-limb of composites, being [[plumose]], bristle-like, scales, or otherwise.

''[[Parasitic]]''. Growing and living on or in another organism.

''[[Parietal]]''. Borne on the paries or wall (inner surface) of a capsule.

''[[Parted]]''. Cleft or cut not quite to the base.

''[[Parthenogenetic]]''. [[Seed]] developing without [[fertilization]] or [[fecundation]].

''[[Partial]]''. Of secondary importance or rank.

''[[Partite]]''. Divided very nearly to the base.

''[[Partitioned]]''. Divided in compartments or chambers by internal horizontal partitions.

''[[Pathological]]''. [[Disease]]d.

''[[Pedicel]]''. [[Stem]] of one [[flower]] in a [[cluster]].

''[[Peduncle]]''. [[Stem]] of a flower-cluster or of a solitary flower.

''[[Pellucid]]''. Clear, transparent; that can nearly be seen through.

''[[Peltate]]''. Attached to its [[stalk]] inside the margin; peltate [[leaves]] are usually shield-shaped.

''[[Penninerved]]''. Nerves arising along the length of a central midrib.

''[[Pentamerous]]''. In fives.

''[[Pepo]]''. Fruit of [[pumpkin]], [[squash]], and the like.

''[[Perennial]]''. Of three or more season cycles' duration.

''[[Perfect flower]]''. One that has both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]].

''[[Perfoliate]]''. The [[stem]] apparently passing through the part, as a [[leaf]]; united around the stem.

''[[Pergameneous]], pergamentaceous''. Texture of parchment.

''[[Peri-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying around.

''[[Perianth]]''. The floral envelope considered together; commonly used for [[flower]]s in which there is usually no clear distinction between [[calyx]] and [[corolla]], as the [[lilies]].

''[[Pericarp]]''. The ripened [[ovary]].

''[[Perigynium]]''. The sac or [[utricle]] that incloses the [[ovary]] or [[achene]] in [[Carex]]; it is sometimes inflated.

''[[Perigynous]]''. Borne around the [[ovary]] and not beneath it, as when [[calyx]], [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s are borne on the edge of a cup-shaped [[hypanthium]]; such cases are said to exhibit perigyny.

''[[Persistent]]''. Remaining attached; not falling off.

''[[Personate]]''. Said of a two-[[lip]]ped [[corolla]] the throat of which is closed by a palate, as in toad-flax.

''[[Petal]]''. One of the separate leaves of a [[corolla]].

''[[Petaloid]]''. [[Petal]]-like; of color and shape resembling a petal.

''[[Petiole]]''. [[Leaf]]-[[stalk]].

''[[Petiolule]]''. [[Stalk]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Phalanges]]'' (plural of ''phalanx''). The groups or bundles of [[stamen]]s in [[diadelphous]] or [[polyadelphous]] [[flower]]s.

''[[Phenogam]], phenogamous''. [[Flower]]ing plants; [[seed]]-bearing plants (as distinguished from spore-bearing, or cryptogams).

''[[Phyllodium]]''. [[Leaf]]-like [[petiole]] and no blade, as in some [[acacia]]s and other plants.

''[[Phyllotaxy]]''. Order of arrangement of [[leaves]] on the stem.

''[[Phytology]]''. The study of plants, particularly of the kinds or [[species]]; [[botany]].

''[[Pileate]], pileiform''. With the form of a pileus or rimless cap; in particular, pertaining to the cap of a [[mushroom]].

''[[Pinna]]''. A primary division or [[leaflet]] of a [[pinnate]] [[leaf]].

''[[Pinnate]]''. Feather-formed; with the [[leaflet]]s of a compound [[leaf]] placed on either side of the [[rachis]].

''[[Pinnatifid]]''. Cleft or parted in a [[pinnate]] (rather than [[palmate]]) way.

''[[Pinnatipartite]]''. Pinnately-parted.

''[[Pinnatisect]]''. Cut down to the midrib in a pinnate way.

''[[Pinnule]]''. A secondary [[pinna]] or [[leaflet]] in a [[pinnate]]ly decompound [[leaf]].

''[[Pip]]''. A perpendicular or upright small [[rootstock]] used in [[propagation]], as of [[lily-of-the-valley]].

''[[Pisiform]]''. [[Pea]]-shaped; pea-like.

''[[Pistil]]''. The [[ovule]]-bearing and [[seed]]-bearing organ.

''[[Pistillate]]''. Having [[pistil]]s and no [[stamen]]s; female.

''[[Pitted]]''. Having little depressions or cavities.

''[[Placenta]]''. Part or place in the [[ovary]] where [[ovule]]s are attached.

''[[Plaited]]''. Folded lengthwise, as a closed fan.

''[[Plane]]''. Evenly flat, rather than wrinkled, folded, grooved or otherwise.

''[[Platys]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying broad or wide.

''[[Plumose]]''. Plumy; feather-like; with fine hairs, as the [[pappus]] of some composites.

''[[Plumule]]''. The bud in the [[embryo]].

''[[Plur-annual]]''. Of one season's duration only because killed by frost.

''[[Pod]]''. A [[dehiscent]] dry [[pericarp]].

''[[Pollen]]''. [[Spore]]s or grains borne by the [[anther]], containing the male element; sometimes it is not granular.

''[[Pollination]]''. The mechanical or physical operation of transferring [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]].

''[[Polliniferous]]''. Bearing-[[pollen]].

''[[Pollinium]]''. A coherent mass of [[pollen]], as in [[orchid]]s and [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Poly-]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying numerous or many.

''[[Polyadelphous]]''. The [[stamen]]s in many bundles or fascicles.

''[[Polygamous]]''. Bearing [[imperfect]] and [[hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s on the same plant.

''[[Polymerous]]''. Of many parts or series.

''[[Pome]]''. Fruit of [[apple]], [[pear]], [[quince]], etc.

''[[Porose]]''. With small holes, pores or perforations.

''[[Posterior]]''. At or toward the back; opposite the front; toward the axis; away from the subtending bract.

''[[Praefoliation]]''. Arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]]; vernation.

''[[Praemorse]]''. Jagged; as if bitten off.

''[[Prickle]]''. A small and weak spine-like body borne irregularly on the [[bark]] or epidermis.

''[[Prismatic]]''. Prism-shaped; with plane sides separated by angles, body of nearly uniform size throughout, and with similar end-sections.

''[[Process]]''. An extension of any surface or part beyond the main outline.

''[[Procumbent]]''. Trailing or lying flat, but not [[root]]ing.

''[[Proliferous]]''. Bearing offshoots or redundant parts; bearing other similar structures on itself.

''[[Proterandrous]]''. [[Anther]]s maturing before [[pistil]]s.

''[[Proterogynous]]''. [[Pistil]]s maturing before [[anther]]s.

''[[Pseud-annual]]''. [[Perennial]] by means of [[bulb]]s, [[corm]]s, or [[tuber]]s.

''[[Pseudo-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying spurious or false.

''[[Pseudobulb]]''. The thickened or [[bulb]]-form stems of certain [[orchid]]s, the part being solid and borne above ground.

''[[Puberulent]]''. Somewhat or minutely pubescent.

''[[Pubescent]]''. Covered with short, soft hairs; downy.

''[[Pulverulent]]''. Powdered or dusty.

''[[Pulvinate]]''. Cushioned; with a cushion-like enlargement or structure, as at the [[base]] of some [[petiole]]s or [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Punctate]]''. With translucent or colored dots or depressions or pits.

''[[Pungent]]''. Ending in a stiff sharp point or tip; also acrid (to the taste).

''[[Putamen]]''. The hard or bony shell of a [[nut]] or of a stone-[[fruit]].

''[[Pyrene]], pyrena''. [[Nutlet]], particularly the nutlet in a [[drupe]].

''[[Pyriform]]''. [[Pear]]-formed or -shaped.

''[[Pyxis]]''. [[Pod]] opening or dehiscing by a transverse ring.

==Q==
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''[[Quadrangular]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Quaternate]]''. In fours.

''[[Quincunx]]''. Five plants in a square, one of them being in the center.

''[[Quintupled]]''. Five times; multiplied by five.

==R==
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''[[Raceme]]''. A simple elongated [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[stalk]]ed [[flower]]s.

''[[Rachilla]], rhachilla''. A diminutive or secondary [[axis]], or [[rachis]]; in particular, in the [[grass]]es and [[sedge]]s the [[axis]] that bears the [[floret]]s.

''[[Rachis]]''. [[Axis]] bearing [[flower]]s or [[leaflet]]s; [[petiole]] of a [[fern]] [[frond]] (plural ''rachides'' or ''rachises'').

''[[Radiate]]''. Standing on and spreading from a common center; also, with ray-[[flower]]s, as in the [[Compositae]].

''[[Radical]]''. Belonging or pertaining to the [[root]].

''[[Radicle]]''. The [[inferior]] or downward part of the [[embryo]] below the [[cotyledon]]s; [[caudicle]].

''[[Radix]]''. [[Root]].

''[[Rameal]]''. Pertaining to a [[branch]] or branches.

''[[Ramenia]]''. Chaffy loose scales borne on [[leaves]] and [[stem]]s, as on the stems of [[fern]]s.

''[[Ramification]]''. The mode or style of [[branch]]ing of a plant.

''[[Raphe]], rhaphe''. The cord or ridge of fibro-vascular tissue connecting the [[hilum]] and [[chaluza]] on a [[seed]] (when the hilum and chalaza are separated).

''[[Ray]]''. Outer modified [[floret]]s of some [[composite]]s, with an extended or strap-like part to the [[corolla]]; also the branches of an [[umbel]] or umbel-like [[cluster]].

''[[Receptacle]]''. [[Torus]]; the more or less enlarged or elongated end of the [[stem]] or [[flower]]-[[axis]] on which some or all of the flower-parts are borne; sometimes the receptacle is greatly expanded, as in the [[CompositAe]]; sometimes it assumes capsule-like forms, as in the [[hypanthium]] of the [[rose]].

''[[Reclinate]], reclining''. Bent down or falling back from the perpendicular.

''[[Recondite]]''. Concealed; difficult to make out; not easily recognized.

''[[Recurved]]''. Bent or curved downward or backward.

''[[Reflexed]]''. Abruptly recurved or bent downward or backward.

''[[Regular flower]]''. With the parts in each series or set alike; as [[stamen]]s all like each other, [[petal]]s all like each other.

''[[Reinforced fruit]]''. With other parts grown to the [[pericarp]].

''[[Remote]]''. Separated by spaces longer than common.

''[[Reniform]]''. Kidney-shaped.

''[[Repent]]''. Creeping; [[root]]ing at the [[joint]]s.

''[[Resupinate]]''. Upside down; turned over.

''[[Retrorse]]''. Bent or turned over back or downward.

''[[Revolute]]''. Rolled backward, margin rolled toward lower side. See ''[[Involute]]''.

''[[Rhachis]]''. See ''[[Rachis]]''.

''[[Rhaphe]]''. See ''[[Raphe]]''.

''[[Rhizome]]''. Underground [[stem]]; [[rootstock]].

''[[Rhizos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying [[root]].

''[[Rib]]''. In a [[leaf]] or similar organ, the primary vein; also any prominent vein or nerve.

''[[Rimose]]''. With cracks or chinks.

''[[Ringent]]''. Gaping; said of [[labiate]] [[flower]]s with an open throat or mouth.

''[[Rootstock]]''. Subterranean [[stem]]; [[rhizome]].

''[[Rostellum]]''. A little beak; particularly a projection above the [[stigma]] in the [[orchid]] [[flower]].

''[[Rosula]]''. A [[rosette]], or dense more or less flat [[imbricated]] [[cluster]] of [[leaves]].

''[[Rosulate]]''. In a [[rosula]] or [[rosette]].

''[[Rotate]]''. Wheel-shaped; with short or obsolete tube and a flat and circular limb.

''[[Rotund]]''. Nearly circular; orbicular, inclining to be oblong.

''[[Rudimentary]]''. Incomplete; very little developed.

''[[Ruminated]]''. Chewed; particularly applied to wrinkled [[albumen]] in [[seed]]s that are irregularly channeled or pierced, as in [[nutmeg]] and in [[annona]] [[fruit]]s.

''[[Runcinate]]''. Said of sharply lobed or cut [[leaves]] that have the segments directed backward.

''[[Runner]]''. A slender trailing [[shoot]] taking [[root]] at the [[node]]s.

==S==
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''[[Sabulose]]''. Growing in or pertaining to sandy places.

''[[Saggitate]]''. Like an arrowhead in [[form]]; triangular with the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointing downward.

''[[Salver-shaped]]''. With a slender tube and an abruptly expanded flat limb, as that of the [[phlox]]; [[hypocrateriform]].

''[[Samara]]''. [[Indehiscent]] winged [[pericarp]], as of the [[maple]].

''[[Sap]]''. The watery contents of a plant; an indefinite and undescriptive term little used by botanists.

''[[Sapid]]''. With a pleasant or savory taste.

''[[Scabrous]]''. Rough; feeling roughish or gritty to the touch.

''[[Scale]]''. A name given to many kinds of small mostly dry and appressed [[leaves]] or [[bracts]]; a vestige.

''[[Scape]]''. [[Leafless]] [[peduncle]] arising from the ground; it may bear scales or [[bract]]s but no [[foliage]]-[[leaves]], and may be one- or many-[[flower]]ed.

''[[Scarious]]''. [[Leaf]]-like parts or [[bract]]s that are not green, but thin, dry, and membranaceous, often more or less translucent.

''[[Scion]]''. See ''[[Cion]]''.

''[[Scleroid]]''. Of a hard texture.

''[[Scorpioid]]''. Said of a [[cluster]] in which the [[flower]]s are 2-ranked and borne alternately at the right and the left.

''[[Seed]]''. The ripened [[ovule]]; the essential part is the [[embryo]], and this is contained within integuments.

''[[Seedling]]''. A young plant raised from [[seed]]; a plant direct from seed without the intervention of [[graft]]ing of any kind.

''[[Segment]]''. One of the parts of a [[leaf]], [[petal]], [[calyx]] or [[perianth]] that is divided but not truly compound.

''[[Self-fertilization]]''. Secured by [[polle]]n from same [[flower]]; close-fertilization.

''[[Self-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]] of same [[flower]]; close-pollination.

''[[Sepal]]''. One of the separate [[leaves]] of a [[calyx]].

''[[Separation]]''. Multiplication of plants by means of naturally detachable asexual bodies or organs, as [[offset]]s, [[stolon]]s.

''[[Septate]]''. Partitioned; divided by partitions.

''[[Septicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] along or in the partitions, not directly into the [[locule]].

''[[Septum]]''. A partition.

''[[Sessile]]''. Not stalked; sitting.

''[[Set]]''. Applied loosely to vegetative parts used in [[propagation]], as to [[offset]]s, layers, [[root]]-[[cutting]]s.

''[[Seta]]''. A bristle.

''[[Setiform]]''. Bristle-shaped.

''[[Sheath]]''. Any long or more or less tubular structure surrounding an organ or part.

''[[Shoot]]''. A new plant from the [[root]] of the old plant; also any growing [[twig]] or [[axis]].

''[[Shrub]]''. A woody plant that remains low and produces [[shoot]]s or [[trunk]]s from the base.

''[[Silicle]]''. The short [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silique]]''. The long [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silky]]''. A condition produced by a covering of soft appressed fine hairs; [[sericeus]].

''[[Silvery]]''. With a whitish metallic more or less shining luster.

''[[Simple pistil]]''. Of one [[carpel]].

''[[Sinus]]''. The space or recess between two [[lobe]]s of a [[leaf]] or other expanded organ.

''[[Slip]]''. A [[softwood]] [[cutting]] "slipped" off or pulled off; applied also to similar parts cut off.

''[[Smooth]]''. Said of surfaces that have no hairiness, roughness or [[pubescence]], particularly of those not rough.

''[[Solitary]]''. Borne singly or alone.

''[[Sorus]]''. A heap or [[cluster]]. The [[fruit]]-dots or -cluster of [[fern]]s (plural ''sori''.)

''[[Spadix]]''. A thick or fleshy spike of certain plants, as the [[Araceae]], surrounded or subtended by a [[spathe]].

''[[Span]]''. Nine inches; distance from tip of thumb to tip of little finger when the hand is spread out.

''[[Spathe]]''. The [[bract]] or [[leaf]] surrounding or subtending a [[flower]]-[[cluster]] or a [[spadix]]; it is sometimes colored and flower-like, as in the [[calla]].

''[[Spawn]]''. The dried mycelium of [[mushroom]]s used in [[propagation]].

''[[Spheroidal]]''. A solid that is nearly spherical.

''[[Spiciform]]''. Spike-form.

''[[Spiculate]]''. With a small, fleshy and erect point.

''[[Spike]]''. Compact, more or less simple [[indeterminate]], mostly elongated [[cluster]], with [[flower]]s [[sessile]] or nearly so.

''[[Spikelet]]''. A secondary [[spike]]; one part of a compound spike; particularly, one of the ultimate [[cluster]]s in grosses.

''[[Spine]]''. A strong and sharp-pointed [[woody]] body mostly arising from the [[wood]] of the [[stem]].

''[[Spinescent]]''. More or less spiny.

''[[Spinule]]''. A little or weak spine.

''[[Spontaneous]]''. Said of plants that have escaped from [[cultivation]], but that do not permanently persist.

''[[Sporangium]]''. A [[spore]]-case; a sac or body bearing spores.

''[[Spore]]''. A simple reproductive body, usually composed of a single detached cell, and containing no [[embryo]].

''[[Sporocarp]]''. A receptacle containing sporangia or [[spore]]s.

''[[Sporophyll]]''. A [[spore]]-bearing [[leaf]].

''[[Spreading]]''. Standing outward or horizontally.

''[[Spur]]''. A tubular or sac-like projection from a [[blossom]], as of a [[petal]] or [[sepal]]; it usually secretes [[nectar]].

''[[Squama]]''. A [[scale]].

''[[Squamella]]''. Very small [[squama]] or [[scale]].

''[[Stachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a [[spike]].

''[[Stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of any [[organ]], as the [[petiole]], [[peduncle]], [[pedicel]], [[filament]], [[stipe]].

''[[Stamen]]''. The [[pollen]]-bearing or "[[male]]" organ.

''[[Staminate]]''. Having [[stamen]]s and no [[pistil]]s; [[male]].

''[[Staminode]], staminodium''. A sterile [[stamen]], or a structure resembling such and borne in the staminal part of the [[flower]]; in some [[flower]]s (as in [[Canna]]) staminodia are [[petal]]-like and showy.

''[[Standard]]''. The upper and broad more or less erect [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Stem]]''. The main [[axis]] of a plant; [[leaf]]-bearing and [[flower]]- bearing as distinguished from the [[root]]-bearing axis.

''[[Sterile flower]]''. Without [[pistil]]s.

''[[Stigma]]''. The part of the [[pistil]] that receives the [[pollen]].

''[[Stigmatic]]''. Pertaining to the [[stigma]].

''[[Stipe]]''. The stalk of a [[pistil]] or other small organ; also the [[petiole]] of a [[fern]]-[[leaf]].

''[[Stipel]]''. [[Stipule]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Stipule]]''. A basal appendage of a [[petiole]]; the three parts of a complete [[leaf]] are [[blade]], petiole, [[stipules]] (usually 2).

''[[Stock]]''. The part on which the [[cion]] is [[graft]]ed; the strain or parentage.

''[[Stolon]]''. A [[shoot]] that bends to the ground and takes [[root]]; more commonly, a horizontal [[stem]] at or below surface of the ground that gives rise to a new plant at its tip.

''[[Stone]]''. The "pit" or [[putamen]] of a [[stone]] [[fruit]].

''[[Stool]]''. A clump of [[root]]s or [[rootstock]] that may be used in [[propagation]]; also an established low plant from which layers are taken.

''[[Stratification]]''. The operation or method of burying [[seed]]s to keep them fresh and to soften their integuments, or to expose them without injury to frost, that they may be more readily and successfully used in [[propagation]].

''[[Strict]]''. Straight and upright, little if any branched, often rigid.

''[[Strobile]]''. [[Cone]].

''[[Strophiole]]''. An appendage or protuberance at the [[hilum]].

''[[Style]]''. More or less elongated part of the [[pistil]] between the [[ovary]] and [[stigma]].

''[[Stylopodium]]''. Style-foot; an expansion at the base of a style, as in [[flower]]s of the [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[Sub-]]''. As a prefix, usually signifying ''somewhat, slightly'' or ''rather''.

''[[Subacute]]''. Somewhat or partially acute.

''[[Subcoriaceous]]''. Somewhat or approaching leathery in texture.

''[[Subligneous]]''. Partially or somewhat [[woody]].

''[[Subterete]]''. Somewhat or imperfectly [[terete]].

''[[Succulent]]''. Juicy; fleshy; soft and thickened in texture.

''[[Sucker]]''. A [[shoot]] arising from the [[root]]s or beneath the surface of the ground.

''[[Suffrutescent]]''. Partially or slightly [[shrub]]by.

''[[Suffruticose]]''. Pertaining to a low and somewhat [[woody]] plant; diminutively shrubby or [[fruticose]]; woody at base.

''[[Sulcate]]''. Grooved or furrowed lengthwise.

''[[Superior]]''. Said of an [[ovary]] that is free from the [[calyx]].

''[[Supernumerary]]''. Said of [[bud]]s when there is more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Suspended]]''. Hanging from the top, as an [[ovule]] attached in the top of the [[locule]].

''[[Suture]]''. A line or mark of splitting open; a groove marking a natural division or union; the groove lengthwise a [[plum]] or similar [[fruit]].

''[[Symmetrical]]''. Said of a [[flower]] that has the same number of parts in each series or circle, as five [[stamen]]s, five [[petal]]s.

''[[Symphysis]]''. Growing together; coalescence.

''[[Sympodial]]''. Axial growth continued by successive lateral [[shoot]]s instead of by terminal [[bud]].

''[[Syncarpium]]''. A [[fruit]] consisting of many cohering or consolidated [[carpel]]s.

''[[Syncarpous]]''. Having [[carpel]]s united. See ''[[Apocarpus]]''.

''[[Syngenesious]]''. [[Anther]]s united in a ring, as in [[Compositae]].

==T==
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''[[Tapering]]''. Gradually becoming smaller or diminishing in diameter or width toward one end.

''[[Tap-root]]''. A strong nearly or quite perpendicular main [[root]] that carries the plant axis straight into the ground, all the other roots being secondary to it, rather than branching equally or diversely at the [[crown]].

''[[Taxonomy]]''. [[Classification]] of [[species]].

''[[Tendril]]''. A rotating or twisting thread-like process or extension by which a plant grasps an object and clings to it for support; morphologically it may be [[stem]] or [[leaf]].

''[[Teratology]]''. The subject of monstrosities, or of abnormal and aberrant forms and malformations.

''[[Terete]]''. Circular in transverse section; imperfectly cylindrical because the object may taper both ways.

''[[Terminology]]''. The subject dealing with names.

''[[Ternate]]''. In threes.

''[[Testa]]''. The outer [[seed]]-coat, particularly when bony, hard or brittle.

''[[Tetradynamous]]''. Six [[stamen]]s, four being long and two short.

''[[Tetragonal]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Thallus]]''. A flat [[leaf]]-like organ; in some cryptogams, the entire cellular plant body without differentiation as to [[stem]] and [[foliage]].

''[[Throat]]''. The opening or orifice into a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]], or [[perianth]]; the place where the limb joins the tube.

''[[Thyrse]], thyrsus''. Compact and more or less compound [[panicle]]; more correctly a panicle-like [[cluster]] with main axis [[indeterminate]] and other parts [[determinate]].

''[[Tip]]''. The plant arising at the end of a [[stolon]], as in the black [[raspberry]].

''[[Tomentose]]''. With tomentum; densely [[woolly]] or pubescent; with matted soft wool-like hairiness.

''[[Tomentulose]]''. Somewhat or delicately [[tomentose]].

''[[Tortuous]]''. Twisted; with irregular bending and [[twining]].

''[[Torus]]''. Receptacle.

''[[Tree]]''. A [[woody]] plant that produces one main [[trunk]] and a more or less distinct and elevated head.

''[[Tri-]]''. Three or three times.

''[[Tricarpous]]''. Of three [[carpel]]s or [[fruit]]s.

''[[Trichome]]''. A hair, particularly one that is strong or stiff.

''[[Tricostate]]''. With three ribs.

''[[Trifid]]''. Separated about halfway down into three parts.

''[[Trifoliate]]''. Of three [[leaves]].

''[[Trifoliolate]]''. Of three [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Trigonous]]''. Three-angled.

''[[Trimerous]]''. In threes.

''[[Trimorphous]]''. In three forms; as three lengths of [[stamen]]s.

''[[Tripinnate]]''. Three times [[pinnate]].

''[[Trisected]]''. In three deeply cut parts.

''[[Triternate]]''. Three times three; the [[leaflet]]s or segments of a twice [[ternate]] [[leaf]] again in three parts.

''[[Truncate]]''. Appearing as if cut off at the end; the end nearly or quite straight across.

''[[Tuber]]''. A short congested part; usually defined as subterranean (as of a [[rootstock]]), although this is not essential.

''[[Tubercle]]''. .A small [[tuber]], or rounded protruding body.

''[[Tuberiferous]]''. [[Tuber]]-bearing.

''[[Tuberous]]''. With or resembling a [[tuber]] or tubers.

''[[Tumid]]''. Swollen.

''[[Tunicated]]''. Provided with concentric or enwrapping coats or layers, as [[bulb]] of [[onion]].

''[[Turgid]]''. Swollen from fullness.

==U==
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''[[Umbel]]''. Corymbose or [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[branch]]es or rays arising from a common point and about equal in length, resembling framework of umbrella; [[umbel]]s are characteristic of the [[Umbellifera]].

''[[Umbellate]]''. Umbelled; with [[umbel]]s; pertaining to umbels.

''[[Umbellet]]''. Secondary [[umbel]].

''[[Umbellule]]''. [[Umbel]]let.

''[[Uni-]]''. One.

''[[Unisexual]]''. Of one sex; [[staminate]] or [[pistillate]] only.

''[[Utricle]]''. A small bladder; a bladdery 1-[[seed]]ed [[fruit]].

==V==
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''[[Valvate]]''. Opening by valves or pertaining to valves; meeting by the edges without overlapping, as [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s in the [[bud]].

''[[Valve]]''. A separable part of a [[pod]]; the units or pieces into which a capsule splits or divides in [[dehiscing]].

''[[Vascular]]''. With vessels or ducts, or relating to them.

''[[Vein]]''. A [[branch]] of the evident [[woody]] framework of a [[leaf]] or similar organ; secondary member of the fibro-vascular structure.

''[[Veinlet]]''. A small or slender vein; nerve.

''[[Venation]]''. Veining; arrangement or disposition of veins.

''[[Ventral]]''. Front; relating to the anterior or inner face or part of an organ; opposite the back or dorsal part.

''[[Vernation]]''. The disposition or arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]].

''[[Versatile]]''. Hung or attached near the middle and usually moving freely, as an [[anther]] attached crosswise on the apex of [[filament]] and capable of turning.

''[[Verticil]]''. A [[whorl]].

''[[Vesicle]]''. A little bladder or bladder-like cavity.

''[[Vexillary]]''. Pertaining to the vexillum, standard or banner of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Villous]]''. Provided with long and soft, not matted, hairs; shaggy.

''[[Vitta]]''. An oil-tube, as in the fruits of [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[Vittate]]''. With [[vitta]]e; also striped lengthwise.

''[[Volute]]''. Rolled up.

==W==
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''[[Watersprout]]''. A strong rapid-growing adventitious [[shoot]] in a [[tree]]-top or [[bush]] or on a [[trunk]].

''[[Whorl]]''. Three or more [[leaves]] or [[flower]]s at one [[node]], in a circle.

''[[Wing]]''. A thin dry or membranous expansion or flat extension or appendage of an organ; also the lateral [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Woolly]]''. Provided with long, soft and more or less matted hairs; like wool; [[lanate]].

''[[Wort]]''. Old word for a plant or [[herb]]; now used only in combination, as [[mother-wort]], [[spiderwort]], [[liverwort]].

==X==
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==Y==
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==Z==
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Trees Native to California

2010-01-22T07:48:40Z

Gardenmaster:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Trees Native to California
|-
! Latin name !! class="unsortable" | Author !! Common name(s)
|-
| ''[[Abies amabilis]]'' || Douglas ex Forbes || Pacific silver fir
|-
| ''[[Abies conolor]]'' || Lindl. ex Hildebr. || White Fir
|-
| ''[[Abies grandis]]'' || Lindl. || Grand fir
|-
| ''[[Abies magnifica]]'' || A. Murray || California red fir
|-
| ''[[Abies procera]]'' || Rehder || Noble fir
|-
| ''[[Acer circinatum]]'' || Pursh || vine maple
|-
| ''[[Acer glabrum]]'' || Torr. || Rocky Mountain maple
|-
| ''[[Acer macrophyllum]]'' || Pursh || Bigleaf maple
|-
| ''[[Aesculus californica]]'' || Nutt.|| California buckeye
|-
| ''[[Alnus rhombifolia]]'' || Nutt. || white alder
|-
| ''[[Alnus rubra]]''|| Bong.|| red alder
|-
| ''[[Betula occidentalis]]''||Hook. || water birch
|-
| ''[[Cercidium microphylla]]''||Torr. || yellow paloverde
|-
| ''[[Cercis orbiculata]]''||Greene || California redbud
|-
| ''[[Cornus nuttallii]]''||Audubon ex Torr. & A. Gray || Pacific dogwood
|-
| ''[[Cornus sericea]]'' L. ssp. ''occidentalis''||(Torr. & A. Gray) Fosberg || western dogwood
|-
| ''[[Corylus cornuta]] ''Marsh. var. ''californica''||(A. DC.) Sharp || California hazelnut
|-
| ''[[Crataegus douglasii]]''|| Lindl. || black hawthorn
|-
| ''[[Crataegus suksdorfii]]'' || (Sarg.) Kruschke || Suksdorf's hawthorn
|-
| ''[[Cupressus abramsiana]]''||C.B. Wolf || Santa Cruz cypress
|-
| ''[[Cupressus arizonica]]''||Greene ssp. ''arizonica''|| Arizona cypress
|-
| ''[[Cupressus arizonica]]'' ||Greene ssp.''nevadensis'' (Abrams) E. Murray || Paiute cypress
|-
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Trees Native to California

2010-01-22T07:22:38Z

Gardenmaster:

Trees Native to California

2010-01-14T16:30:32Z

Gardenmaster:

Trees Native to California

2010-01-14T07:24:42Z

Gardenmaster:

Trees Native to California

2010-01-14T07:20:28Z

Gardenmaster:

Trees Native to California

2010-01-06T23:45:14Z

Gardenmaster:

''Abies amabilis'' Douglas ex Forbes Pacific silver fir 
''Abies conolor'' Lindl. ex Hildebr. White Fir 
''Abies grandis'' Lindl. grand fir 
''Abies magnifica'' A. Murray California red fir 
''Abies procera'' Rehder noble fir 
''Acer glabrum'' Torr. Rocky Mountain maple 
''Acer macrophyllum'' Pursh bigleaf maple

Trees Native to California

2010-01-06T23:43:14Z

Gardenmaster:

Trees Native to California

2010-01-06T23:42:44Z

Gardenmaster:

''Abies amabilis'' Douglas ex Forbes Pacific silver fir 
''Abies conolor'' Lindl. ex Hildebr. White Fir 
''Abies grandis'' Lindl. grand fir
''Abies magnifica'' A. Murray California red fir
''Abies procera'' Rehder noble fir
''Acer glabrum'' Torr. Rocky Mountain maple

Trees Native to California

2010-01-06T23:42:08Z

Gardenmaster: Initial offering - many more to come!!

''Abies amabilis'' Douglas ex Forbes Pacific silver fir
''Abies conolor'' Lindl. ex Hildebr. White Fir
''Abies grandis'' Lindl. grand fir
''Abies magnifica'' A. Murray California red fir
''Abies procera'' Rehder noble fir
''Acer glabrum'' Torr. Rocky Mountain maple

Glossary of Gardening Terms

2009-12-31T02:38:10Z

Gardenmaster: /* G */

Glossary of botanical and horticultural technical terms.

The following set of words includes many descriptive terms used on Plants.am and elsewhere, with explanations of their meaning.

{{compactTOC2}}

==A==
''[[Aberrant]]''. Unusual, or exceptional; a plant or structure that varies from customary structure or from the type; used mostly of variation.

''[[Abortive]]''. Defective; barren; not developed.

''[[Abrupt]]''. Changing suddenly rather than gradually, as a [[leaf]] that is narrowed quickly to a point, or a [[pinnate]] leaf that has no terminal [[leaflet]]; not tapering.

''[[Acaulescent]]''. [[Stemless]], or apparently stemless; sometimes the stem is subterranean or protrudes only slightly.

''[[Accessory buds]]''. [[Bud]]s more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Accessory fruit]]''. [[Fruit]]-like body composed of [[pericarp]] and other structure or structures seemingly a part of it, but not originally united with it, as [[wintergreen berry]].

''[[Accrescent]]''. Increasing; becoming larger after [[flower]]ing, as the [[calyx]] in some plants.

''[[Accumbent]]''. Lying against; said of [[cotyledon]]s when the edges are placed against the [[radicle]].

''[[Achene]]'' (akene). A dry [[indehiscent]] one-seeded [[pericarp]].

''[[Achlamydeous]]''. Lacking [[calyx]] or [[corolla]]; [[naked]].

''[[Acinaciform]]''. Shaped like a scimitar; curved, round toward the point, being thicker on the outer side than on the convex or inner side.

''[[Acotyledonous]]''. Without [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Adnate]]''. Grown to, united with another part; as [[stamen]]s with the [[corolla]]-tube or an [[anther]] in its whole length with the [[filament]].

''[[Adventitious buds]]''. [[Bud]]s appearing on occasion, rather than in regular places and order, as those arising about wounds.

''[[Adventive]]''. Said of an introduced plant not yet established; imperfectly or only partially [[naturalize]]d.

''[[Aestivation]]''. The arrangement of [[floral envelope]]s in the [[bud]] (aestivus, ''summer'', when [[flower]]s mostly appear. Vernation is [[leaf]]-arrangement in the bud).

''[[Affinity]]''. A plant or part closely related to another or much resembling it in structure.

''[[Agglomerate]]''. Piled together, heaped up.

''[[Aggregate fruit]]''. One formed by the coherence of [[pistil]]s that were distinct in the [[flower]], as [[blackberry]].

''[[Albumen]]''. Starchy or other nutritive material accompanying the [[embryo]]; commonly used in the sense of [[endosperm]], for the material surrounding the embryo.

''[[Alburnum]]''. The [[sapwood]] or younger wood of a tree.

''[[Alternate]]''. Any arrangement of [[leaves]] or other parts not opposite or [[whorled]]; placed singly at different heights on the [[axis]] or [[stem]].

''[[Alveolate]]''. Honey-combed, or pitted with angular separated depressions.

''[[Ament]]''. Catkin.

''[[Amentiferous]]''. Bearing [[ament]]s or catkins.

''[[Amorphous]]''. Formless; of no definite or constant [[form]].

''[[Amphigean]]''. Of both worlds, the Old and New; said of distribution of plants.

''[[Amphitropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is apparently turned a quarter way around, so that it is half inverted and with the scar or [[hilum]] on the side.

''[[Ampullaceous]]''. Said of plants bearing flask-like parts, as in certain aquatics such as [[Utricularia]].

''[[Analogous]]''. Related in function or use, but not in origin. See ''[[Homologous]]''.

''[[Anastomosing]]''. Netted; interveined; said of [[leaves]] marked by cross-veins forming a network.

''[[Anatropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is inverted, with the [[micropyle]] next the [[hilum]] or scar.

''[[Ander]]''. Male; occurs in combinations as, ''[[monandraus]]'', having one [[stamen]].

''[[Andraeceum]]''. The male or [[stamen]]-bearing part of a flower; the stamens spoken of collectively. See ''[[Gynaecium]]''.

''[[Androphore]]''. The cylinder or column formed by [[monadelphous]] [[filament]]s, as in the [[mallow]] and [[bombax]] tribes.

''[[Angiosperms]]''. Plants that bear the seeds within a [[pericarp]], in distinction from the [[gymnosperm]]s which have naked [[ovule]]s and seeds; having a closed ovary.

''[[Annual]]''. Of one season's duration from [[seed]] to maturity and death.

''[[Anterior]]''. Front; on the front side; away from the axis; toward the subtending [[bract]].

''[[Anther]]''. The pollen-bearing part of the [[stamen]], borne at the top of the [[filament]] or sometimes [[sessile]].

''[[Antheriferous]]''. [[Anther]]-bearing.

''[[Anthesis]]''. [[Flower]]ing; strictly, the time of expansion of a flower, but often used to designate the flowering period; the act of flowering.

''[[Anthocarpous]]''. Said of a body combined of flowers and fruit united into a solid mass, as in the [[pineapple]] or the [[mulberry]].

''[[Anthodium]]''. Flower-head of the [[Composite]]; in common speech this flower-head is erroneously called a "flower."

''[[Antical]]''. Front, anterior.

''[[Apetalous]]''. No [[petal]]s; petals missing.

''[[Apical]]''. At the apex or top.

''[[Apocarpus]]''. [[Carpel]]s not united; see ''[[Syncarpous]]''.

''[[Appendage]]''. An attached subsidiary or secondary part, as a projecting part or a hanging part or supplement.

''[[Appressed]]''. Closely and flatly pressed against; adpressed.

''[[Arachnoid]]''. Cobwebby, by soft and slender entangled hairs; also spider-like.

''[[Areole]]'', areola. A small more or less angular space on a surface, as between network of veins.

''[[Aril]]''. An appendage or an outer covering of a seed, growing out from the [[hilum]] or [[funiculus]]; sometimes it appears as a pulpy covering.

''[[Arillate]]''. Provided with an aril.

''[[Arillode]]''. An [[aril]]-like structure, or false aril; a coating or covering of the seed arising from its own surface, and not from the [[funiculus]].

''[[Armed]]''. Provided with any kind of strong and sharp defense, as of [[thorn]]s, spines, prickles, barbs.

''[[Articulate]]''. Jointed; provided with nodes or joints, or places where separation may naturally take place.

''[[Ascending]]''. Rising up; produced somewhat obliquely or indirectly upward.

''[[Asexual]]''. Sexless; without sex.

''[[Auricle]]''. An ear-shaped part or appendage, as the projections at the base of some leaves and petals.

''[[Awl-shaped]]''. Narrow and sharp-pointed; gradually tapering from base to a slender or stiff point.

''[[Awn]]''. A bristle-like part or appendage.

''[[Axil]]''. Upper angle that a [[petiole]] or [[peduncle]] makes with the stem that bears it.

''[[Axile]]''. Borne in or on the [[axis]], or relating to it.

''[[Axillary]]''. In an [[axil]].

''[[Axis]]''. The main or central line of development of any plant or organ; the main stem.

==B==
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''[[Bacca]]''. A berry.

''[[Baccate]]''. Berry-like; pulpy or fleshy.

''[[Banded]]''. Marked with cross-bars or horizontal lines of color, or with very prominent ribs or other structure.

''[[Barb]]''. A short point or bristle; usually employed to designate points with reflexed or fishhook-like rarely ascending appendages.

''[[Barbulate]]''. With fine beards.

''[[Bark]]''. The word is often used in a general way to designate the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this sense, it includes all that peels readily, as the bark of the hemlock and oak, used for tanning leather. In a stricter sense, it is applied to the corky layers formed on the outer surface of woody plants. It is formed from an active layer of tissue,—the phellogen. The bark is developed in different ways on different trees. So distinct are the resulting tissues that species of trees may be readily recognized by their bark alone. Cork of commerce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of southwestern Europe. Inasmuch as the word covers so many structures, it is little used by botanists in technical descriptions.

''[[Bark-grafting]]''. A kind of grafting in which the [[cion]]s are inserted between the bark and wood of a stub; often, but erroneously, called crown-grafting.

''[[Base]]''. The bottom or lower end of a part or structure or organ, even though this part may be uppermost as the organ hangs on the plant.

''[[Basifixed]]''. Attached or fixed by the base, as an [[ovule]] that is affixed to its support by its bottom rather than by its side or by an angle.

''[[Basin]]''. The depression at the apex or blossom-end of an apple or other [[pome]] fruit.

''[[Basinerved]]''. All the ribs or nerves of a leaf or [[petal]] starting from its base.

''[[Bast]]''. The soft part of the fibro-vascular bundles in plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases in thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of basswood have been used in making cordage; also in making strong paper.

''[[Beak]]''. A long prominent and substantial point; applied particularly to prolongations of fruits and [[carpel]]s.

''[[Beard]]''. A long [[awn]] or bristle-like hair.

''[[Berry]]''. Pulpy, indehiscent, few- or many-seeded fruit; technically, the pulpy fruit resulting from a single [[pistil]], containing one or more seeds but no true [[stone]], as the tomato.

''[[Bi-]] or Bis-''. In Latin compounds, signifying ''two'' or ''twice''.

''[[Biauriculate]]'', biaurite. Having two ears.

''[[Bicallose]], bicallous''. Furnished with two [[callosities]], as the [[lip]] of some [[orchid]]s.

''[[Bicrural]]''. With two tails, legs, or slender elongations.

''[[Biennial]]''. Of two seasons' duration from seed to maturity and death.

''[[Bifarious]]''. Arranged in two rows.

''[[Bifid]]''. Two-cleft or two-cut.

''[[Bifoliolate]]''. With two [[leaflet]]s to a leaf.

''[[Biforate]]''. With two openings, pores or [[aperture]]s.

''[[Bigener]]''. Plant arising from a cross between two [[genera]].

''[[Bilabiate]]''. Two-[[lip]]ped, double-lipped.

''[[Bilamellate]]''. Bearing or consisting of two plates.

''[[Bilobed]]''. Two-lobed; parted into two lobes.

''[[Bilocular]]''. Two-celled; with two locules or compartments.

''[[Bipartite]]''. Divided into two parts; separated nearly to base.

''[[Bipinnate]]''. Twice-pinnate; when the primary divisions are [[pinnate]].

''[[Bipinnatifid]]''. Twice-pinnatifid; when [[pinnatifid]] primary parts are pinnately cut.

''[[Biplicate]]''. Bearing two plaits or folds.

''[[Biseptate]]''. Twice-divided; with two partitions.

''[[Biserial]]''. In two series or sets.

''[[Biserrate]]''. Doubly [[serrate]]; the serratures themselves serrate.

''[[Bisexual]]''. Two-sexed; with both stamens and pistils.

''[[Biternate]]''. Twice-ternate; when the divisions of a [[ternate]] leaf are divided into three.

''[[Bivalvular]]''. Two-[[valve]]d.

''[[Bivittate]]''. With two [[vittae]] or oil-tubes.

''[[Bladdery]]''. Inflated; empty, and the walls thin like the bladder of an animal.

''[[Blade]]''. The expanded part of leaf or petal.

''[[Blanching]]''. A whitening or decoloring of the usually green parts of plants, as in celery or endive when it is prepared for use.

''[[Bole]]''. The trunk of a tree, particularly of a large tree.

''[[Boss]]''. A prominent center or projection on a flat and more or less circular surface.

''[[Bottom-heat]]''. A term used to designate the condition that arises when the roots of plants, or the soil in which they grow, are exposed to a higher temperature than that of the air in which the aerial parts are growing.

''[[Brachiate]]''. Branches or parts spreading at nearly right- angles and placed alternately.

''[[Brachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''short'', as brachypodus, ''on a short foot'' or ''stalk''.

''[[Bract]]''. A much-reduced leaf, particularly the small or scale-like leaves in a flower-cluster or associated with the flowers.

''[[Bracteal]]''. Concerning or pertaining to [[bract]]s.

''[[Bracteole]]''. [[Bractlet]].

''[[Bractlet]]''. [[Bract]] born on a secondary [[axis]], as on the [[pedicel]] or even on a [[petiole]].

''[[Breaking]]''. Said when buds start to grow.

''[[Bristly]]''. Bearing stiff strong hairs or bristles.

''[[Bud]]''. An incipient or nascent [[shoot]]; the rudimentary or beginning state of a [[stem]]; particularly, in common speech, a thickened and condensed resting-stage of a shoot, or a flower or leaf before expanding; in [[propagating]], a single [[bud]] used on a [[cutting]] or [[cion]].

''[[Budding]]''. The operation of applying a single [[bud]] to the surface of the growing wood of the stock, with the intention that it shall grow. The bud is usually inserted underneath the [[bark]] of the [[cion]], and is held in place by a bandage. Budding is a part of the general process of [[graft]]ing. Called ''inoculation'' in old writings.

''[[Bulb]]''. A thickened part in a resting state and made up of [[scale]]s or [[plate]]s on a much shortened [[axis]].

''[[Bulbel]]''. A [[bulb]] arising from a mother-bulb.

''[[Bulbiferous]]''. [[Bulb]]-bearing.

''[[Bulblet]]''. Aerial [[bulb]]; a bulb borne above ground, as in the flower-cluster or a leaf-[[axil]].

''[[Bulbo-tuber]]''. [[Corm]].

''[[Bulbous]]''. [[Bulb]]-like; with the structure or the characteristics of a bulb.

''[[Bullate]]''. The surface blistered or puckered, as the leaf of a Savoy cabbage.

''[[Bursicle]]''. A little pouch-like or purse-like receptacle.

''[[Bush]]''. A low and thick shrub, without distinct trunk.

==C==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Caducous]]''. Falling off early, or prematurely, as the [[sepal]]s in some plants.

''[[Calcarate]]''. Spurred.

''[[Calcariform]]''. Spur-formed; shaped like a [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Calceolate]]''. Slipper-like; having the form of a rounding toed shoe.

''[[Callosity]]''. A thickened and hardened part or protuberance.

''[[Callus]]''. A hard prominence or protuberance; in a cutting or on a severed or injured part, the roll of new covering tissue.

''[[Calycine]]''. Pertaining to a [[calyx]], or calyx-like.

''[[Calyculate]]''. [[Calyx]]-like; bearing a part resembling a calyx; particularly, furnished with bracts against or underneath the calyx resembling a supplementary or outer calyx.

''[[Calyptra]]''. A hood or lid; particularly the hood or cap of the [[capsule]] of a [[moss]].

''[[Calyptriform]]''. Hood-formed; like a cap pulled over.

''[[Calyx]]''. The outer circle of floral envelopes.

''[[Cambium]]''. The growing or nascent tissue lying between the [[xylem]] and [[phloem]] of the fibro-vascular bundle, and therefore on the outside of the woody trunk between wood and [[bast]], or in trees and shrubs between wood and "bark." Its function is to increase the stem in diameter.

''[[Campanulate]]''. Bell-shaped.

''[[Campylotropous]]''. Said of an [[ovule]] or seed so curved or turned on itself as to bring the [[apex]] and [[base]] together.

''[[Canaliculate]]''. Grooved or channeled lengthwise.

''[[Canescent]]''. Gray-pubescent and hoary.

''[[Cap]]''. A convex removable covering of a part, as of a [[capsule]]; in the grape, the [[cohering]] [[petal]]s fall off as a cap.

''[[Capillary]]''. Hair-like; very slender.

''[[Capitate]]''. Headed; in heads; formed like a head; aggregated into a very dense or compact cluster.

''[[Capitulum]]''. Head; a close body of [[sessile]] [[flowers]].

''[[Capsular]]''. Pertaining to a [[capsule]]; formed like a capsule.

''[[Capsule]]''. Compound pod; a dry fruit of more than one [[carpel]], opening at maturity.

''[[Carinate]]''. Keeled; provided with a projecting central longitudinal line or ridge on the lower or under surface.

''[[Carpel]]''. One of the foliar units of a compound pistil; a simple pistil contains one carpel.

''[[Carpophore]]''. Fruit-stalk; stem bearing the [[carpel]]s; particularly, in the [[Umbelliferae]], the slender extended axis that supports the ripe seed-like carpels.

''[[Cartilaginous]]''. Hard and tough, like parchment.

''[[Caruncle]]''. On a seed, a protuberance or growth at or around the [[hilum]].

''[[Caryopsis]]''. An achene-like fruit, with the thin [[pericarp]] or covering grown fast to the seed; it is the characteristic fruit of the cereal grains and other grasses.

''[[Cataphyll]]''. An undeveloped [[leaf]], as at the beginning of a growth.

''[[Catkin]]''. A scaly-bracted spike with declinous flowers; ament; prominent in willows and poplars.

''[[Caudex]]''. Stem, trunk; used particularly to designate the persistent base of an herbaceous stem that is otherwise annual, and also for the stem of tree-ferns and palms.

''[[Caudicle]]''. Little [[stem]], stemlet; stalk of [[pollinium]] in orchids.

''[[Caulescent]]''. More or less stemmed or stem-bearing; having an evident stem above ground.

''[[Caulicle]]''. [[Stemlet]] of the embryo; [[radicle]].

''[[Cauline]]''. Pertaining or belonging to the [[stem]].

''[[Cavity]]''. The depression at the bottom or stem-end of an apple or similar fruit.

''[[Cell]]''. One of the ultimate compartments or vesicles of which plants are composed or made up; also, a cavity or compartment or locule of an ovary or anther.

''[[Cellular]]''. Tissue made up of short thin-walled cells, rather than of fibers or tubes.

''[[Centrifugal]]''. Away from the center.

''[[Centripetal]]''. Toward the center.

''[[Centrum]]''. The central part of any structure; particularly the large central air-space in hollow stems.

''[[Cephalanthium]]''. An old name for the [[flower]]-head of [[composite]]s; anthodium.

''[[Cephalium]]''. The head-like [[stem]]-end of condensed cacti, bearing the flowers and fruits.

''[[Cernuous]]''. Drooping; inclining somewhat from the perpendicular.

''[[Cespitose]]''. Matted; growing in tufts; in little dense clumps; said of low plants that make tufts or turf of their [[basal]] growths.

''[[Chaeta]]''. A bristle; seta.

''[[Chaff]]''. A small thin dry and membranous [[scale]] or [[bract]]; in particular, the bracts in the [[flower]]-heads of composites.

''[[Channeled]]''. Deeply grooved lengthwise; [[canaliculate]].

''[[Chartaceous]]''. Thin, hard and stiff; having the texture of writing-paper.

''[[Chrysos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''golden'' or ''golden yellow''.

''[[Ciliate]]''. Fringed with hairs; bearing hairs on the margin.

''[[Ciliolate]]''. Slightly or minutely [[ciliate]].

''[[Cinereous]]''. Ash-colored; light gray.

''[[Cinnamomeus]]''. Cinnamon-colored.

''[[Cion]]''. The [[bud]] or [[branch]] used in [[graft]]ing; also spelled ''[[scion]]''.

''[[Circinate]]''. Coiled downward or inward from the top, as the young [[frond]] of a [[fern]] and [[cycas]].

''[[Circumscissile]]''. Opening or dehiscing by a line around the [[fruit]] or [[anther]], the [[valve]] usually coming off as a lid.

''[[Cirrhiferous]]''. [[Tendril]]-bearing.

''[[Cirrhiform]]''. [[Tendril]]-form.

''[[Cirrhus]], cirrus''. A [[tendril]].

''[[Cladophyllum]]''. A flattened [[leaf]]-like [[branch]], functioning as [[foliage]], as in many [[acacia]]s and in [[asparagus]].

''[[Clados]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a ''branch''.

''[[Clasping]]''. [[Leaf]] partly or wholly surrounding [[stem]].

''[[Clavate]]''. Club-shaped; said of a long body thickened toward the top.

''[[Claw]]''. The long narrow [[petiole]]-like base of the [[petal]]s or [[sepal]]s in some flowers.

''[[Cleistogamous flowers]]''. Small closed self-fertilized [[flower]]s, as in some [[violet]]s and in many other plants.

''[[Close fertilization]]''. [[Fecundation]] by [[pollen]] from same [[flower]]; self-fertilization.

''[[Clove]]''. One of the separable parts of a composite [[bulb]], as of the [[garlic]].

''[[Clypeate]]''. With the form of an ancient buckler or round convex shield; shield-like.

''[[Coalescence]]''. The union of similar parts or organs, or of those in the same series as [[stamen]]s with stamens and [[petal]]s with petals.

''[[Coarctate]]''. Crowded together.

''[[Coccus]]''. A [[berry]] (plural cocci); in particular, one of the parts of a lobed fruit with one-seeded cells.

''[[Cochleariform]]''. Spoon-shaped.

''[[Coherent]]''. Two or more similar parts or organs joined.

''[[Cohesion]]''. The union of two or more organs of same kind.

''[[Collateral]]''. By the side; standing side by side.

''[[Column]]''. Body formed of union of [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in [[orchid]]s, or of stamens, as in [[mallow]]s.

''[[Commissure]]''. The place of joining or meeting; as the face by which one [[carpel]] joins another.

''[[Comose]]''. Bearing a tuft or tufts of hair.

''[[Complete flower]]''. All parts present.

''[[Complete leaf]]''. Having [[blade]], [[petiole]], [[stipules]].

''[[Complicate]]''. Folded over or back on itself.

''[[Compound]]''. Of two or more similar parts in one organ.

''[[Compound leaf]]''. A [[leaf]] with two or more separate [[leaflet]]s; in some cases (as in [[Citrus]]) some of the leaflets may be obsolete and the compound leaf have only one leaflet.

''[[Compound pistil]]''. Of two or more [[carpel]]s united.

''[[Compressed]]''. Flattened, especially flattened laterally.

''[[Conchiform]]''. Shell-form; like one valve of a bivalve shell.

''[[Conduplicate]]''. Two parts folded together lengthwise.

''[[Cone]]''. A dense and usually elongated collection of flowers or fruits borne beneath scales, the whole with [[scale]]s and [[axis]] forming a detachable homogeneous fruit-like body; some cones are of short duration, as the [[staminate]] cones of pines, and others become dry and woody durable parts .

''[[Confluent]]''. Running together so as to form a single part or organ; blended.

''[[Conformed]]''. Of the same form or character as something else or as a related part or structure.

''[[Congested]]''. Crowded very closely together; collected into a mass or body.

''[[Conglobate]]''. Gathered into a ball or globe.

''[[Conglomerate]]''. Clustered; brought together.

''[[Coniferous]]''. [[Cone]]-bearing.

''[[Connate]]''. United or joined; in particular, like or similar structures joined as one body or organ.

''[[Connective]]''. The filament or tissue connecting the two cells of an [[anther]], particularly when the cells are separated.

''[[Connivent]]''. Coming together or converging, but not organically connected.

''[[Conoidal]]''. [[Cone]]-like; nearly conical.

''[[Convolute]]''. Said of floral envelopes in the [[bud]] when one edge overlaps the next part or [[petal]] or [[sepal]] or [[lobe]] while the other edge or margin is overlapped by a preceding part; rolled up.

''[[Cordate]]''. Heart-shaped; with a [[sinus]] and rounded lobes at the base and [[ovate]] in general outline.

''[[Cork]]''. The name applied to the outer impervious mostly not-living part of the [[bark]]. Most bark, develops a corky exterior, and in some cases it becomes very prominent. In ''[[Enonymous thunbergianus]]'', the English maple, the [[corky barked elm]], and other [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, it forms wings on the branches. The cork of commerce comes from the bark of ''[[Quercus ilex]]'' (better known as ''Q. Suber''), plantations of which grow in southwestern Europe. The cork tree of the catalogues, ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'', is a curious tree, cultivated for ornament.

''[[Corm]]''. A solid [[bulb]]-like part, usually subterranean, as the "bulb" of [[crocus]] and [[gladiolus]].

''[[Cormel]]''. A [[corm]] arising from a mother-corm.

''[[Cormlet]]''. Aerial [[corm]], or one borne in the [[inflorescence]] or in the [[leaf]] [[axil]]s.

''[[Cormous]]''. With [[corm]]s, or pertaining to corms.

''[[Corneous]]''. Horny; hard and very dense in texture.

''[[Corniculate]]''. Bearing or terminating in a small horn-like protuberance or process.

''[[Corolla]]''. Inner circle of floral envelopes; if the parts are separate, they are [[petal]]s; if not separate, they are [[teeth]], [[lobe]]s or [[division]]s..

''[[Corona]]''. Crown, coronet; any appendage or intrusion that stands between the [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s, or on the [[corolla]], as the [[cup]] of a [[daffodil]], or that is the outgrowth of the [[staminal]] part or circle, as in the [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Coroniform]]''. [[Crown]]-formed or crown-like; [[corona]]-like.

''[[Corticate]]''. Having a [[cortex]] or hard [[bark]]; also having a [[rind]], as the [[lemon]] and [[orange]].

''[[Corymb]]''. Short and broad, more or less flat-topped [[indeterminate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Corymbose inflorescence]]''. Outer [[flower]]s opening first.

''[[Costa]]''. A rib; in particular a strong rib or line, as a midrib or mid-nerve.

''[[Costate]]''. Ribbed.

''[[Cotyledon]]''. [[Seed]]-[[leaf]]; the primary leaf or leaves in the embryo; in some plants the cotyledon always remains in the seed-coats and in others (as [[bean]]) it emerges on [[germination]].

''[[Crateriform]]''. Deep saucer-shaped; cup-shaped.

''[[Creeper]]''. A trailing [[shoot]] that takes [[root]] in the ground throughout its length.

''[[Crenate]]''. Shallowly round-toothed or obtusely toothed.

''[[Crenulate]]''. Finely or shallowly [[crenate]].

''[[Crested]]''. With elevated and irregular or toothed ridge.

''[[Cribrose]]''. Sieve-like; with numerous small apertures.

''[[Crop]]''. Produce of tilled, cared-for or protected plants.

''[[Croppage]]''. The whole subject of the producing of crops.

''[[Cross]]''. The offspring of any two flowers that have been fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the operation of cross-[[pollinating]]. Cross-pollination is the transfer of the pollen of one flower to the [[pistil]] of another.

''[[Cross-fertilization]]''. [[Fertilization]] or [[fecundation]] secured by [[pollen]] from another [[flower]].

''[[Cross-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[flower]] to flower.

''[[Crown]]''. [[Corona]]; also that part of the [[stem]] at the surface of the ground; also a part of a [[rhizome]] with a large [[bud]], suitable for use in [[propagation]].

''[[Cruciate]]''. Cross-shaped or cross-like.

''[[Crustaceous]]''. Said of bodies or coverings that are hard and brittle.

''[[Cryptogam]]''. [[Flower]]less plant, as [[fern]], [[moss]], [[fungus]], [[seaweed]]; less used than formerly as a technical term.

''[[Cryptos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying concealed.

''[[Culm]]''. The stem of [[sedge]]s and [[grass]]es, and similar plants.

''[[Cuneate]]''. Wedge-shaped; triangular, with the narrow end at point of attachment, as of [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s.

''[[Cupular]]''. Cup-like or cup-shaped; the [[acorn]] [[nut]] sits in a [[cupule]] or little cup (whence the name Cupuliferae).

''[[Cuticle]]''. The external [[rind]] or skin of a plant or part; usually applied to the thin waterproof membrane overlying the epidermis.

''[[Cutting]]''. A severed vegetative or asexual part of a plant used in [[propagation]]; as a cutting of [[root]], of [[stem]], or of [[leaf]].

''[[Cyathiform]]''. Cup-shaped.

''[[Cymbiform]]''. Boat-shaped.

''[[Cyme]]''. A broad, more or less flat-topped [[determinate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Cymose inflorescence]]''. With central [[flower]]s opening first.

''[[Cypsela]]''. An old term for the [[fruit]] of [[composite]]s, being dry, one-celled and one-seeded.

==D==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Deciduous]]''. Falling, as the leaves of non-[[evergreen]] trees. ie. Plants that lose their leaves during winter.

''[[Decompound]]''. More than once compound.

''[[Decumbent]]''. Reclining or lying on the ground, but with the end ascending.

''[[Decurrent]]''. Running down the stem, as the leaf of [[mullein]].

''[[Decussate]]''. Opposite leaves in four rows up and down the stem; alternating in pairs at right angles.

''[[Definite]]''. Said of a constant or known number, not exceeding twenty; contrasted with indefinite, above twenty, when the parts are usually not counted in systematic descriptions.

''[[Deflexed]]''. Turned downward abruptly.

''[[Defoliation]]''. The casting or falling of the leaves.

''[[Dehiscence]]''. The method or process of opening of a seed- pod or anther.

''[[Deliquescent]]''. Trunk or leader lost in the branches; said of tree-top without a leader.

''[[Deltoid]]''. Triangular; delta-like.

''[[Dendroid]]''. Said of tree-shaped small plants.

''[[Dendron]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a tree.

''[[Dentate]]''. With sharp spreading teeth.

''[[Depauperate]]''. Applied to a plant or part that is less perfectly developed than usual or normal; also said of very small members of a genus or family.

''[[Depressed]]''. More or less flattened endwise or from above.

''[[Descending]]''. The direction gradually downwards.

''[[Determinate]]''. Definite cessation of growth at the apex or in the main axis.

''[[Di-]]. Dis,-''. In Greek combinations, signifying two or twice as [[diphyllus]], two-leaved.

''[[Diadelphous]]''. In two groups, as the [[stamen]]s of some [[Leguminosae]], joined by their [[filament]]s.

''[[Diandrous]]''. With two [[stamen]]s.

''[[Diaphanous]]''. Transparent or translucent.

''[[Dicarpellous]]''. Comprised of two [[carpel]]s.

''[[Dichlamydeous]]''. Provided with both [[calyx]] and [[corolla]].

''[[Dichogamy]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s maturing at different times.

''[[Diclinous]]''. Imperfect; having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s but not both; unisexual. See ''[[Monoclinous]]''.

''[[Dicoccous]]''. Separating into two [[cocci]].

''[[Dicotyledonous]]''. With two [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Didynamous]]''. With four [[stamen]]s in two pairs of different length.

''[[Diffuse]]''. Loosely branching or spreading; of open growth.

''[[Digitate]]''. Hand-like; compound with the members arising from one point.

''[[Dimerous]]''. The parts in twos.

''[[Dioecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] flowers on different plants. .

''[[Dipterous]]''. Two-winged.

''[[Dipyrenous]]''. Having two [[stones]] or [[pyrenes]].

''[[Disciform]]''. Flattish and circular like a discus.

''[[Discoid]]''. Disk-like; in particular, said of a head of [[Compositae]] without ray-flowers.

''[[Disk]], disc''. A more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle about the [[pistil]]; receptacle in the head of [[Compositae]].

''[[Disk-flowers]]''. The tubular flowers in the center of heads of [[Compositae]], as distinguished from the ray-flowers.

''[[Dissected]]''. Divided into many slender segments.

''[[Dissepiment]]''. A partition, particularly in an ovary or fruit.

''[[Distinct]]''. Separate; not united with parts in the same series.

''[[Divided]]''. Separated to the base.

''[[Division]]''. [[Propagation]] by means of separating the [[root]] system or [[rhizome]] system into parts; cutting up the plant into several root-bearing parts or pieces, as when one [[rhubarb]] plant is made into two or more.

''[[Dorsal]]''. Back; relating to the back or outer surface of a part or organ.

''[[Dorsiferous]]''. Bearing anything on the back.

''[[Dorsifixed]]''. Attached by the back.

''[[Dorsoventral]]''. Literally, back-front; placed with reference to the back or front or to both.

''[[Double]]''. Said of flowers that have more than the usual number of floral envelopes, particularly of petals; full.

''[[Downy]]''. Covered with very short and weak soft hairs.

''[[Drupe]]''. A fleshy one-seeded [[indehiscent]] fruit, with seed enclosed in a stony [[endocarp]]; stone-fruit.

''[[Drupelet]]''. One [[drupe]] in a fruit made up of aggregate drupes, as in the raspberry.

''[[Dumose]]''. Low and branching, as a bush.

==E==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[E-]] or Ex-''. In Latin-formed words, usually denoting, as a prefix, that parts are missing, as [[exstipulate]], without stipules, [[estriate]], without stripes.

''[[Ecalcarate]]''. Without [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Ecology]]''. Study of habits and modes of life of animals and plants.

''[[Ecostate]]''. Without ribs.

''[[Edentate]]''. Without teeth.

''[[Effuse]]''. Loosely spreading; very diffuse.

''[[Eglandulose]]''. Without glands.

''[[Elliptic]]''. A flat part or body that is oval and narrowed to rounded ends.

''[[Elongate]]''. Lengthened; stretched out.

''[[Embryo]]''. The [[plantlet]] in the seed.

''[[Endocarp]]''. The inner layer or part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Endogen]]''. Term applied to stems having scattered bundles, as of [[Indian corn]], not appropriate, and now little used. See ''[[Exogen]]''.

''[[Endosperm]]''. Starch or other food outside or around the embryo; [[albumen]].

''[[Ensiform]], ensate''. Sword-shaped; long, flat, 2-edged, nearly or quite straight, with a sharp point.

''[[Entire]]''. Margin not in any way indented; whole.

''[[Environment]]''. Surroundings; conditions in which organisms live and grow.

''[[Ephemeral]]''. Persisting for one day only, as [[flower]]s of [[spiderwort]].

''[[Epi]]''. A Greek prefix signifying on or upon.

''[[Epicarp]]''. The outer layer or surface of the [[pericarp]].

''[[Epichile]]''. The upper part of the jointed lip of an [[orchid]].

''[[Epicotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying above the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Epidermis]]''. Superficial layer of cells and underneath the cuticle.

''[[Epigeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s rising into the air in [[germination]].

''[[Epigeous]]''. Close upon the ground rather than underneath.

''[[Epigynous]]''. Borne on the ovary; used of floral parts when ovary is inferior and flower not [[perigynous]].

''[[Epipetalous]]''. On a [[petal]].

''[[Epiphyllous]]''. On a [[leaf]].

''[[Epiphyte]]'', Air-plant; a plant growing on another or on some other elevated support.

''[[Equitant]]''. Sitting astride; used for [[conduplicate]] leaves that stand inside each other in two ranks, as in [[Iris]].

''[[Erostrate]]''. Without a beak.

''[[Essential organs]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s.

''[[Evergreen]]''. Remaining green throughout the year.

''[[Exalbuminous]]''. [[Seed]]s without [[albumen]] or [[endosperm]].

''[[Excentric]]''. Out of or away from the center.

''[[Excurrent]]''. The [[trunk]] or [[leader]] continuing through the top.

''[[Exfoliating]]''. Coming off in thin layers, as the [[bark]] of [[birch]] and other plants.

''[[Exocarp]]''. The outside part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Exogen]], exogenous''. Growing and increasing in diameter by layers on the exterior of the woody cylinder, in distinction from [[endogen]]s.

''[[Exserted]]''. Sticking out; projecting beyond, as [[stamen]]s from a [[perianth]].

''[[Exsiccated]]''. Dry or dried.

''[[Exstipulate]]''. Without [[stipule]]s.

''[[Extrorse]]''. Looking or facing outward.

''[[Eye]]''. The marked center of a [[flower]]; a [[bud]] on a [[tuber]], as on a [[potato]]; a single-bud [[cutting]].

==F==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Facies]]''. The general appearance or "looks" of a plant; or the characteristic appearance of a plant society.

''[[Farinaceous]]''. Containing starch, or starch-like materials.

''[[Fasciated]]''. Much flattened; an abnormal or teratological widening and flattening of the stem.

''[[Fascicle]]''. A condensed or close cluster, as of flowers.

''[[Feminine]]''. Pistillate (in higher plants).

''[[Fertile]]''. Said of pollen-bearing stamens and seed-bearing fruits.

''[[Fertilization]]''. Impregnation of the [[ovule]]; the act of union of sperm and egg cells, in the higher plants taking place within the ovule: [[fecundation]].

''[[Fetid]]''. Having a disagreeable odor.

''[[Fibrillose]]''. With fine fibers or threads.

''[[Fibrous]]''. Fiber-like; containing fibers or thread-like parts.

''[[Fibro-vascular]]''. Made up of both fibers and ducts; combination of fibrous and vascular structure.

''[[Filament]]''. Stalk of the [[anther]].

''[[Filiform]]''., Thread-like; long and very slender.

''[[Fimbriate]]''. Fringed.

''[[Fimbrillate]]''. Minutely fringed.

''[[Fistular]]''. Cylindrical and hollow.

''[[Flaccid]]''. Soft; lax and weak; not rigid.

''[[Flagelliform]]''. Whip-form; long and slender like a lash.

''[[Flagging]]''. Wilting; said particularly of newly made cuttings and recently transplanted plants.

''[[Flexuous]]''. Having a more or less zigzag or wavy form; said of stems of various kinds.

''[[Floccose]]''. With tufts or flocks of soft wool or woolly hair.

''[[Flora]]''. The plant population of a given region; also a book describing this population.

''[[Florets]]''. Individual flowers of composites and grasses; also other very small flowers that make up a very dense form of inflorescence.

''[[Floriferous]]''. Flower-bearing.

''[[Foliaceous]]''. [[Leaf]]-like; said particularly of [[sepal]]s and [[calyx]]-lobes and of [[bract]]s that in texture, size or color look like small or large leaves.

''[[-foliate]]''. In combinations, -leaved; having [[leaves]]; as trifoliate, three-leaved.

''[[-foliolate]]''. Having [[leaflet]]s; as trifoliolate, of three leaflets.

''[[Follicle]]''. Dry, dehiscent [[pericarp]] opening only on the front suture.

''[[Follicular]]''. With follicles; follicle-like.

''[[Foramen]]''. An aperture or opening.

''[[Forked]]''. [[Branch]]ing or divided into nearly equal parts or members.

''[[Fornicate]]''. Arched.

''[[Free]]''. Not joined to other organs; as [[petal]]s free from the [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Frond]]''. [[Leaf]] of [[fern]]; sometimes used in the sense of [[foliage]].

''[[Frosted]]''. With a more or less shining or crystallized white covering.

''[[Fructification]]''. The act or process of [[fruit]]ing; also the fruiting organ or organs.

''[[Fruit]]''. The ripened [[pericarp]] or pericarps with the [[adnate]] parts; the seed-bearing organ.

''[[Fruticose]]''. [[Shrub]]by or shrub-like in the sense of being woody.

''[[Fugacious]]''. Falling or withering away very early.

''[[Fumose]]''. Smoke-colored.

''[[Function]]''. What a plant or a part does; its vital activities.

''[[Funicle]]''. The [[stalk]] or [[stipe]] of an [[ovule]] or [[seed]].

''[[Funnelform]]''. With tube gradually widening upward and passing insensibly into the limb, as in many flowers of [[Convolvulus]]; [[infundibuliform]].

''[[Furrowed]]''. With longitudinal channels or grooves.

''[[Fusiform]]''. Spindle-shaped; narrowed both ways from a swollen middle, as dahlia roots.

==G==
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''[[Galea]]''. A [[hood]] or a helmet-shaped part or structure, as found in the upper [[lip]] of some [[corolla]]s.

''[[Gamete]]''. One of the sex-cells, either male or female.

''[[Gamopetalous]]''. [[Corolla]] of one piece; [[petal]]s united.

''[[Gamophyllous]]''. [[Leaf|Leaves]] united.

''[[Gamosepalous]]''. [[Calyx]] of one piece; [[sepal]]s united.

''[[Geminate]]''. In pairs; twin.

''[[Gemma]]''. A [[bud]]; particularly a bud or bud-like structure by which a plant [[propagate]]s.

''[[Gemmiparous]]''. [[Bud]]-bearing.

''[[Gemmule]]''. A little [[bud]] or bud-like structure.

''[[Generation]]''. Period from birth (impregnation) to death; the epoch from one 1-celled stage of a plant to the next 1-celled stage.

''[[Germination]]''. The unfolding of the embryo and becoming self-established of the [[plantlet]].

''[[Gibbosity]]''. A swelling or bulging on one side or near the base.

''[[Glabrate]]''. Nearly [[glabrous]], or becoming glabrous with maturity or age.

''[[Glabrous]]''. Not hairy.

''[[Gladiate]]''. Sword-shaped or sword-like.

''[[Gland]]''. Properly a secreting part or prominence or appendage, but often used in the sense of gland-like.

''[[Glandular]]''. Having or bearing secreting organs, or [[gland]]s.

''[[Glandulose]], glanduliferous''. [[Gland]]-bearing.

''[[Glaucous]]''. Covered with a "bloom" or a whitish substance that rubs off.

''[[Glochidiate]]''. Said of parts with summit barbed.

''[[Glomerate]]''. In dense or compact cluster or clusters.

''[[Glomerule]]''. Dense head-like [[cluster]]s; properly a dense [[cyme]].

''[[Glume]]''. A small [[chaff]]-like bract; in particular, one of the two empty [[bract]]s at the base of the [[grass]] [[spikelet]].

''[[Graft]]''. A [[branch]] or [[bud]] inserted on another plant with the intention that it shall grow there; [[cion]].

''[[Grafting]]''. The process of inserting a [[cion]] [also spelled [scion]]in a plant with the intention that it shall grow there. See ''[[Budding]]''.

''[[Granular]], granulose''. Covered with very small grains; minutely or finely mealy.

''[[Gymnos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying naked or not covered: as [[gymnosperm]]s, with naked [[seed]]s (not in a [[pericarp]]). See ''[[Angiosperm]]''.

''[[Gynandrous]]''. With the [[stamen]]s grown on the [[pistil]], forming one organ, as in the [[orchid]]s.

''[[Gynobase]]''. [[Stipe]] or [[stalk]] of an [[ovary]], being an extension or prolongation of the receptacle; short [[gynophore]].

''[[Gynaecium]]''. The female or [[pistil]]-bearing part of the [[flower]]. See ''[[Andraecium]]''.

''[[Gynophore]]''. [[Stipe]] of an [[ovary]] prolonged within the [[calyx]].

==H==
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''[[Habit]]''. The looks, appearance, general style or mode of growth; as an upright, open, [[decumbent]] or strict habit.

''[[Habitat]]''. Particular place in which a plant grows; as a swamp, roadside, lawn, woods, ballast-heap, hillside.

''[[Hairs]]''. A general name for many kinds of small and slender outgrowths on the parts of plants; special kinds of hairiness are designated as [[setose]], [[villous]], [[comose]], [[pubescent]], [[hirsute]], and others.

''[[Halberd-shaped]]''. [[Hastate]].

''[[Hamate]]''. Hooked.

''[[Hastate]]''. Of the shape of an arrow-head but the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointed or narrow and standing nearly or quite at right angles; halberd-shaped.

''[[Haulm]]''. Straw-like stems, as of the cereal grains; sometimes also applied to the stems of palms; usually a collective noun.

''[[Head]]''. A short dense spike; [[capitulum]].

''[[Heart-shaped]]''. [[Cordate]]; [[ovate]] in general outline but with two rounded basal lobes; has reference particularly to the shape of the base of a [[leaf]] or other expanded part.

''[[Heel]]''. An enlarged or more or less transverse part on the lower end of a [[cutting]] secured from the older or larger [[branch]] from which the cutting is taken.

''[[Helicoid]]''. Twisted or coiled in [[snail]]-shell form.

''[[Heliotropism]]''. The characteristic of turning toward the light.

''[[Hemi-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying half.

''[[Hepta-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying seven.

''[[Herb]]''. Naturally dying to the ground; without persistent [[stem]] above ground; lacking definite [[woody]] firm structure.

''[[Herbaceous]]''. Not [[woody]]; dying down each year; said also of soft branches before they become woody.

''[[Hermaphrodite]]''. Bearing both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in the same [[flower]]; two-sexed; [[bisexual]].

''[[Hesperidium]]''. The [[fruit]] of the orange-kind.

''[[Hetcrocarpous]]''. Various-[[fruit]]ed; with more than one kind or form of fruit.

''[[Heterogamous]]''. With two or more kinds or [[form]]s of [[flower]]s.

''[[Heteros]]''. In Greek composition, signifying various, or of more than one kind or form; as [[heterophyllous]], with more than one kind or form of [[leaf]].

''[[Hilum]]''. In the [[seed]], the scar or mark indicating the point of attachment.

''[[Hip]]''. Fruit of the [[rose]], being an urn-like or closed receptacle bearing the [[achenes]] inside. See ''[[Hypanthium]]''.

''[[Hirsute]]''. With rather rough or coarse hairs.

''[[Hirtellous]]''. Softly or minutely hirsute or hairy.

''[[Hispid]]''. Provided with stiff or bristly hairs.

''[[Hispidulous]]''. Somewhat or minutely hispid.

''[[Hoary]]''. Covered with a close white or whitish pubescence.

''[[Homo-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying alike or very similar.

''[[Homocarpous]]''. All the fruits, as of a flower-head, alike.

''[[Homogamous]]''. Presenting only one kind of flowers.

''[[Homologous]]''. Related in origin or morphology. See ''[[Analogous]]''.

''[[Homomorphous]]''. Uniform; all the given parts alike.

''[[Horny]]''. Hard and dense in texture; [[corneous]].

''[[Hybrid]]''. A plant resulting from a [[cross]] between two or more parents that are more or less unlike.

''[[Hygroscopic]]''. Capable of absorbing moisture from atmosphere.

''[[Hypanthium]]''. A [[fruit]]-like body (as the rose-hip) formed by the enlargement of the [[torus]] and bearing the proper fruits on its upper or inner surface; literally "beneath the [[flower]]." Now commonly used to denote the cup-shaped receptacle on which [[calyx]], [[petal]]s and [[stamen]]s are inserted in cases of [[perigyny]], as in [[plum]], [[fuchsia]].

''[[Hypochil]]''. The lower or [[basal]] part of the [[lip]] in [[orchid]]s.

''[[Hypocotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying below the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Hypocrateriform]]''. Salver-form; that shape of the [[flower]] characterized by a cylindrical tube and a flat-spreading limb, as in [[phlox]].

''[[Hypogeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s remaining beneath the ground in [[germination]].

''[[Hypogynous]]''. Borne on the [[torus]], or under the [[ovary]]; said of the [[stamen]]s or [[petal]]s.

==I==
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''[[Immarginate]]''. Without a rim or edge.

''[[Immersed]]''. Entirely under water.

''[[Imparipinnate]]''. Unequally [[pinnate]]; odd-pinnate; with a single terminal [[leaflet]].

''[[Imperfect flower]]''. Having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s, but not both.

''[[Implexed]], implexuous''. Entangled, interlaced.

''[[Impregnation]]''. [[Fecundation]] or [[fertilization]] of the [[ovule]] by the [[pollen]]; also, the infiltration of substances.

''[[Impressed]]''. Deeply nerved; furrowed or grooved as if by pressure.

''[[Inarching]]''. The [[grafting]] together of two plants with the intention that, when they are severed, part of one plant will be growing on the other.

''[[Incanescent]]''. [[Hoary]]- or gray-[[pubescent]]; [[canescent]].

''[[Incised]]''. Cut; slashed irregularly, more or less deeply and sharply.

''[[Inclining]]''. Looking or falling down from the horizontal.

''[[Included]]''. Not protruded, as [[stamen]]s not projecting from the [[corolla]].

''[[Incomplete]]''. Lacking some of its parts, as a [[flower]] deficient in [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Incrustate]]''. Crusted; with a hard or firm covering.

''[[Incumbent]] ([[cotyledon]]s)''. Of a [[seed]] so bent over that the back of one cotyledon lies against the [[radicle]].

''[[Indefinite]]''. Very numerous, as above twenty; see ''[[Definite]]''.

''[[Indehiscent]]''. Not regularly opening, as a [[seed]]-[[pod]] or [[anther]].

''[[Indeterminate]]''. Growing on from the apex, particularly of the main axis.

''[[Indigenous]]''. [[Native]] to the region; not [[introduced]] from some other country.

''[[Indumentum]]''. A covering of [[hair]].

''[[Induplicate]]''. With margins folded inward.

''[[Indurated]]''. Hard, hardened.

''[[Indusium]]''. The little growth covering or surrounding the [[sorus]] or fruit-dot in [[fern]]s.

''[[Inferior]]''. Beneath, lower, below; as an inferior ovary, one that is below the [[calyx]]-leaves.

''[[Inflated]]''. Blown up; bladdery.

''[[Inflorescence]]''. Mode of [[flower]]-bearing; technically less correct but much more common in the sense of a flower-cluster.

''[[Infra-]]'' In combinations, signifying below.

''[[Infundibuliform]]''. [[Funnelform]].

''[[Innate]]''. Said of an [[anther]] when attached by its base to the [[filament]].

''[[Innovation]]''. An [[offshoot]] or departure from the [[axis]].

''[[Inserted]]''. Attached; as a [[stamen]] growing on the [[corolla]].

''[[Inter-]]''. In composition, signifying between, particularly between closely related parts or organs.

''[[Interfoliaceous]]''. Between the [[leaves]], particularly between two leaves of a pair.

''[[Internode]]''. The part or space of [[stem]] between two [[node]]s or joints.

''[[Interrupted]]''. Not continuous; in particular, the interposition of small [[leaflet]]s or [[segment]]s between others.

''[[Intorted]]''. Twisted upon or around itself.

''[[Intramarginal]]''. Just within the margin or edge; between the margins.

''[[Introduced]]''. Brought from another region, either intentionally or otherwise; in [[horticulture]], used to designate the intentional bringing of plants into [[cultivation]] either from another country or from the wild.

''[[Introrse]]''. Turned or faced inward or toward the [[axis]], as an anther looking toward the center of the flower.

''[[Inverted]]''. Turned over; end-for-end; top-side down.

''[[Involucel]]''. A secondary [[involucre]]; small involucre about the parts of a [[cluster]].

''[[Involucre]]''. A whorl of small [[leaves]] or [[bract]]s standing close underneath a [[flower]] or flower-[[cluster]].

''[[Involute]]''. Said of a flat body (as a [[leaf]]) rolled inward or toward the upper side. See ''[[Revolute]]''.

''[[Irregular flower]]''. Some parts different from other parts in same series.

==J==
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''[[Jointed]]''. With [[node]]s, or points of real or apparent articulation.

==K==
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''[[Keeled]]''. Ridged like the bottom of a boat; also the two front united [[petal]]s of a papilionaceous [[flower]].

''[[Knaur]]''. An excrescence, bur or knot of woody tissue that will grow when removed and used as a [[cutting]].

==L==
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''[[Labellum]]''. [[Lip]], particularly the lip of [[orchid]]s.

''[[Labiate]]''. [[Lip]]ped; a member of the [[Labiatae]].

''[[Labyrinthiform]]''. With intricate winding lines or passages.

''[[Lacerate]]''. Torn; irregularly cleft or cut.

''[[Laciniate]]''. Slashed into narrow pointed lobes.

''[[Lactescent]]''. Containing [[milk]] or a milk-like substance.

''[[Lacunose]]''. Having holes or empty places, particularly in the anatomical structure.

''[[Lamella]]''. A thin flat plate or part.

''[[Lamina]]''. The [[blade]] of a [[leaf]] or [[petal]] or other expanded part or body.

''[[Lanceolate]]''. Lance-shaped; much longer than broad; widening above the base and tapering to the apex.

''[[Lapidose]]''. Found in stony places.

''[[Lateral]]''. On or at the side.

''[[Layer]]''. A [[branch]] that takes [[root]] and gives rise to an independent plant.

''[[Leaflet]]''. One part of a compound [[leaf]]; secondary leaf.

''[[Leaf-stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of a [[leaf]]; [[petiole]]; foot-[[stalk]].

''[[Legume]]''. Simple [[pericarp]] [[dehiscing]] on both sutures; [[pod]].

''[[Lemma]]''. In [[grass]]es, the [[flower]]ing [[glume]],—the lower of the two bracts immediately inclosing the flower.

''[[Lenticular]]''. [[Lentil]]-shaped; lens-shaped.

''[[Lepals]]''. Sterile [[stamen]]s, particularly those [[nectaries]] or scales representing [[stamen]]s; term little used.

''[[Lepidote]]''. Surfaced with small scurfy scales.

''[[Liana]], liane''. A [[woody]] [[twining]] or [[climbing]] plant entangling a [[tropical]] [[forest]].

''[[Life-history]]''. The sum of the events in the life of a plant.

''[[Ligneous]]''. [[Woody]].

''[[Ligule]]''. A strap-shaped organ or body; particularly, a strap-shaped [[corolla]], as in the ray-[[flower]]s of composites; also a projection from the top of the [[sheath]] in [[grass]]es and similar plants.

''[[Limb]]''. The expanded flat part of an organ; in particular, the expanding part of a gamopetalous [[corolla]].

''[[Limbate]]''. Surrounded by an edging of another color; margined with color; also, provided with a [[limb]].

''[[Line]]''. One-twelfth of an inch.

''[[Linear]]''. Long and narrow, the sides parallel or nearly so.

''[[Lineate]]''. Lined; bearing thin parallel lines.

''[[Linguiform]]''. Shaped like a lingula, or with a projecting tongue-like part or process.

''[[Lip]]''. One of the parts in an unequally divided [[corolla]] or [[calyx]]; these parts are usually two, the upper [[lip]] and the lower lip, although one lip is sometimes wanting; the upper lip of [[orchid]]s is by a twist of the stipe made to appear as the lower; a labium.

''[[Lobe]]''. Any part or segment of an organ; specifically a part of [[petal]] or [[calyx]] or [[leaf]] that represents a division to about the middle.

''[[Lobule]]''. A small [[lobe]].

''[[Locule]]''. Compartment or cell of a [[pistil]] or [[anther]].

''[[Loculicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] between the partitions into the cavity.

''[[Lodicule]]''. A small scale in a [[grass]] [[flower]], between the [[lemma]] and [[stamen]]s.

''[[Loment]]''. A [[legume]] with constrictions or articulations.

''[[Lorate]]''. Strap-shaped.

''[[Lyrate]]''. Pinnatifid but with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes.

==M==
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''[[Medullary]]''. Relating to the [[pith]]; the medullary rays seen in cross-sections of [[wood]]y [[trunk]]s radiate from the medulla or pith.

''[[Meniscoidal]]''. Like a [[meniscus]] or [[disk]]; with the [[form]] of a watch-crystal.

''[[Mericarp]]''. The peculiar [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] of the [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[-merous]]''. In composition, referring to the numbers of parts; as [[flower]]s 5-merous, in which the parts of each kind or series are five or in fives.

''[[Mesocarp]]''. Middle layer or part of a [[pericarp]]; the part between the [[endocarp]] and [[exocarp]].

''[[Mesochil]]''. The intermediate or middle part of the [[lip]] of [[orchid]]s when the lip is separated into three parts.

''[[Micropyle]]''. The opening through which impregnation takes place; the point on the [[seed]] marking the [[orifice]] of the [[ovule]].

''[[Midrib]]''. The main rib of a [[leaf]] or leaf-like part.

''[[Mitriform]]''. Mitre-shaped, or like a [[cap]].

''[[Monadelphous]]''. [[Stamen]]s united in one group by their [[filament]]s as in many [[Leguminosae]].

''[[Moniliform]]''. Suggesting a string of beads.

''[[Mono-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''one''.

''[[Monoclinous]]''. [[Hermaphrodite]]; perfect; the two sexes in the same [[flower]]. See ''[[Diclinous]]''.

''[[Monocotyledonous]]''. With a single [[cotyledon]].

''[[Monoecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] [[flower]]s on same plant.

''[[Monogynous]]''. With only one style.

''[[Monopetalous]]''. One-[[petal]]ed; all the petals united to form one body or organ, as a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]].

''[[Monopodiol]]''. [[Axial]] direction continued by growth from [[terminal]] [[bud]] or [[persistence]] of the [[leader]].

''[[Monostichous]]''. In one row.

''[[Monstrosity]]''. Deformity; any unusual or non-typical kind of development.

''[[Morphology]]''. The science or subject that treats of forms or of the transformations of organs.

''[[Mucose]]''. With a slimy covering or secretion.

''[[Mucro]]''. A short and sharp abrupt tip.

''[[Mule]]''. An old word for a [[cross]], particularly between different [[species]]; [[hybrid]]; [[cross-breed]].

''[[Multifid]]''. Cut or cleft into many narrow [[lobe]]s or parts.

''[[Multiple]]''. Of several or many distinct parts.

''[[Multiple fruit]]''. The united product (in one body) of several or many [[flower]]s.

''[[Multiseptate]]''. With many divisions or chambers, as some [[nut]]s.

''[[Muscariform]]''. In form of a brush or fly-brush.

''[[Mycelium]]''. Vegetative part of a [[fungus]], composed of threads or thready tissue.

==N==
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''[[Naked flower]]''. With no [[floral]] envelopes; without [[calyx]] and [[corolla]].

''[[Napiform]]''. Turnip-shaped; more or less short-[[fusiform]]; broader than high and abruptly tapering both ways.

''[[Navicular]]''. Boat-shaped; [[cymbiform]].

''[[Nectariferous]]''. [[Nectar]]-bearing.

''[[Nectary]]''. A structure or [[organ]] that [[secrete]]s [[nectar]].

''[[Nephroid]]''. Kidney-shaped; [[reniform]].

''[[Nerve]]''. A vein or slender rib, particularly if not [[branch]]ed.

''[[Netted]]''. Marked with [[reticulated]] lines or nerves that project somewhat above the surface.

''[[Neuter]], neutral''. Neither [[stamen]]s nor [[pistil]]s; sexless.

''[[Nidulate]]''. Nested; as if like or borne in a nidus or nest.

''[[Node]]''. A joint where a [[leaf]] is borne or may be borne; also incorrectly the space between two [[joint]]s, which is properly an [[internode]].

''[[Nucleus]]''. The [[kernel]] of a [[seed]]; the central denser structure of a cell.

''[[Nucule]]''. A small [[nutlet]]; any hard [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] or part.

''[[Nut]]''. An [[indehiscent]] 1-celled and 1-[[seed]]ed hard and bony [[fruit]], even if resulting from a compound ovary.

''[[Nutlet]]''. A small or diminutive [[nut]]; [[nucule]].

==O==
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''[[Ob-]]''. A Latin syllable, usually signifying inversion.

''[[Obconical]]''. Inversely conical; cone attached at the small point.

''[[Oblanceolate]]''. Inversely [[lanceolate]]; with the broadest part of a lanceolate body away from the point of attachment.

''[[Oblique]]''. Slanting; unequal-sided.

''[[Oblong]]''. Longer than broad, and with the sides nearly or quite parallel most of their length.

''[[Obovate]]''. Inverted [[ovate]].

''[[Obovoid]]''. An ovoid body attached at the smaller end.

''[[Obsolescent]]''. Nearly obsolete; becoming rudimentary.

''[[Obsolete]]''. Not evident or apparent; rudimentary.

''[[Obtuse]]''. Blunt, rounded.

''[[Ocellated]]''. Eyed; a circular spot of one color inside a larger spot or area of another color.

''[[Ochraceous]]''. Ochre-yellow, gradually changing to brown.

''[[Ocrea]]''. A boot-shaped or tubular stipule, as in [[Polygonum]].

''[[Oculus]]''. An [[eye]]; a [[leaf]]-[[bud]] when used as a [[cutting]].

''[[Offset]]''. A plant arising close to the base of mother plant.

''[[Oleaginous]]''. Fleshy and oily.

''[[Oligos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying few.

''[[Opaque]]''. Dull; not translucent or shining.

''[[Operculum]]''. A lid, as of a circumscissile capsule.

''[[Orthos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''straight''.

''[[Orthotropous]]'' ([[ovule]] or seed). An erect straight [[seed]], with the [[micropyle]] at the apex and [[hilum]] at the base.

''[[Osseous]]''. Bony, hard, brittle; of very close texture.

''[[Ovary]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing part of a [[pistil]].

''[[Ovate]]''. With an outline like that of hen's egg cut in two lengthwise, the broader end downward.

''[[Ovoid]]''. A solid that is oval in outline.

''[[Ovule]]''. The body which, after [[fertilization]], becomes the [[seed]].

''[[Ovuliferous]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing.

==P==
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''[[Painted]]''. Said of colors that are in streaks of unequal brilliancy.

''[[Palate]]''. In personate corollas, a rounded projection or prominence of the lower [[lip]], closing the throat or very nearly so.

''[[Palea]], palet''. In the [[grass]] [[flower]], the upper of the two inclosing bracts, the lower one being the [[lemma]].

''[[Palmate]]''. Lobed or divided in a [[palm]]-like or hand-like fashion.

''[[Palmatifid]]''. Cut about half way down in a [[palmate]] form.

''[[Panicle]]''. A branching [[raceme]]; [[flower]]-[[cluster]] in which the [[branch]]es are [[racemose]], the flowers being [[pedicellate]].

''[[Papilionaceous corolla]]''. Butterfly-like; pea-like [[flower]], with a standard, wings, and keel.

''[[Pappiform]]''. [[Pappus]]-like.

''[[Pappus]]''. Peculiar [[calyx]]-limb of composites, being [[plumose]], bristle-like, scales, or otherwise.

''[[Parasitic]]''. Growing and living on or in another organism.

''[[Parietal]]''. Borne on the paries or wall (inner surface) of a capsule.

''[[Parted]]''. Cleft or cut not quite to the base.

''[[Parthenogenetic]]''. [[Seed]] developing without [[fertilization]] or [[fecundation]].

''[[Partial]]''. Of secondary importance or rank.

''[[Partite]]''. Divided very nearly to the base.

''[[Partitioned]]''. Divided in compartments or chambers by internal horizontal partitions.

''[[Pathological]]''. [[Disease]]d.

''[[Pedicel]]''. [[Stem]] of one [[flower]] in a [[cluster]].

''[[Peduncle]]''. [[Stem]] of a flower-cluster or of a solitary flower.

''[[Pellucid]]''. Clear, transparent; that can nearly be seen through.

''[[Peltate]]''. Attached to its [[stalk]] inside the margin; peltate [[leaves]] are usually shield-shaped.

''[[Penninerved]]''. Nerves arising along the length of a central midrib.

''[[Pentamerous]]''. In fives.

''[[Pepo]]''. Fruit of [[pumpkin]], [[squash]], and the like.

''[[Perennial]]''. Of three or more season cycles' duration.

''[[Perfect flower]]''. One that has both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]].

''[[Perfoliate]]''. The [[stem]] apparently passing through the part, as a [[leaf]]; united around the stem.

''[[Pergameneous]], pergamentaceous''. Texture of parchment.

''[[Peri-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying around.

''[[Perianth]]''. The floral envelope considered together; commonly used for [[flower]]s in which there is usually no clear distinction between [[calyx]] and [[corolla]], as the [[lilies]].

''[[Pericarp]]''. The ripened [[ovary]].

''[[Perigynium]]''. The sac or [[utricle]] that incloses the [[ovary]] or [[achene]] in [[Carex]]; it is sometimes inflated.

''[[Perigynous]]''. Borne around the [[ovary]] and not beneath it, as when [[calyx]], [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s are borne on the edge of a cup-shaped [[hypanthium]]; such cases are said to exhibit perigyny.

''[[Persistent]]''. Remaining attached; not falling off.

''[[Personate]]''. Said of a two-[[lip]]ped [[corolla]] the throat of which is closed by a palate, as in toad-flax.

''[[Petal]]''. One of the separate leaves of a [[corolla]].

''[[Petaloid]]''. [[Petal]]-like; of color and shape resembling a petal.

''[[Petiole]]''. [[Leaf]]-[[stalk]].

''[[Petiolule]]''. [[Stalk]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Phalanges]]'' (plural of ''phalanx''). The groups or bundles of [[stamen]]s in [[diadelphous]] or [[polyadelphous]] [[flower]]s.

''[[Phenogam]], phenogamous''. [[Flower]]ing plants; [[seed]]-bearing plants (as distinguished from spore-bearing, or cryptogams).

''[[Phyllodium]]''. [[Leaf]]-like [[petiole]] and no blade, as in some [[acacia]]s and other plants.

''[[Phyllotaxy]]''. Order of arrangement of [[leaves]] on the stem.

''[[Phytology]]''. The study of plants, particularly of the kinds or [[species]]; [[botany]].

''[[Pileate]], pileiform''. With the form of a pileus or rimless cap; in particular, pertaining to the cap of a [[mushroom]].

''[[Pinna]]''. A primary division or [[leaflet]] of a [[pinnate]] [[leaf]].

''[[Pinnate]]''. Feather-formed; with the [[leaflet]]s of a compound [[leaf]] placed on either side of the [[rachis]].

''[[Pinnatifid]]''. Cleft or parted in a [[pinnate]] (rather than [[palmate]]) way.

''[[Pinnatipartite]]''. Pinnately-parted.

''[[Pinnatisect]]''. Cut down to the midrib in a pinnate way.

''[[Pinnule]]''. A secondary [[pinna]] or [[leaflet]] in a [[pinnate]]ly decompound [[leaf]].

''[[Pip]]''. A perpendicular or upright small [[rootstock]] used in [[propagation]], as of [[lily-of-the-valley]].

''[[Pisiform]]''. [[Pea]]-shaped; pea-like.

''[[Pistil]]''. The [[ovule]]-bearing and [[seed]]-bearing organ.

''[[Pistillate]]''. Having [[pistil]]s and no [[stamen]]s; female.

''[[Pitted]]''. Having little depressions or cavities.

''[[Placenta]]''. Part or place in the [[ovary]] where [[ovule]]s are attached.

''[[Plaited]]''. Folded lengthwise, as a closed fan.

''[[Plane]]''. Evenly flat, rather than wrinkled, folded, grooved or otherwise.

''[[Platys]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying broad or wide.

''[[Plumose]]''. Plumy; feather-like; with fine hairs, as the [[pappus]] of some composites.

''[[Plumule]]''. The bud in the [[embryo]].

''[[Plur-annual]]''. Of one season's duration only because killed by frost.

''[[Pod]]''. A [[dehiscent]] dry [[pericarp]].

''[[Pollen]]''. [[Spore]]s or grains borne by the [[anther]], containing the male element; sometimes it is not granular.

''[[Pollination]]''. The mechanical or physical operation of transferring [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]].

''[[Polliniferous]]''. Bearing-[[pollen]].

''[[Pollinium]]''. A coherent mass of [[pollen]], as in [[orchid]]s and [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Poly-]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying numerous or many.

''[[Polyadelphous]]''. The [[stamen]]s in many bundles or fascicles.

''[[Polygamous]]''. Bearing [[imperfect]] and [[hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s on the same plant.

''[[Polymerous]]''. Of many parts or series.

''[[Pome]]''. Fruit of [[apple]], [[pear]], [[quince]], etc.

''[[Porose]]''. With small holes, pores or perforations.

''[[Posterior]]''. At or toward the back; opposite the front; toward the axis; away from the subtending bract.

''[[Praefoliation]]''. Arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]]; vernation.

''[[Praemorse]]''. Jagged; as if bitten off.

''[[Prickle]]''. A small and weak spine-like body borne irregularly on the [[bark]] or epidermis.

''[[Prismatic]]''. Prism-shaped; with plane sides separated by angles, body of nearly uniform size throughout, and with similar end-sections.

''[[Process]]''. An extension of any surface or part beyond the main outline.

''[[Procumbent]]''. Trailing or lying flat, but not [[root]]ing.

''[[Proliferous]]''. Bearing offshoots or redundant parts; bearing other similar structures on itself.

''[[Proterandrous]]''. [[Anther]]s maturing before [[pistil]]s.

''[[Proterogynous]]''. [[Pistil]]s maturing before [[anther]]s.

''[[Pseud-annual]]''. [[Perennial]] by means of [[bulb]]s, [[corm]]s, or [[tuber]]s.

''[[Pseudo-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying spurious or false.

''[[Pseudobulb]]''. The thickened or [[bulb]]-form stems of certain [[orchid]]s, the part being solid and borne above ground.

''[[Puberulent]]''. Somewhat or minutely pubescent.

''[[Pubescent]]''. Covered with short, soft hairs; downy.

''[[Pulverulent]]''. Powdered or dusty.

''[[Pulvinate]]''. Cushioned; with a cushion-like enlargement or structure, as at the [[base]] of some [[petiole]]s or [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Punctate]]''. With translucent or colored dots or depressions or pits.

''[[Pungent]]''. Ending in a stiff sharp point or tip; also acrid (to the taste).

''[[Putamen]]''. The hard or bony shell of a [[nut]] or of a stone-[[fruit]].

''[[Pyrene]], pyrena''. [[Nutlet]], particularly the nutlet in a [[drupe]].

''[[Pyriform]]''. [[Pear]]-formed or -shaped.

''[[Pyxis]]''. [[Pod]] opening or dehiscing by a transverse ring.

==Q==
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''[[Quadrangular]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Quaternate]]''. In fours.

''[[Quincunx]]''. Five plants in a square, one of them being in the center.

''[[Quintupled]]''. Five times; multiplied by five.

==R==
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''[[Raceme]]''. A simple elongated [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[stalk]]ed [[flower]]s.

''[[Rachilla]], rhachilla''. A diminutive or secondary [[axis]], or [[rachis]]; in particular, in the [[grass]]es and [[sedge]]s the [[axis]] that bears the [[floret]]s.

''[[Rachis]]''. [[Axis]] bearing [[flower]]s or [[leaflet]]s; [[petiole]] of a [[fern]] [[frond]] (plural ''rachides'' or ''rachises'').

''[[Radiate]]''. Standing on and spreading from a common center; also, with ray-[[flower]]s, as in the [[Compositae]].

''[[Radical]]''. Belonging or pertaining to the [[root]].

''[[Radicle]]''. The [[inferior]] or downward part of the [[embryo]] below the [[cotyledon]]s; [[caudicle]].

''[[Radix]]''. [[Root]].

''[[Rameal]]''. Pertaining to a [[branch]] or branches.

''[[Ramenia]]''. Chaffy loose scales borne on [[leaves]] and [[stem]]s, as on the stems of [[fern]]s.

''[[Ramification]]''. The mode or style of [[branch]]ing of a plant.

''[[Raphe]], rhaphe''. The cord or ridge of fibro-vascular tissue connecting the [[hilum]] and [[chaluza]] on a [[seed]] (when the hilum and chalaza are separated).

''[[Ray]]''. Outer modified [[floret]]s of some [[composite]]s, with an extended or strap-like part to the [[corolla]]; also the branches of an [[umbel]] or umbel-like [[cluster]].

''[[Receptacle]]''. [[Torus]]; the more or less enlarged or elongated end of the [[stem]] or [[flower]]-[[axis]] on which some or all of the flower-parts are borne; sometimes the receptacle is greatly expanded, as in the [[CompositAe]]; sometimes it assumes capsule-like forms, as in the [[hypanthium]] of the [[rose]].

''[[Reclinate]], reclining''. Bent down or falling back from the perpendicular.

''[[Recondite]]''. Concealed; difficult to make out; not easily recognized.

''[[Recurved]]''. Bent or curved downward or backward.

''[[Reflexed]]''. Abruptly recurved or bent downward or backward.

''[[Regular flower]]''. With the parts in each series or set alike; as [[stamen]]s all like each other, [[petal]]s all like each other.

''[[Reinforced fruit]]''. With other parts grown to the [[pericarp]].

''[[Remote]]''. Separated by spaces longer than common.

''[[Reniform]]''. Kidney-shaped.

''[[Repent]]''. Creeping; [[root]]ing at the [[joint]]s.

''[[Resupinate]]''. Upside down; turned over.

''[[Retrorse]]''. Bent or turned over back or downward.

''[[Revolute]]''. Rolled backward, margin rolled toward lower side. See ''[[Involute]]''.

''[[Rhachis]]''. See ''[[Rachis]]''.

''[[Rhaphe]]''. See ''[[Raphe]]''.

''[[Rhizome]]''. Underground [[stem]]; [[rootstock]].

''[[Rhizos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying [[root]].

''[[Rib]]''. In a [[leaf]] or similar organ, the primary vein; also any prominent vein or nerve.

''[[Rimose]]''. With cracks or chinks.

''[[Ringent]]''. Gaping; said of [[labiate]] [[flower]]s with an open throat or mouth.

''[[Rootstock]]''. Subterranean [[stem]]; [[rhizome]].

''[[Rostellum]]''. A little beak; particularly a projection above the [[stigma]] in the [[orchid]] [[flower]].

''[[Rosula]]''. A [[rosette]], or dense more or less flat [[imbricated]] [[cluster]] of [[leaves]].

''[[Rosulate]]''. In a [[rosula]] or [[rosette]].

''[[Rotate]]''. Wheel-shaped; with short or obsolete tube and a flat and circular limb.

''[[Rotund]]''. Nearly circular; orbicular, inclining to be oblong.

''[[Rudimentary]]''. Incomplete; very little developed.

''[[Ruminated]]''. Chewed; particularly applied to wrinkled [[albumen]] in [[seed]]s that are irregularly channeled or pierced, as in [[nutmeg]] and in [[annona]] [[fruit]]s.

''[[Runcinate]]''. Said of sharply lobed or cut [[leaves]] that have the segments directed backward.

''[[Runner]]''. A slender trailing [[shoot]] taking [[root]] at the [[node]]s.

==S==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Sabulose]]''. Growing in or pertaining to sandy places.

''[[Saggitate]]''. Like an arrowhead in [[form]]; triangular with the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointing downward.

''[[Salver-shaped]]''. With a slender tube and an abruptly expanded flat limb, as that of the [[phlox]]; [[hypocrateriform]].

''[[Samara]]''. [[Indehiscent]] winged [[pericarp]], as of the [[maple]].

''[[Sap]]''. The watery contents of a plant; an indefinite and undescriptive term little used by botanists.

''[[Sapid]]''. With a pleasant or savory taste.

''[[Scabrous]]''. Rough; feeling roughish or gritty to the touch.

''[[Scale]]''. A name given to many kinds of small mostly dry and appressed [[leaves]] or [[bracts]]; a vestige.

''[[Scape]]''. [[Leafless]] [[peduncle]] arising from the ground; it may bear scales or [[bract]]s but no [[foliage]]-[[leaves]], and may be one- or many-[[flower]]ed.

''[[Scarious]]''. [[Leaf]]-like parts or [[bract]]s that are not green, but thin, dry, and membranaceous, often more or less translucent.

''[[Scion]]''. See ''[[Cion]]''.

''[[Scleroid]]''. Of a hard texture.

''[[Scorpioid]]''. Said of a [[cluster]] in which the [[flower]]s are 2-ranked and borne alternately at the right and the left.

''[[Seed]]''. The ripened [[ovule]]; the essential part is the [[embryo]], and this is contained within integuments.

''[[Seedling]]''. A young plant raised from [[seed]]; a plant direct from seed without the intervention of [[graft]]ing of any kind.

''[[Segment]]''. One of the parts of a [[leaf]], [[petal]], [[calyx]] or [[perianth]] that is divided but not truly compound.

''[[Self-fertilization]]''. Secured by [[polle]]n from same [[flower]]; close-fertilization.

''[[Self-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]] of same [[flower]]; close-pollination.

''[[Sepal]]''. One of the separate [[leaves]] of a [[calyx]].

''[[Separation]]''. Multiplication of plants by means of naturally detachable asexual bodies or organs, as [[offset]]s, [[stolon]]s.

''[[Septate]]''. Partitioned; divided by partitions.

''[[Septicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] along or in the partitions, not directly into the [[locule]].

''[[Septum]]''. A partition.

''[[Sessile]]''. Not stalked; sitting.

''[[Set]]''. Applied loosely to vegetative parts used in [[propagation]], as to [[offset]]s, layers, [[root]]-[[cutting]]s.

''[[Seta]]''. A bristle.

''[[Setiform]]''. Bristle-shaped.

''[[Sheath]]''. Any long or more or less tubular structure surrounding an organ or part.

''[[Shoot]]''. A new plant from the [[root]] of the old plant; also any growing [[twig]] or [[axis]].

''[[Shrub]]''. A woody plant that remains low and produces [[shoot]]s or [[trunk]]s from the base.

''[[Silicle]]''. The short [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silique]]''. The long [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silky]]''. A condition produced by a covering of soft appressed fine hairs; [[sericeus]].

''[[Silvery]]''. With a whitish metallic more or less shining luster.

''[[Simple pistil]]''. Of one [[carpel]].

''[[Sinus]]''. The space or recess between two [[lobe]]s of a [[leaf]] or other expanded organ.

''[[Slip]]''. A [[softwood]] [[cutting]] "slipped" off or pulled off; applied also to similar parts cut off.

''[[Smooth]]''. Said of surfaces that have no hairiness, roughness or [[pubescence]], particularly of those not rough.

''[[Solitary]]''. Borne singly or alone.

''[[Sorus]]''. A heap or [[cluster]]. The [[fruit]]-dots or -cluster of [[fern]]s (plural ''sori''.)

''[[Spadix]]''. A thick or fleshy spike of certain plants, as the [[Araceae]], surrounded or subtended by a [[spathe]].

''[[Span]]''. Nine inches; distance from tip of thumb to tip of little finger when the hand is spread out.

''[[Spathe]]''. The [[bract]] or [[leaf]] surrounding or subtending a [[flower]]-[[cluster]] or a [[spadix]]; it is sometimes colored and flower-like, as in the [[calla]].

''[[Spawn]]''. The dried mycelium of [[mushroom]]s used in [[propagation]].

''[[Spheroidal]]''. A solid that is nearly spherical.

''[[Spiciform]]''. Spike-form.

''[[Spiculate]]''. With a small, fleshy and erect point.

''[[Spike]]''. Compact, more or less simple [[indeterminate]], mostly elongated [[cluster]], with [[flower]]s [[sessile]] or nearly so.

''[[Spikelet]]''. A secondary [[spike]]; one part of a compound spike; particularly, one of the ultimate [[cluster]]s in grosses.

''[[Spine]]''. A strong and sharp-pointed [[woody]] body mostly arising from the [[wood]] of the [[stem]].

''[[Spinescent]]''. More or less spiny.

''[[Spinule]]''. A little or weak spine.

''[[Spontaneous]]''. Said of plants that have escaped from [[cultivation]], but that do not permanently persist.

''[[Sporangium]]''. A [[spore]]-case; a sac or body bearing spores.

''[[Spore]]''. A simple reproductive body, usually composed of a single detached cell, and containing no [[embryo]].

''[[Sporocarp]]''. A receptacle containing sporangia or [[spore]]s.

''[[Sporophyll]]''. A [[spore]]-bearing [[leaf]].

''[[Spreading]]''. Standing outward or horizontally.

''[[Spur]]''. A tubular or sac-like projection from a [[blossom]], as of a [[petal]] or [[sepal]]; it usually secretes [[nectar]].

''[[Squama]]''. A [[scale]].

''[[Squamella]]''. Very small [[squama]] or [[scale]].

''[[Stachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a [[spike]].

''[[Stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of any [[organ]], as the [[petiole]], [[peduncle]], [[pedicel]], [[filament]], [[stipe]].

''[[Stamen]]''. The [[pollen]]-bearing or "[[male]]" organ.

''[[Staminate]]''. Having [[stamen]]s and no [[pistil]]s; [[male]].

''[[Staminode]], staminodium''. A sterile [[stamen]], or a structure resembling such and borne in the staminal part of the [[flower]]; in some [[flower]]s (as in [[Canna]]) staminodia are [[petal]]-like and showy.

''[[Standard]]''. The upper and broad more or less erect [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Stem]]''. The main [[axis]] of a plant; [[leaf]]-bearing and [[flower]]- bearing as distinguished from the [[root]]-bearing axis.

''[[Sterile flower]]''. Without [[pistil]]s.

''[[Stigma]]''. The part of the [[pistil]] that receives the [[pollen]].

''[[Stigmatic]]''. Pertaining to the [[stigma]].

''[[Stipe]]''. The stalk of a [[pistil]] or other small organ; also the [[petiole]] of a [[fern]]-[[leaf]].

''[[Stipel]]''. [[Stipule]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Stipule]]''. A basal appendage of a [[petiole]]; the three parts of a complete [[leaf]] are [[blade]], petiole, [[stipules]] (usually 2).

''[[Stock]]''. The part on which the [[cion]] is [[graft]]ed; the strain or parentage.

''[[Stolon]]''. A [[shoot]] that bends to the ground and takes [[root]]; more commonly, a horizontal [[stem]] at or below surface of the ground that gives rise to a new plant at its tip.

''[[Stone]]''. The "pit" or [[putamen]] of a [[stone]] [[fruit]].

''[[Stool]]''. A clump of [[root]]s or [[rootstock]] that may be used in [[propagation]]; also an established low plant from which layers are taken.

''[[Stratification]]''. The operation or method of burying [[seed]]s to keep them fresh and to soften their integuments, or to expose them without injury to frost, that they may be more readily and successfully used in [[propagation]].

''[[Strict]]''. Straight and upright, little if any branched, often rigid.

''[[Strobile]]''. [[Cone]].

''[[Strophiole]]''. An appendage or protuberance at the [[hilum]].

''[[Style]]''. More or less elongated part of the [[pistil]] between the [[ovary]] and [[stigma]].

''[[Stylopodium]]''. Style-foot; an expansion at the base of a style, as in [[flower]]s of the [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[Sub-]]''. As a prefix, usually signifying ''somewhat, slightly'' or ''rather''.

''[[Subacute]]''. Somewhat or partially acute.

''[[Subcoriaceous]]''. Somewhat or approaching leathery in texture.

''[[Subligneous]]''. Partially or somewhat [[woody]].

''[[Subterete]]''. Somewhat or imperfectly [[terete]].

''[[Succulent]]''. Juicy; fleshy; soft and thickened in texture.

''[[Sucker]]''. A [[shoot]] arising from the [[root]]s or beneath the surface of the ground.

''[[Suffrutescent]]''. Partially or slightly [[shrub]]by.

''[[Suffruticose]]''. Pertaining to a low and somewhat [[woody]] plant; diminutively shrubby or [[fruticose]]; woody at base.

''[[Sulcate]]''. Grooved or furrowed lengthwise.

''[[Superior]]''. Said of an [[ovary]] that is free from the [[calyx]].

''[[Supernumerary]]''. Said of [[bud]]s when there is more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Suspended]]''. Hanging from the top, as an [[ovule]] attached in the top of the [[locule]].

''[[Suture]]''. A line or mark of splitting open; a groove marking a natural division or union; the groove lengthwise a [[plum]] or similar [[fruit]].

''[[Symmetrical]]''. Said of a [[flower]] that has the same number of parts in each series or circle, as five [[stamen]]s, five [[petal]]s.

''[[Symphysis]]''. Growing together; coalescence.

''[[Sympodial]]''. Axial growth continued by successive lateral [[shoot]]s instead of by terminal [[bud]].

''[[Syncarpium]]''. A [[fruit]] consisting of many cohering or consolidated [[carpel]]s.

''[[Syncarpous]]''. Having [[carpel]]s united. See ''[[Apocarpus]]''.

''[[Syngenesious]]''. [[Anther]]s united in a ring, as in [[Compositae]].

==T==
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''[[Tapering]]''. Gradually becoming smaller or diminishing in diameter or width toward one end.

''[[Tap-root]]''. A strong nearly or quite perpendicular main [[root]] that carries the plant axis straight into the ground, all the other roots being secondary to it, rather than branching equally or diversely at the [[crown]].

''[[Taxonomy]]''. [[Classification]] of [[species]].

''[[Tendril]]''. A rotating or twisting thread-like process or extension by which a plant grasps an object and clings to it for support; morphologically it may be [[stem]] or [[leaf]].

''[[Teratology]]''. The subject of monstrosities, or of abnormal and aberrant forms and malformations.

''[[Terete]]''. Circular in transverse section; imperfectly cylindrical because the object may taper both ways.

''[[Terminology]]''. The subject dealing with names.

''[[Ternate]]''. In threes.

''[[Testa]]''. The outer [[seed]]-coat, particularly when bony, hard or brittle.

''[[Tetradynamous]]''. Six [[stamen]]s, four being long and two short.

''[[Tetragonal]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Thallus]]''. A flat [[leaf]]-like organ; in some cryptogams, the entire cellular plant body without differentiation as to [[stem]] and [[foliage]].

''[[Throat]]''. The opening or orifice into a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]], or [[perianth]]; the place where the limb joins the tube.

''[[Thyrse]], thyrsus''. Compact and more or less compound [[panicle]]; more correctly a panicle-like [[cluster]] with main axis [[indeterminate]] and other parts [[determinate]].

''[[Tip]]''. The plant arising at the end of a [[stolon]], as in the black [[raspberry]].

''[[Tomentose]]''. With tomentum; densely [[woolly]] or pubescent; with matted soft wool-like hairiness.

''[[Tomentulose]]''. Somewhat or delicately [[tomentose]].

''[[Tortuous]]''. Twisted; with irregular bending and [[twining]].

''[[Torus]]''. Receptacle.

''[[Tree]]''. A [[woody]] plant that produces one main [[trunk]] and a more or less distinct and elevated head.

''[[Tri-]]''. Three or three times.

''[[Tricarpous]]''. Of three [[carpel]]s or [[fruit]]s.

''[[Trichome]]''. A hair, particularly one that is strong or stiff.

''[[Tricostate]]''. With three ribs.

''[[Trifid]]''. Separated about halfway down into three parts.

''[[Trifoliate]]''. Of three [[leaves]].

''[[Trifoliolate]]''. Of three [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Trigonous]]''. Three-angled.

''[[Trimerous]]''. In threes.

''[[Trimorphous]]''. In three forms; as three lengths of [[stamen]]s.

''[[Tripinnate]]''. Three times [[pinnate]].

''[[Trisected]]''. In three deeply cut parts.

''[[Triternate]]''. Three times three; the [[leaflet]]s or segments of a twice [[ternate]] [[leaf]] again in three parts.

''[[Truncate]]''. Appearing as if cut off at the end; the end nearly or quite straight across.

''[[Tuber]]''. A short congested part; usually defined as subterranean (as of a [[rootstock]]), although this is not essential.

''[[Tubercle]]''. .A small [[tuber]], or rounded protruding body.

''[[Tuberiferous]]''. [[Tuber]]-bearing.

''[[Tuberous]]''. With or resembling a [[tuber]] or tubers.

''[[Tumid]]''. Swollen.

''[[Tunicated]]''. Provided with concentric or enwrapping coats or layers, as [[bulb]] of [[onion]].

''[[Turgid]]''. Swollen from fullness.

==U==
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''[[Umbel]]''. Corymbose or [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[branch]]es or rays arising from a common point and about equal in length, resembling framework of umbrella; [[umbel]]s are characteristic of the [[Umbellifera]].

''[[Umbellate]]''. Umbelled; with [[umbel]]s; pertaining to umbels.

''[[Umbellet]]''. Secondary [[umbel]].

''[[Umbellule]]''. [[Umbel]]let.

''[[Uni-]]''. One.

''[[Unisexual]]''. Of one sex; [[staminate]] or [[pistillate]] only.

''[[Utricle]]''. A small bladder; a bladdery 1-[[seed]]ed [[fruit]].

==V==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Valvate]]''. Opening by valves or pertaining to valves; meeting by the edges without overlapping, as [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s in the [[bud]].

''[[Valve]]''. A separable part of a [[pod]]; the units or pieces into which a capsule splits or divides in [[dehiscing]].

''[[Vascular]]''. With vessels or ducts, or relating to them.

''[[Vein]]''. A [[branch]] of the evident [[woody]] framework of a [[leaf]] or similar organ; secondary member of the fibro-vascular structure.

''[[Veinlet]]''. A small or slender vein; nerve.

''[[Venation]]''. Veining; arrangement or disposition of veins.

''[[Ventral]]''. Front; relating to the anterior or inner face or part of an organ; opposite the back or dorsal part.

''[[Vernation]]''. The disposition or arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]].

''[[Versatile]]''. Hung or attached near the middle and usually moving freely, as an [[anther]] attached crosswise on the apex of [[filament]] and capable of turning.

''[[Verticil]]''. A [[whorl]].

''[[Vesicle]]''. A little bladder or bladder-like cavity.

''[[Vexillary]]''. Pertaining to the vexillum, standard or banner of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Villous]]''. Provided with long and soft, not matted, hairs; shaggy.

''[[Vitta]]''. An oil-tube, as in the fruits of [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[Vittate]]''. With [[vitta]]e; also striped lengthwise.

''[[Volute]]''. Rolled up.

==W==
{{compactTOC2}}
''[[Watersprout]]''. A strong rapid-growing adventitious [[shoot]] in a [[tree]]-top or [[bush]] or on a [[trunk]].

''[[Whorl]]''. Three or more [[leaves]] or [[flower]]s at one [[node]], in a circle.

''[[Wing]]''. A thin dry or membranous expansion or flat extension or appendage of an organ; also the lateral [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Woolly]]''. Provided with long, soft and more or less matted hairs; like wool; [[lanate]].

''[[Wort]]''. Old word for a plant or [[herb]]; now used only in combination, as [[mother-wort]], [[spiderwort]], [[liverwort]].

==X==
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==Y==
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==Z==
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UserWiki:Gardenmaster

2009-12-22T23:57:36Z

Gardenmaster: import user wiki

User talk:Raffi

2009-12-22T23:54:43Z

Gardenmaster:

To contact the webmaster, just click on the "+" tab above and leave me a public note here. Or click on "edit". I don't post my email address to avoid spam, but am happy to hear from you about the site. If you want a reply by email, include yours in the note. If not, check back here for a reply. If you have an account on this site, I'll reply on your own talk page! Hope you're enjoying the site! --[[User:Raffi|Raffi]] 21:02, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

== Using Content ==

Hi Raffi,

I'm the editor of Washington Home & Garden magazine and website. I was hoping to begin a relationship with you and Plants.am and post content from your site for our readers. Ours is a local magazine and very small operation. The website is only a few months old.

It's my hope that in posting content from this site, it will encourage members of the garden community to add articles on your website and recognize our site as a source for solid gardening info and leads to other resources. I would like to include a link to Plants.am on the "sites we like" section I will be creating.

Please get in touch with me. nikki[at]whgmag[dot]com.

Many thanks in advance,
Nikki Smith
Editor, Washington Home & Garden

http://www.whgmag.com/
http://www.whgmag.com/151-nikki/

== Independent Master Gardener ==

Raffi

Please phone, I'd like to invite you to speak at a club meeting. You stopped by our booth at the last Green Scenes at Fullerton Arboretum.

Bob Shaw
President, Orange County Independent Master Gardeners
714-527-1619

== Orange County Independent Master Gardeners (again!) ==

Raffi

I misplaced your phone number, could you please contact me again?

paradigmengineering@dslextreme.com
714-527-1619

Bob Shaw

== Main Page, Book of the Month ==

Hi Raffi,

You've seen some of my postings, I hope I'm not being too conversational for what you want. I write a lot and I'm willing to contribute material to Gardenology, primarily in California natives, edible plants, organic pest control - I notice many articles are more formal than I've written, but I've also noted a lot of articles are steeped in botanical data but not much on the growing side which I took to be the stated aim of Gardenology. At any rate, though I have taught botany, I am first and foremost a gardener and I pull on my practical gardening experience rather than something written in a book.

I have also done book reviews in the past and I would be willing to write a 'Book of the Month' column if that would be of any assistance. I have a lot of reviews on horticulture books already written and could forward a sample to you if that would help.

In addition, in January, I will be teaching a plant propagation class for UCLA Extension. I am considering making including a requirement that my credit students submit propagation for one plant as part of their work. That should result in getting a number of propagation notes written for Gardenology and givfe the students a reason to write a paper!

Hope all this helps. I read you were by some booth in Orange County which means you are West Coast friendly. If you come to Los Angeles, I am the Gardenmaster for The Learning Garden at Venice High School. Consider yourself invited for a tour anytime you're in our neighborhood.

david

Natural pest control

2009-12-22T17:36:04Z

Gardenmaster:

Natural pest control starts long before a 'pest' arrives in your garden. In fact, when dealing with 'natural pest control' the last part of the discussion is about 'what to spray' or 'how do I kill (insert insect name here)?"

Natural pest control seeks to avoid trying to fight it out with nature; instead it seeks to cooperate and work with the natural processes of plants and their pests. Plants that are growing with the right amount of moisture, sun and nutrients usually avoid most pest infestations. And in 'natural pest control' a small amount of insect infestation is not necessarily a cause for alarm or destructive action.

A plant that is being constantly attacked by aphids has something wrong with it that is attracting aphids and, while you can spray insecticidal soap, horticultural oil or some other pesticide to rid the plant (and yourself) of aphids, unless the underlying cause is addressed, you will have to deal with aphids on this plant again. Better to understand why the plant has aphids and fix THAT before spraying or otherwise attempting to deal with the aphids. (By the way, aphids are often attracted to a plant that has been over-fertilized because the excess nitrogen has created an excess of soft, lush growth that aphids find irresistible.)

The first part of natural pest control, then, is to grow a healthy plant.

But even a healthy plant might get a few insects. What then? If it's not a huge infestation, why not leave them? The idea that there can be no insects or insect damage on a plant comes from folks who grew plants for show. In the past, the only experts on roses were the folks growing roses to win ribbons at a rose show; the experts on daffodils took their blooms to the daffodil show and so on. They were the experts that wrote the first books on how to grow this or that plant and their focus was on the PERFECT rose or daffodil and they could brook no damage to their prized plants. If we aren't going to take our plants down to the plant show and try to win first place, why do we care if there is a bug here or there or that this leaf has been chomped a bit? Honestly, a chomped leaf or a slightly disfigured flower will harm a person a good deal less than spraying a bunch of pesticide about - even the organic pesticides.

At some point, however, a plant might get an excessive infestation. You have decided there are too many insects and you are uncomfortable with the situation. You might consider giving the plant the heave-ho. Bugs and plant go off to the happy compost pile in the sky and that's it.

In natural pest control, you have almost completely solved 99% of your pest problems by using one of the solutions above. It is apparent that spraying insecticide is not a high option on the list.

And with good reason too. The 'non-organic' pesticides don't come with high recommendations in their interactions with other species, fish and man among them. They also have been implicated in damage to other species further up the food chain of the pests you are trying to eradicate. Insects are preyed upon by other insects, birds and rodents and the insecticide you spray today will persist (in fact, is formulated to persist!) and does not simply vanish. The insecticide sprayed today will become a hazard to other species.

The organic pesticides, on the other hand, are often thought of as 'safer, kinder' because they do not persist. Most of them are only active while still wet. But even at that there are problems. Most organic pesticides are non-pest specific, so while they won't be killing anything tomorrow, they will kill any insect that comes in contact with it while it is still wet. Honey bees, which have been high on every gardener's mind because of the wholesale destruction of hives through out the US, can be killed off by the hundreds by spraying an organic insecticide at the wrong time of day. (Even though insecticides specify to spray early in the day or late in the day to avoid direct sun on a freshly sprayed plant, most conscientious gardeners choose to spray only in the evening when the honey bees have all returned to their hives for the night.)

Grow a healthy plant. Pack the garden with diversity and try to have blooms throughout the growing season to attract lots of insects. If a garden is blessed with a large number of insects of all different species, chances are the insects themselves will keep populations in check. And there is nothing more natural than allowing insects to control themselves.

Natural insect control uses a wide variety of of 'tools' to deal with insects. The most important 'tool' is to know the insects and wildlife in your area. Information on the pest's (and the pest's enemies) life cycle, mating habits, choice of food and other characteristics can clue a gardener on ways of dealing with the pest. Most practitioners of natural insect control try the following:
1. Grow healthy plants - the plant must be given a good chance to live with proper sun and proper water. Insect infestations are often nature's way of killing off unhealthy organisms.
2. Allow for some damage to your plants without over-reacting. Pests exist in the world and there will be some around at all times. Decide what is an acceptable level of damage. In an ornamental plant, that level might be quite high if it is common, quite low if the plant is rare. In edible plants, the matrix would be similar based on one's perception of the food value.
3. Encourage the largest possible variety of wildlife, including insects, in the garden to find a balance. The gardener with the most insects probably has the least problems with insects because the competing interests of different species keeps populations in control. Having something in bloom during the entire growing season will encourage many beneficial insects to stay close and they are one of the best tools for pest control.
4. Avoid spraying until the last resort.

File:Quercus garryana close up.jpg

2009-12-21T23:53:44Z

Gardenmaster: Quercus garryana - close up of leaves, Photo by D. King 2009

Quercus garryana - close up of leaves, Photo by D. King 2009

Natural pest control

2009-12-21T09:12:36Z

Gardenmaster:

Natural pest control starts long before a 'pest' arrives in your garden. In fact, when dealing with 'natural pest control' the last part of the discussion is about 'what to spray' or 'how do I kill (insert insect name here)?"

Natural pest control seeks to avoid trying to fight it out with nature; instead it seeks to cooperate and work with the natural processes of plants and their pests. Plants that are growing with the right amount of moisture, sun and nutrients usually avoid most pest infestations. And in 'natural pest control' a small amount of insect infestation is not necessarily a cause for alarm or destructive action.

A plant that is being constantly attacked by aphids has something wrong with it that is attracting aphids and, while you can spray insecticidal soap, horticultural oil or some other pesticide to rid the plant (and yourself) of aphids, unless the underlying cause is addressed, you will have to deal with aphids on this plant again. Better to understand why the plant has aphids and fix THAT before spraying or otherwise attempting to deal with the aphids. (By the way, aphids are often attracted to a plant that has been over-fertilized because the excess nitrogen has created an excess of soft, lush growth that aphids find irresistible.)

The first part of natural pest control, then, is to grow a healthy plant.

But even a healthy plant might get a few insects. What then? If it's not a huge infestation, why not leave them? The idea that there can be no insects or insect damage on a plant comes from folks who grew plants for show. In the past, the only experts on roses were the folks growing roses to win ribbons at a rose show; the experts on daffodils took their blooms to the daffodil show and so on. They were the experts that wrote the first books on how to grow this or that plant and their focus was on the PERFECT rose or daffodil and they could brook no damage to their prized plants. If we aren't going to take our plants down to the plant show and try to win first place, why do we care if there is a bug here or there or that this leaf has been chomped a bit? Honestly, a chomped leaf or a slightly disfigured flower will harm a person a good deal less than spraying a bunch of pesticide about - even the organic pesticides.

At some point, however, a plant might get an excessive infestation. You have decided there are too many insects and you are uncomfortable with the situation. You might consider giving the plant the heave-ho. Bugs and plant go off to the happy compost pile in the sky and that's it.

In natural pest control, you have almost completely solved 99% of your pest problems by using one of the solutions above. It is apparent that spraying insecticide is not a high option on the list.

And with good reason too. The 'non-organic' pesticides don't come with high recommendations in their interactions with other species, fish and man among them. They also have been implicated in damage to other species further up the food chain of the pests you are trying to eradicate. Insects are preyed upon by other insects, birds and rodents and the insecticide you spray today will persist (in fact, is formulated to persist!) and does not simply vanish. The insecticide sprayed today will become a hazard to other species.

The organic pesticides, on the other hand, are often thought of as 'safer, kinder' because they do not persist. Most of them are only active while still wet. But even at that there are problems. Most organic pesticides are non-pest specific, so while they won't be killing anything tomorrow, they will kill any insect that comes in contact with it while it is still wet. Honey bees, which have been high on every gardener's mind because of the wholesale destruction of hives through out the US, can be killed off by the hundreds by spraying an organic insecticide at the wrong time of day. (Even though insecticides specify to spray early in the day or late in the day to avoid direct sun on a freshly sprayed plant, most conscientious gardeners choose to spray only in the evening when the honey bees have all returned to their hives for the night.)

Grow a healthy plant. Pack the garden with diversity and try to have blooms throughout the growing season to attract lots of insects. If a garden is blessed with a large number of insects of all different species, chances are the insects themselves will keep populations in check. And there is nothing more natural than allowing insects to control themselves.

In a nutshell, that is the basic idea of natural insect control.

Natural pest control

2009-12-21T09:08:48Z

Gardenmaster:

Natural pest control starts long before a 'pest' arrives in your garden. In fact, when dealing with 'natural pest control' the last part of the discussion is about 'what to spray' or 'how do I kill (insert insect name here)?"

Natural pest control seeks to avoid trying to fight it out with nature; instead it seeks to cooperate and work with the natural processes of plants and their pests. Plants that are growing with the right amount of moisture, sun and nutrients usually avoid most pest infestations. And in 'natural pest control' a small amount of insect infestation is not necessarily a cause for alarm or destructive action.

A plant that is being constantly attacked by aphids has something wrong with it that is attracting aphids and, while you can spray insecticidal soap, horticultural oil or some other pesticide to rid the plant (and yourself) of aphids, unless the underlying cause is addressed, you will have to deal with aphids on this plant again. Better to understand why the plant has aphids and fix THAT before spraying or otherwise attempting to deal with the aphids. (By the way, aphids are often attracted to a plant that has been over-fertilized because the excess nitrogen has created an excess of soft, lush growth that aphids find irresistible.)

The first part of natural pest control, then, is to grow a healthy plant.

But even a healthy plant might get a few insects. What then? If it's not a huge infestation, why not leave them? The idea that there can be no insects or insect damage on a plant comes from folks who grew plants for show. In the past, the only experts on roses were the folks growing roses to win ribbons at a rose show; the experts on daffodils took their blooms to the daffodil show and so on. They were the experts that wrote the first books on how to grow this or that plant and their focus was on the PERFECT rose or daffodil and they could brook no damage to their prized plants. If we aren't going to take our plants down to the plant show and try to win first place, why do we care if there is a bug here or there or that this leaf has been chomped a bit? Honestly, a chomped leaf or a slightly disfigured flower will harm a person a good deal less than spraying a bunch of pesticide about - even the organic pesticides.

At some point, however, a plant might get an excessive infestation. You have decided there are too many insects and you are uncomfortable with the situation. You might consider giving the plant the heave-ho. Bugs and plant go off to the happy compost pile in the sky and that's it.

In natural pest control, you have almost completely solved 99% of your pest problems by using one of the solutions above. It is apparent that spraying insecticide is not a high option on the list.

And with good reason too. The 'non-organic' pesticides don't come with high recommendations in their interactions with other species, fish and man among them. They also have been implicated in damage to other species further up the food chain of the pests you are trying to eradicate. Insects are preyed upon by other insects, birds and rodents and the insecticide you spray today will persist (in fact, is formulated to persist!) and does not simply vanish. The insecticide sprayed today will become a hazard to other species.

The organic pesticides, on the other hand, are often thought of as 'safer, kinder' because they do not persist. Most of them are only active while still wet. But even at that there are problems. Most organic pesticides are non-pest specific, so while they won't be killing anything tomorrow, they will kill any insect that comes in contact with it while it is still wet. Honey bees, which have been high on every gardener's mind because of the wholesale destruction of hives through out the US, can be killed off wholesale by spraying an organic insecticide at the wrong time of day.

Grow a healthy plant. Pack the garden with diversity and try to have blooms throughout the growing season to attract lots of insects. If a garden is blessed with a large number of insects of all different species, chances are the insects themselves will keep populations in check. And there is nothing more natural than allowing insects to control themselves.

In a nutshell, that is the basic idea of natural insect control.

Natural pest control

2009-12-21T09:07:11Z

Gardenmaster: First attempt at explaining 'natural insect control.' Needs more beef.

Natural pest control starts long before a 'pest' arrives in your garden. In fact, when dealing with 'natural pest control' the last part of the discussion is about 'what to spray' or 'how do I kill (insert insect name here)?"

Natural pest control seeks to avoid trying to fight it out with nature; instead it seeks to cooperate with nature and not conflict. Plants that are growing with the right amount of moisture, sun and nutrients usually avoid most pest infestations. And in 'natural pest control' a small amount of insect infestation is not necessarily a cause for alarm or destructive action.

A plant that is being constantly attacked by aphids has something wrong with it that is attracting aphids and, while you can spray insecticidal soap, horticultural oil or some other pesticide to rid the plant (and yourself) of aphids, unless the underlying cause is addressed, you will have to deal with aphids on this plant again. Better to understand why the plant has aphids and fix THAT before spraying or otherwise attempting to deal with the aphids. (By the way, aphids are often attracted to a plant that has been over-fertilized because the excess nitrogen has created an excess of soft, lush growth that aphids find irresistible.)

The first part of natural pest control, then, is to grow a healthy plant.

But even a healthy plant might get a few insects. What then? If it's not a huge infestation, why not leave them? The idea that there can be no insects or insect damage on a plant comes from folks who grew plants for show. In the past, the only experts on roses were the folks growing roses to win ribbons at a rose show; the experts on daffodils took their blooms to the daffodil show and so on. They were the experts that wrote the first books on how to grow this or that plant and their focus was on the PERFECT rose or daffodil and they could brook no damage to their prized plants. If we aren't going to take our plants down to the plant show and try to win first place, why do we care if there is a bug here or there or that this leaf has been chomped a bit? Honestly, a chomped leaf or a slightly disfigured flower will harm a person a good deal less than spraying a bunch of pesticide about - even the organic pesticides.

At some point, however, a plant might get an excessive infestation. You have decided there are too many insects and you are uncomfortable with the situation. You might consider giving the plant the heave-ho. Bugs and plant go off to the happy compost pile in the sky and that's it.

In natural pest control, you have almost completely solved 99% of your pest problems by using one of the solutions above. It is apparent that spraying insecticide is not a high option on the list.

And with good reason too. The 'non-organic' pesticides don't come with high recommendations in their interactions with other species, fish and man among them. They also have been implicated in damage to other species further up the food chain of the pests you are trying to eradicate. Insects are preyed upon by other insects, birds and rodents and the insecticide you spray today will persist (in fact, is formulated to persist!) and does not simply vanish. The insecticide sprayed today will become a hazard to other species.

The organic pesticides, on the other hand, are often thought of as 'safer, kinder' because they do not persist. Most of them are only active while still wet. But even at that there are problems. Most organic pesticides are non-pest specific, so while they won't be killing anything tomorrow, they will kill any insect that comes in contact with it while it is still wet. Honey bees, which have been high on every gardener's mind because of the wholesale destruction of hives through out the US, can be killed off wholesale by spraying an organic insecticide at the wrong time of day.

Grow a healthy plant. Pack the garden with diversity and try to have blooms throughout the growing season to attract lots of insects. If a garden is blessed with a large number of insects of all different species, chances are the insects themselves will keep populations in check. And there is nothing more natural than allowing insects to control themselves.

In a nutshell, that is the basic idea of natural insect control.

User:Gardenmaster

2009-12-21T08:30:43Z

Gardenmaster: create user page

File:100 1246.jpg

2009-12-21T08:20:12Z

Gardenmaster: Photo by D. King, 2009

Platycodon pisularis, Photo by D. King, 2009

File:100 1245.jpg

2009-12-21T08:18:38Z

Gardenmaster:

Platycodon pisularis, Photo by D. King, 2009

File:100 2453.jpg

2009-12-21T08:18:03Z

Gardenmaster:

Quercus kelloggii new leaves in spring, Photo by D. King, 2009

File:100 2414.jpg

2009-12-21T08:17:30Z

Gardenmaster:

Quercus kelloggii, photo by D. King 2009

File:100 2432.jpg

2009-12-21T08:16:57Z

Gardenmaster:

Quercus wislizeni, photo by D. King, 2009

File:100 2436.jpg

2009-12-21T08:16:21Z

Gardenmaster:

Quercus wislizeni, photo by D. King 2009

File:100 2436.jpg

2009-12-21T08:09:27Z

Gardenmaster: Quercus wislizeni

Quercus wislizeni

File:100 2432.jpg

2009-12-21T08:05:41Z

Gardenmaster: Quercus wislizeni

Quercus wislizeni

2009-12-21T08:04:23Z

Gardenmaster: Created page with 'Quercus wislizeni California Interior Live Oak is an evergreen oak found in the interior canyons of California. Leaf shape and margin are highly variable. ==Cultivation== <…'

Quercus wislizeni

California Interior Live Oak is an evergreen oak found in the interior canyons of California. Leaf shape and margin are highly variable.

==Cultivation==


===Propagation===


===Pests and diseases===


==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
__NOTOC__

File:100 2414.jpg

2009-12-21T07:59:00Z

Gardenmaster: Quercus kelloggii

Quercus kelloggii

File:100 2453.jpg

2009-12-21T07:56:54Z

Gardenmaster: Quercus kelloggii new leaves in spring.

Quercus kelloggii new leaves in spring.

File:100 1245.jpg

2009-12-21T07:41:25Z

Gardenmaster: uploaded a new version of "File:100 1245.jpg"

Platycodon

File:100 1245.jpg

2009-12-21T07:39:38Z

Gardenmaster: Platycodon

Platycodon

Trichostema lanatum

2009-12-21T07:27:44Z

Gardenmaster: /* Cultivation */

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| latin_name = ''Trichostema lanatum''
| common_names = romero or Woolly Blue Curls
| growth_habit = ? 
| high = ? 
| wide = 
| origin = ? 
| poisonous = 
| lifespan = 
| exposure = ? 
| water = ? 
| features = 
| hardiness = 
| bloom = 
| usda_zones = ? 
| sunset_zones = 
| color = IndianRed
| image = Trichostema lanatum flowers 2005-03-24.jpg
| image_width = 240px 
| image_caption = Trichostema lanatum
| regnum = Plantae 
| divisio = 
| classis = 
| ordo = 
| familia = 
| genus = Trichostema
| species = lanatum
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|
Trichostema lanatum, Benth. A perennial shrubby plant with rosemary-like lvs. and cymes of fls. in a naked terminal thyrse: lvs. narrow-linear, 1-nerved, sessile, margins revolute: calyx and corolla covered with dense violet or purple wool; corolla 1/2 in. long. S. Calif.—A very handsome shrub, known as "ramero."
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}
T. lanatum does not tolerate summer water at all and dislikes 'wet feet' at any time of year. The soil must be fairly loose and well-drained. Even a single inadvertent summer watering can cause the plant to die if enough water gets into the root system. Even in its growing season, supplemental watering must be judiciously used if there is not enough rainfall. Placing the plant on a slightly raised knoll or berm helps prevent premature death from water, certainly this is not a plant to put in a swale or a depression; raising it up may be the only way to get it to survive in a less than ideal soil.

===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}

===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}

==Species==


==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}

<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963




==External links==
*{{wplink}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]

Romneya

2009-12-21T07:18:51Z

Gardenmaster: /* Cultivation */

{{SPlantbox
|common_name=Matilija poppy
|habit=herbaceous
|Min ht box=3
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max ht box=10
|Max ht metric=ft
|Min wd box=4
|Min wd metric=ft
|Max wd box=>12
|Max wd metric=ft
|origin=Ventura County, California
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=sun
|water=dry, less when dormant
|features=deciduous, flowers, fragrance, naturalizes, foliage, birds, wildlife, bees, cut flowers, drought tolerant
|flower_season=mid spring, late spring
|flowers=white, single
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=9
|max_zone=11
|jumpin=This is the plant information box - for information on light; water; zones; height; etc. If it is mostly empty you can help grow this page by clicking on the edit tab and filling in the blanks!
|image=Upload.png
|image_width=240
}}
{{Inc|
Romneya (named for T. Romney Robinson, who discovered it about 1845). Papaveraceae. Tall showy herbs or subshrubs used for garden planting.

Stems branching: lvs. petioled, pinnatifid, 2 or 3 pairs of segms. : fls. solitary at the ends of the corymbose branches, large, white and showy, 6 in. across; sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous dorsal wing; petals 6, all alike; stamens very numerous; stigmas numerous, connate at base into a little ring: caps. 7-11-celled, dehiscing to the middle, the valves separating by their margins from the firm persistent placentae.—Two species, Calif, and Mex. Monographed by Fedde in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 40 (IV. 104), 1909.

Romneya coulteri grows wild in California from San Diego to Santa Barbara County and also in Mexico. In the wild, it blooms chiefly in June and July, but in cultivation the period of bloom is increased from May to August. In the Los Angeles basin, it thrives best on dry rocky soil and needs only the water it obtains from the winter rains. Romneya coulteri can be transplanted safely if cut to the ground before it is lifted and can be raised from seed if the seed is fresh. Raising from seed under artificial conditions is not very satisfactory, however, as it takes a few years between the germination of the seed and blooming of the seedlings.

Romneya coulteri is difficult to transplant, due to the scarcity of fibrous roots; in middle California suckers which are produced in great abundance are transplanted without any loss, provided a good firm ball of earth is kept around the stout thick roots in transit, and if the stems are cut well back, almost to the base. At San Francisco it grows luxuriantly in a heavy adobe soil, producing immense flowers. The name Matilija poppy (pronounced Ma-tilli-ha) is the favorite in California. It comes from the Matilija Canon, Ventura County, where the plant grows in particular abundance. Miss Parsons writes: "Many people have the mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not common by any means; but it is found in scattered localities from Santa Barbara southward into Mexico. It is very abundant near Riverside, and also upon the southern boundary and below in Lower California, where the plants cover large areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion of remote canons, and nothing more magnificent could be imagined than a steep canon-side covered with the great bushy plants, thickly covered with enormous white flowers." Blossoms remain open for many days. (J. Burtt Davy.)
}}

==Cultivation==

In Southern California, R. coulteri grows best in sandy, well-drained soils. It dislikes summer water and for that reason does poorly near lawns. Home gardeners that are not willing to forego summer watering should avoid this plant. However, if it does not get summer water and is left to grow in a well-drained soil, it can become quite happy, almost invasive as it spreads by underground runners. If not overwatered, R. coulteri an survive in even heavy soil, but will not be as effusive. For a plant that can be exuberant as the Matillija Poppy, this is not necessarily a bad thing.

===Propagation===

The plant is easily propagated by cuttings of runners if taken when the plant is dormant or nearly so. A length of root containing several nodes can be placed an inch or so below the surface in a pot of well-drained planting medium and the plant will readily send up shoots. If the pot is at least a gallon, once well-rooted, it can be set out into the garden. Once it is established in the garden it will spread.

By seed, the plant is not as forgiving. The seed sprouts readily if it is fresh and if a fire treatment is used. In a clay pot, scatter the seed, cover with dry pine needles and dried leaves from other trees (because R. coulteri grows often near or with California endemic oaks, using dried oak leaves seems to work better than random leaves). These are set on fire and allowed to burn down, the seeds are watered in and germination takes place within three weeks - no special treatment is used after that, the pot with the seeds is placed in a warm sunny location.

However, once the seed has sprouted, the seedlings at some point must be transplanted into their own container and the mortality of this process is far too high to be anything more than an exercise to teach propagation. Out of 45 sprouted seeds in a recent trial, only 3 survived to actually be planted out in the garden. Propagation by root cuttings is definitely a more successful adventure.

<gallery>
Image:Matilija poppy closeup.jpg
Image:Matilija poppy whole.jpg
Image:Matilija poppies.jpg
Image:More matilija.jpg
Image:Egg-Plant Bancroft-Garden (flo).jpg
</gallery>

[[Category:Romneya]]

Romneya

2009-12-21T07:17:30Z

Gardenmaster:

{{SPlantbox
|common_name=Matilija poppy
|habit=herbaceous
|Min ht box=3
|Min ht metric=ft
|Max ht box=10
|Max ht metric=ft
|Min wd box=4
|Min wd metric=ft
|Max wd box=>12
|Max wd metric=ft
|origin=Ventura County, California
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=sun
|water=dry, less when dormant
|features=deciduous, flowers, fragrance, naturalizes, foliage, birds, wildlife, bees, cut flowers, drought tolerant
|flower_season=mid spring, late spring
|flowers=white, single
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=9
|max_zone=11
|jumpin=This is the plant information box - for information on light; water; zones; height; etc. If it is mostly empty you can help grow this page by clicking on the edit tab and filling in the blanks!
|image=Upload.png
|image_width=240
}}
{{Inc|
Romneya (named for T. Romney Robinson, who discovered it about 1845). Papaveraceae. Tall showy herbs or subshrubs used for garden planting.

Stems branching: lvs. petioled, pinnatifid, 2 or 3 pairs of segms. : fls. solitary at the ends of the corymbose branches, large, white and showy, 6 in. across; sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous dorsal wing; petals 6, all alike; stamens very numerous; stigmas numerous, connate at base into a little ring: caps. 7-11-celled, dehiscing to the middle, the valves separating by their margins from the firm persistent placentae.—Two species, Calif, and Mex. Monographed by Fedde in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 40 (IV. 104), 1909.

Romneya coulteri grows wild in California from San Diego to Santa Barbara County and also in Mexico. In the wild, it blooms chiefly in June and July, but in cultivation the period of bloom is increased from May to August. In the Los Angeles basin, it thrives best on dry rocky soil and needs only the water it obtains from the winter rains. Romneya coulteri can be transplanted safely if cut to the ground before it is lifted and can be raised from seed if the seed is fresh. Raising from seed under artificial conditions is not very satisfactory, however, as it takes a few years between the germination of the seed and blooming of the seedlings.

Romneya coulteri is difficult to transplant, due to the scarcity of fibrous roots; in middle California suckers which are produced in great abundance are transplanted without any loss, provided a good firm ball of earth is kept around the stout thick roots in transit, and if the stems are cut well back, almost to the base. At San Francisco it grows luxuriantly in a heavy adobe soil, producing immense flowers. The name Matilija poppy (pronounced Ma-tilli-ha) is the favorite in California. It comes from the Matilija Canon, Ventura County, where the plant grows in particular abundance. Miss Parsons writes: "Many people have the mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not common by any means; but it is found in scattered localities from Santa Barbara southward into Mexico. It is very abundant near Riverside, and also upon the southern boundary and below in Lower California, where the plants cover large areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion of remote canons, and nothing more magnificent could be imagined than a steep canon-side covered with the great bushy plants, thickly covered with enormous white flowers." Blossoms remain open for many days. (J. Burtt Davy.)
}}

==Cultivation==

In Southern California, R. coulteri grows best in sandy, well-drained soils. It dislikes summer water and for that reason does poorly near lawns. Home gardens that are not willing to forego summer watering should avoid this plant. However, if it does not get summer water and is left to grow in a well-drained soil, it can become quite happy, almost invasive as it spreads by underground runners. If not overwatered, R. coulteri an survive in even heavy soil, but will not be as effusive. For a plant that can be exuberant as the Matillija Poppy, this is not necessarily a bad thing.

===Propagation===

The plant is easily propagated by cuttings of runners if taken when the plant is dormant or nearly so. A length of root containing several nodes can be placed an inch or so below the surface in a pot of well-drained planting medium and the plant will readily send up shoots. If the pot is at least a gallon, once well-rooted, it can be set out into the garden. Once it is established in the garden it will spread.

By seed, the plant is not as forgiving. The seed sprouts readily if it is fresh and if a fire treatment is used. In a clay pot, scatter the seed, cover with dry pine needles and dried leaves from other trees (because R. coulteri grows often near or with California endemic oaks, using dried oak leaves seems to work better than random leaves). These are set on fire and allowed to burn down, the seeds are watered in and germination takes place within three weeks - no special treatment is used after that, the pot with the seeds is placed in a warm sunny location.

However, once the seed has sprouted, the seedlings at some point must be transplanted into their own container and the mortality of this process is far too high to be anything more than an exercise to teach propagation. Out of 45 sprouted seeds in a recent trial, only 3 survived to actually be planted out in the garden. Propagation by root cuttings is definitely a more successful adventure.

<gallery>
Image:Matilija poppy closeup.jpg
Image:Matilija poppy whole.jpg
Image:Matilija poppies.jpg
Image:More matilija.jpg
Image:Egg-Plant Bancroft-Garden (flo).jpg
</gallery>

[[Category:Romneya]]

Romneya

2009-12-21T07:06:09Z

Gardenmaster: Added cultivation and propagation notes. Enhanced text by identifying species refered to by text.

{{SPlantbox
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{{Inc|
Romneya (named for T. Romney Robinson, who discovered it about 1845). Papaveraceae. Tall showy herbs or subshrubs used for garden planting.

Stems branching: lvs. petioled, pinnatifid, 2 or 3 pairs of segms. : fls. solitary at the ends of the corymbose branches, large, white and showy, 6 in. across; sepals 3, with a broad membranaceous dorsal wing; petals 6, all alike; stamens very numerous; stigmas numerous, connate at base into a little ring: caps. 7-11-celled, dehiscing to the middle, the valves separating by their margins from the firm persistent placentae.—Two species, Calif, and Mex. Monographed by Fedde in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 40 (IV. 104), 1909.

Romneya coulteri grows wild in California from San Diego to Santa Barbara County and also in Mexico. In the wild, it blooms chiefly in June and July, but in cultivation the period of bloom is increased from May to August. In the Los Angeles basin, it thrives best on dry rocky soil and needs only the water it obtains from the winter rains. Romneya coulteri can be transplanted safely if cut to the ground before it is lifted and can be raised from seed if the seed is fresh. Raising from seed under artificial conditions is not very satisfactory, however, as it takes a few years between the germination of the seed and blooming of the seedlings.

Romneya coulteri is difficult to transplant, due to the scarcity of fibrous roots; in middle California suckers which are produced in great abundance are transplanted without any loss, provided a good firm ball of earth is kept around the stout thick roots in transit, and if the stems are cut well back, almost to the base. At San Francisco it grows luxuriantly in a heavy adobe soil, producing immense flowers. The name Matilija poppy (pronounced Ma-tilli-ha) is the favorite in California. It comes from the Matilija Canon, Ventura County, where the plant grows in particular abundance. Miss Parsons writes: "Many people have the mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not common by any means; but it is found in scattered localities from Santa Barbara southward into Mexico. It is very abundant near Riverside, and also upon the southern boundary and below in Lower California, where the plants cover large areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion of remote canons, and nothing more magnificent could be imagined than a steep canon-side covered with the great bushy plants, thickly covered with enormous white flowers." Blossoms remain open for many days. (J. Burtt Davy.)
}}

'''''Romneya''''' Harv.

{{en|Matilija poppy}}

==Cultivation==

In Southern California, R. coulteri grows best in sandy, well-drained soils. It dislikes summer water and for that reason does poorly near lawns. Home gardens that are not willing to forego summer watering should avoid this plant. However, if it does not get summer water and is left to grow in a well-drained soil, it can become quite happy, almost invasive as it spreads by underground runners.

===Propagation===

The plant is easily propagated by cuttings of runners if taken when the plant is dormant or nearly so. A length of root containing several nodes can be placed an inch or so below the surface in a pot of well-drained planting medium and the plant will readily send up shoots. If the pot is at least a gallon, once well-rooted, it can be set out into the garden. Once it is established in the garden it will spread.

By seed, the plant is not as forgiving. The seed sprouts readily if it is fresh and if a fire treatment is used. In a clay pot, scatter the seed, cover with dry pine needles and dried leaves from other trees (because R. coulteri grows often near or with California endemic oaks, using dried oak leaves seems to work better than random leaves). These are set on fire and allowed to burn down, the seeds are watered in and germination takes place within three weeks - no special treatment is used after that, the pot with the seeds is placed in a warm sunny location.

However, once the seed has sprouted, the seedlings at some point must be transplanted into their own container and the mortality of this process is far too high to be anything more than an exercise to teach propagation. Out of 45 sprouted seeds in a recent trial, only 3 survived to actually be planted out in the garden. Propagation by root cuttings is definitely a more successful adventure.

<gallery>
Image:Matilija poppy closeup.jpg
Image:Matilija poppy whole.jpg
Image:Matilija poppies.jpg
Image:More matilija.jpg
Image:Egg-Plant Bancroft-Garden (flo).jpg
</gallery>

[[Category:Romneya]]

File:100 1246.jpg

2009-12-17T23:04:58Z

Gardenmaster: