Envoy at 06:40, 5 November 2007

2007-11-05T06:40:39Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Anadenanthera colubrina''
| image = Anadenanthera colubrina branch2.jpg
| image_caption = ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' Foliage and Flowers in Brazil, South America
| image_width = 300px
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Mimosoideae]]
| genus = [[Anadenanthera]]
| species = '''''A. colubrina'''''
| binomial = ''Anadenanthera colubrina''
| binomial_authority = ([[José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo|Vell.]]) [[John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan|Brenan]]
| range_map = Anadenanthera-colubrina-range-map2.png
| range_map_width = 300px
| range_map_caption = Range of ''Adenanthera colubrina''
| synonyms =
*''Acacia colubrina'' [[Mart.]]
*''Acacia grata'' [[Willd.]]
*''Mimosa colubrina'' Vell.
*''Piptadenia grata'' (Willd.) [[J.F. Macbr.]]
}}

'''''Anadenanthera colubrina''''' (also known as '''Vilca,''' '''Huilco,''' '''Wilco,''' '''Cebil''', or '''Angico''') is a [[South America]]n tree closely related to [[Yopo]], or ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]''. It grows from 5m to 20m tall and the trunk is very thorny.<ref>[http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/6 Journal of Ethnobiology and Medicine]</ref> The leaves are [[mimosa]]-like, up to 30cm in length and they fold up at night.<ref>[http://psicodioscorides.com/listar_a.html Diccionarios Botánicos]</ref> In [[Chile]], ''A. colubrina'' produces flowers from September to December and bean pods from September to July.<ref>Angelo Z, Dante and Capriles, José M. ''[http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-73562004000400038&lng=es&nrm=iso La Importancia de las Plantas Psicotrópicas para la Economía de Intercambio y Relaciones de Interacción en el Altiplano sur Andino.]'' Chungará (Arica). ''Volumen Especial,'' 2004. Pages 1023-1035. Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena. ISSN 0717-7356.</ref> In Brazil ''A. colubrina'' has been given "high priority" conservation status.<ref name="pubmed">[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1382198 PubMed Central NIH]</ref><p>

== Geography ==
''A. colubrina'' is found in [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]] and [[Mauritius]].<ref>[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Anadenanthera+colubrina ILDIS LegumeWeb]</ref>

== Natural Growing Conditions ==
''A. colubrina'' grows at altitudes of about 315-2200m with roughly 250-600mm/year (10-24in./yr.) of precipitation and a [[mean]] temperature of 21 deg. C. [[Image:Anadenanthera colubrina branch.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''Anadenanthera colubrina'' Tree in Brazil]]It tends to grow on rocky hillsides in well-drained soil, often in the vicinity of rivers. It grows quickly at 1-1.5m/year in good conditions.<ref name="storage">[http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/Publications/1032/1032_PDF/7%20-%20South%20and%20Central%20America.pdf Desiccation and storage of Anadenanthera colubrina beans.] ''International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI).'' Edilberto Rojas Espinoza. Abstract available [http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20053107124 here.]</ref> The growing areas are often "[[savannah]] to dry [[rainforest]]." Flowering can begin in as soon as two years after [[germination]].<ref>[http://www.ethnobotanica.org/wiki/index.php?title=Anadenanthera_spp. Ethnobotanica.org Anadenanthera spp.]</ref>

== General Uses ==
=== Food ===
A sweetened drink is made from the bark.<ref name="pubmed">.</ref>

===Gum===
Gum from the tree can be used in the same way as [[gum arabic]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cMSFT5K3C9wC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Anadenanthera+peregrina+falcata&ots=YxsJ1pJmIc&sig=cz-JSXhgUDeHieDOmCq2gseSQ3w#PPA98,M1 ''Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America'' By Constantino Manuel Torres, David B. Repke, p. 98]</ref>

=== Tannin ===
''A. colubrina's'' [[tannin]] is used in industry to process animal hides.<ref name="pubmed">.</ref>

=== Traditional Medicine ===
The tree's bark is the most common part used medicinally.<ref name="pubmed">.</ref> Gum from the tree is used medicinally to treat [[upper respiratory tract infection]]s, as an [[expectorant]] and otherwise for cough.<ref name="plantamed">[http://www.plantamed.com.br/plantaservas/especies/Anadenanthera_colubrina.htm Plantamed (Portuguese)]</ref>

=== Wood ===
In northeastern [[Brazil]], the tree is primarily used as [[timber]] and for making wooden implements. "It is used in construction and for making door
and [[window]] frames, [[barrel]]s, mooring masts, [[hedge]]s, platforms, floors,
agricultural implements and railway sleepers."<ref name="storage">[http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/Publications/1032/1032_PDF/7%20-%20South%20and%20Central%20America.pdf Storage Biology of Tropical Tree Beans]</ref>
The wood is also reportedly a preferred source of [[cooking]] [[fuel]], since it makes a hot and long-lasting fire. It is widely used there in the making of fences, since [[termites]] seem not to like it. At one time, it was used in the construction of [[house]]s, but people are finding it more difficult to find suitable trees for that purpose.<ref name="pubmed">.</ref>

== Chemical compounds ==

[[Chemical compound]]s contained in ''A. colubrina'' include:

*[[Bufotenin]], Beans<ref name="uno">[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1965-01-01_2_page006.html?print=yes UNO]</ref><ref name="drduke">[http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=71 Dr. Duke's] Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases</ref>
*Bufotenin oxide, Beans<ref name="uno" />
*N,N-[[Dimethyltryptamine]], Beans,<ref name="drduke">.</ref><ref name="uno">.</ref> pods<ref name="uno">.</ref>
*N,N-[[Dimethyltryptamine]] oxide, Beans<ref name="uno">.</ref>

== Entheogenic uses ==
{{Citations missing|section|date=August 2007}}
To make the [[psychedelic]] snuff called [[Vilca]] (sometimes called ''cebil''), the black beans from the bean pods of these trees are first toasted until the beans pop like [[popcorn]] breaking the bean's [[husk]]. The roasting process facilitates removal of the [[husk]] and makes the beans easier to grind into a powder. The bean's [[husk]] is usually removed because it is difficult to powderise. The bean is then ground with a [[mortar and pestle]] into a powder and mixed with a natural form of [[calcium hydroxide]] ([[Limestone|lime]]) or [[calcium oxide]] (from certain types of ashes, [[calcined]] shells, etc.). This mix is then moistened to a consistency similar to [[bread]] [[dough]], using a small amount of water. If [[calcium oxide]] is used, the water will react with it to form [[calcium hydroxide]]. Once moistened, it is kneaded into a ball for several minutes so that all the [[bufotenin]] comes into contact with the [[calcium hydroxide]] and reacts with it to form calcium bufotenate (5-[[CaO]]-[[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]). The [[calcium hydroxide]] also reacts with any [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] present to form [[free-base]] [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[free-base]] [[5-MeO-DMT]]. After kneading, it is then left to sit for several hours to several days, depending on the local customs. During this period most of the excess [[calcium hydroxide]] reacts with the [[carbon dioxide]] in the air to form [[calcium carbonate]]. [[Calcium hydroxide]] is caustic in the presence of water, and is very irritating to the nasal passages, so it is desirable to allow any left over [[calcium hydroxide]] to convert to [[calcium carbonate]]. It is then thoroughly dried and ready for use. The more modern non-traditional use of [[baking soda]] or [[ammonia]] as a substitute for [[calcium hydroxide]] has been used with limited success. A nearly identical snuff called [[Yopo]], can be prepared from the related [[Anadenanthera peregrina]].

The main active constituent of Vilca is calcium bufotenate (created from the [[bufotenin]] present in the beans, by mixing the beans with water and calcium hydroxide); to a much lesser degree [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] are also present. A. colubrina has been found to contain up to 12.4% bufotenine.<ref name="PharmanopoPsychonautics">[http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine] by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001</ref>
As calcium bufotenate is quickly metabolized, the effects of the drug are short-acting. Usage and preparation of vilca is almost identical to that of [[yopo]]. Even as recently as 1996 there have been reports of active use of Vilca by [[Wichi]] shamans, under the name ''hatáj'' [Ott 2001, p.90].<ref name="ott1">[[Jonathan Ott|Ott, Jonathan]] ''[http://www.erowid.org/library/books/shamanic_snuffs.shtml Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines]'' ([[2001]]) ISBN 1-888755-02-4 (p. 90).</ref> It is also believed that the beans were consumed orally by the [[Inca]]s.{{Specify|date=May 2007}}

== Botanical Varieties ==
*[[Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil|''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (Vell.Conc.)Brenan var. ''cebil'' (Griseb.)Altschul]]
*[[Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina|''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (Vell.Conc.)Brenan var. ''colubrina'']]

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}
=== General References ===
*[[Richard Evans Schultes|Schultes, Richard Evans]] - ''Plants of the Gods'' ([[1992]]) ISBN 0-89281-979-0

*I.J. Pachter, D.E. Zacharias, O. Ribeiro, "Indole Alkaloids of Acer saccharinum (the Silver Maple), Dictyloma incanescens, Piptadenia columbrina, and Mimosa hostilis", J. Org. Chem. 24, 1285 (1959).

==External links==
{{commons|Anadenanthera colubrina|Anadenanthera colubrina}}
*[http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/?page=results&rpno=1&family=&genus=Anadenanthera&species=&intPerPage=25&x=76&y=10 ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' Specimens Click View Med (www.fieldmusem.org)]
*[http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?w3till=MOA-02601_001.jpg ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' Photo]
*[http://www.plot55.com/usage/anadenanthera.html The Preparation of Anadenanthera Snuffs (Plot55.com)]
*[http://www.plot55.com/growing/a.colubrina.html Growing Anadenanthera colubrina (Plot55.com)]
*[http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/6 Use and traditional management of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil]
*{{pt icon}} [http://www.ipef.br/identificacao/nativas/detalhes.asp?codigo=16 ''Anadenanthera colubrina'']

[[Category:Anadenanthera]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]

Anadenanthera colubrina - Revision history

Envoy at 06:40, 5 November 2007