Raffi at 05:42, 14 May 2009

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Irenet at 03:39, 13 May 2009

2009-05-13T03:39:57Z

Envoy at 03:49, 6 September 2007

2007-09-06T03:49:19Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Dogbane family
| image = Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Alyxia oliviformis
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Gentianales]]
| familia = '''Apocynaceae'''
| synonyms = ''Asclepiadaceae'' [[Borkh.]] (nom. cons.) ''Periplocaceae'' [[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]] (nom. cons.) ''Plumeriaceae'' [[Horan.]] ''Stapeliaceae'' [[Horan.]] ''Vincaceae'' [[Vest]] ''Willughbeiaceae'' [[J. Agardh]]
| type_genus = ''Apocynum''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
See [[Apocynaceae#Taxonomy|Taxonomy]] and [[Apocynaceae#Genera|Genera]].
}}

The '''Apocynaceae''' or '''dogbane family''' is a family of [[flowering plant]]s, including [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[herb]]s, or [[liana]]s.

Many species are tall trees found in the tropical [[rainforest]], and most are from the [[tropic]]s and subtropics, but some come from tropical dry, xeric environments. There are also some [[perennial plant|perennial]] herbs from [[temperate zone]]s. Many of these plants have milky sap; and many species are poisonous if ingested. Some genera of Apocynaceae, such as ''Adenium'' however, have either clear and milky, latex sap, and others, such as ''Pachypodium'', always have clear sap.

==Taxonomy==
The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera. The family [[Asclepiadaceae]] is now, according to [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|AGP II]] included in the '''Apocynaceae''' (Endress & Bruyns, 2000).

There are five subfamilies:
*[[Rauvolfioideae]]
*[[Apocynoideae]]
*[[Periplocoideae]]
*[[Secamonoideae]]
*[[Asclepiadoideae]]

The former two sub-families were part of the Apocynaceae ''sensu stricto'', whilst the latter three sub-families used to belong to the Asclepiadaceae. The Apocynaceae is the result of a conflation of the two families.

==Distribution==
[[Image:Flower-01-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|''Wrightia antidysenterica'']]
Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions:
*In the rainforests and swamps of India and Malaya: small to very tall evergreen trees, often with buttress roots, such as ''[[Alstonia]]'' and ''[[Dyera]]''.
*In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as ''[[Cerbera]]'' and ''[[Ochrosia]]''.
*In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as ''[[Carissa]]'', ''[[Wrightia]]'' and ''[[Holarrhena]]''.
*In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as ''[[Rauwolfia]]'', ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' and ''[[Acokanthera]]''.
*In Central America: ''[[Plumeria]]'', or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.
*In South America, Africa and Madagascar: many [[liana]]s such as ''[[Landolphia]]''.
*In the Mediterranean region: ''Nerium'', with the well-known [[oleander]] or Be-still tree (''Nerium oleander'').
*The only genera found in temperate [[Europe]] away from the Mediterranean are ''[[Vinca]]'' (Apocynoideae) and ''[[Vincetoxicum]]'' (Asclepiadoideae).
*In North America: ''[[Apocynum]]'', dogbane or Indian hemp, including ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]'', a traditional source of fiber.
*In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) and Madgascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of the eastern side of Madgascar, and never above 2000 m for the entire island: ''[[Pachypodium]]''.

==Characteristics==
The [[leaf|leave]]s are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking [[stipule]]s. [[Flower]]s are usually showy, radially symmetrical (''actinomorphic''), aggregated in cymose or racemose [[inflorescence]]s (rarely fasciculate or solitary). They are [[Perfect flower|perfect]] (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. The [[stamen]]s are inserted on the inside of the corolla tube. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is usually superior.

The fruit is a [[drupe]], a [[berry]], a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] or a [[follicle]].

==Genera==
===Apocynoideae===
{| border="0"
|''[[Acokanthera]]''
|''[[Adenium]]''
|''[[Aganonerion]]''
|''[[Aganosma]]''
|-
|''[[Alafia]]''
|''[[Allamanda]]''
|''[[Allomarkgrafia]]''
|''[[Allowoodsonia]]''
|-
|''[[Alstonia]]''
|''[[Alyxia]]''
|''[[Amocalyx]]''
|''[[Ambelania]]''
|-
|''[[Amsonia]]''
|''[[Ancylobotrys]]''
|''[[Anechites]]''
|''[[Angadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Anodendron]]''
|''[[Apocynum]]''
|''[[Arduina (genus)|Arduina]]''
|''[[Artia]]''
|-
|''[[Asketanthera]]''
|''[[Aspidosperma]]''
|''[[Baissea]]''
|''[[Beaumontia]]''
|-
|''[[Bousigonia]]''
|''[[Cabucala]]''
|''[[Callichilia]]''
|''[[Calocrater]]''
|-
|''[[Cameraria]]''
|''[[Carissa]]''
|''[[Carpodinus]]''
|''[[Carruthersia]]''
|-
|''[[Carvalhoa]]''
|''[[Catharanthus]]''
|''[[Cerbera]]''
|''[[Cerberiopsis]]''
|-
|''[[Chamaeclitandra]]''
|''[[Chilocarpus]]''
|''[[Chonemorpha]]''
|''[[Cleghornia]]''
|-
|''[[Clitandra]]''
|''[[Condylocarpon]]''
|''[[Couma]]''
|''[[Craspidospermum]]''
|-
|''[[Crioceras]]''
|''[[Cycladenia]]''
|''[[Cyclocotyla]]''
|''[[Cylindropsis]]''
|-
|''[[Delphyodon]]''
|''[[Dewevrella]]''
|''[[Dictyophleba]]''
|''[[Dipladenia]]''
|-
|''[[Diplorhynchus]]''
|''[[Dyera]]''
|''[[Ecdysanthera]]''
|''[[Echites]]''
|-
|''[[Elytropus]]''
|''[[Epigynium]]''
|''[[Eucorymbia]]''
|''[[Farquharia]]''
|-
|''[[Fernaldia]]''
|''[[Forsteronia]]''
|''[[Funtumia]]''
|''[[Galactophora]]''
|-
|''[[Geissospermum]]''
|''[[Gonioma]]''
|''[[Grisseea]]''
|''[[Gymnema]]''
|-
|''[[Hancornia]]''
|''[[Haplophyton]]''
|''[[Himatanthus]]''
|''[[Holarrhena]]''
|-
|''[[Hunteria]]''
|''[[Hymenolophus]]''
|''[[Ichnocarpus]]''
|''[[Isonema]]''
|-
|''[[Ixodonerium]]''
|''[[Kamettia]]''
|''[[Kibatalia]]''
|''[[Kopsia]]''
|-
|''[[Lacmellea]]''
|''[[Landolphia]]''
|''[[Laubertia]]''
|''[[Laxoplumeria]]''
|-
|''[[Lepinia]]''
|''[[Lepiniopsis]]''
|''[[Leuconotis]]''
|''[[Lochnera]]''
|-
|''[[Lyonsia]]''
|''[[Macoubea]]''
|''[[Macropharynx]]''
|''[[Macrosiphonia]]''
|-
|''[[Malouetia]]''
|''[[Mandevilla]]''
|''[[Mascarenhasia]]''
|''[[Melodinus]]''
|-
|''[[Mesechites]]''
|''[[Micrechtites]]''
|''[[Microplumeria]]''
|''[[Molongum]]''
|-
|''[[Mortoniella]]''
|''[[Motandra]]''
|''[[Mucoa]]''
|''[[Neobracea]]''
|-
|''[[Neocouma]]''
|''[[Nerium]]''
|''[[Nouettea]]''
|''[[Ochrosia]]''
|-
|''[[Odontadenia]]''
|''[[Oncinotis]]''
|''[[Orthopichonia]]''
|''[[Pachypodium]]''
|-
|''[[Pachouria]]''
|''[[Papuechites]]''
|''[[Parahancornia]]''
|''[[Parameria]]''
|-
|''[[Parepigynum]]''
|''[[Parsonsia]]''
|''[[Peltastes]]''
|''[[Pentalinon]]''
|-
|''[[Petchia]]''
|''[[Picralima]]''
|''[[Plectaneia]]''
|''[[Pleiocarpa]]''
|-
|''[[Pleioceras]]''
|''[[Plumeria]]''
|''[[Pottsia]]''
|''[[Prestonia (genus)|Prestonia]]''
|-
|''[[Pycnobotrya]]''
|''[[Quiotania]]''
|''[[Rauwolfia]]''
|''[[Rhabdadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Rhazya]]''
|''[[Rhigospira]]''
|''[[Rhodocalyx]]''
|''[[Rhyncodia]]''
|-
|''[[Saba (genus)|Saba]]''
|''[[Schizozygia]]''
|''[[Secondatia]]''
|-
|''[[Sindechites]]''
|''[[Skytanthus]]''
|''[[Spirolobium]]''
|''[[Spongiosperma]]''
|-
|''[[Stemmadenia]]''
|''[[Stephanostegia]]''
|''[[Stephanostema]]''
|''[[Stipecoma]]''
|-
|''[[Strempeliopsis]]''
|''[[Strophanthus]]''
|''[[Tabernaemontana]]''
|''[[Tabernanthe]]''
|-
|''[[Temnadenia]]''
|''[[Thenardia]]''
|''[[Thevetia]]''
|''[[Tintinnabularia]]''
|-
|''[[Trachelospermum]]''
|''[[Urceola]]''
|''[[Urnularia]]''
|''[[Vahadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Vallariopsis]]''
|''[[Vallaris]]''
|''[[Vallesia]]''
|''[[Vinca]]''
|-
|''[[Voacanga]]''
|''[[Willughbeia]]''
|''[[Woytkowskia]]''
|''[[Wrightia]]''
|-
|''[[Xylinabaria]]''
|''[[Xylinabariopsis]]''
|
|}

The following genera used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceae :
* ''[[Araujia]]''
* ''[[Asclepias]]'' (subfamily Asclepiadoideae)
* ''[[Caralluma]]''
* ''[[Ceropegia]]''
* ''[[Cionura]]''
* ''[[Cynanchum]]''
* ''[[Periploca]]'' (Subfamily Periplocoideae)
* ''[[Vincetoxicum]]''

==Uses==
[[Image:Vinca major0.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Vinca major|Large Periwinkle]] ''Vinca major'', a popular garden plant]]
Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past.

The genera ''[[Carpodinus]]'', ''[[Landolphia]]'', ''[[Hancornia]]'', ''[[Funtumia]]'' and ''[[Mascarenhasia]]'' were used as a commercial source of inferior rubber.

The juice of ''[[Acokanthera]]'' species such as ''[[Acokanthera venenata|A. venenata]]'' and the milky juice of the [[Namibia]]n ''[[Pachypodium]]'' has been used as venom for arrow tips by the [[Bushmen]]. Some sources (Rapananrivo et al. on p. 5) state that ''Pachypodium'' do not have a milky sap.

Several genera are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, including ''[[Amsonia]]'' (bluestar), ''[[Nerium]]'' (oleander), ''[[Vinca]]'' (periwinkle), ''[[Carissa]]'' (Natal plum, an edible fruit), ''[[Allamanda]]'' (golden trumpet), ''[[Plumeria]]'' (frangipani), ''[[Thevetia]]'' (lucky nut), ''[[Mandevilla]]'' (Savannah flower).

''Rauvolfia cafra'' is the Quinine tree. ''Rauvolfia serpentina'' or Indian Snakeroot yields the [[alkaloid]]s [[reserpine]] and [[rescinnamine]].

Some are sources of drugs, such as [[cardiac glycoside]]s, affecting the heart function, including ''[[Acokanthera]]'', ''[[Apocynum]]'', ''[[Cerbera]]'', ''[[Nerium]]'', ''[[Thevetia]]'' and ''[[Strophantus]]''.

The genus ''[[Apocynum]]'' was used as a source of fiber by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].

The edible flower of [[Fernaldia pandurata]] (common name: Loroco) is a popular part of [[El Salvador]]ian and [[Guatemala]]n cooking.

==References==
* {{cite journal| author = Endress and Bruyns|title= A revised classification of the Apocynaceae| journal=Botanical Review|volume= 66|pages=1-56|year=2000}}
* Rapanarivo, S.H.J.V; Lavranos, J.J; Leeuwenberg, A.J.M.; AND Röösli, W. [Taxonomic revision of the genus Pachypodium. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo and A.J.M Leeuwenberg]; [The habitats of Pachyopdium species. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo]; [Cultivation. W. Röösli] (A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam, Brookfeild, 1999 p. 5) ". . . ''Adenium'' species have either clear sap or white latex. ''Pachypodium'' . . . always has clear sap".

==External links==
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/apocynac.htm Apocynaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).
*[http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/default.asp?table=Family&f=31&t=Apocynaceae UVSC Herbarium - Apocynaceae]
*[http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/research/databases/delta_as/index.htm The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Apocynaceae| ]]
[[Category:Gentianales]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__{{Plantbox
 | name = ''Apocynaceae''
-| common_names =     <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+| common_names = Dogbane family
 | color = IndianRed
 | image = Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:39, 13 May 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Apocynaceae (from the genus Apocynum, the ancient name of the dogbane, from the Greek). DogBane Family. Fig. 49. Herbs, shrubs or trees with milky juice, often climbing: leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, entire, exstipulate: flowers bisexual, regular; calyx 4-5-parted; corolla 4-5-lobed, hypogynous, gamopetalous, usually with appendages or folds in the throat, convolute or valvate; stamens 4-5, epipetalous, alternating with the corolla lobes; anthers usually sagittate and acute; pollen granular; hypogynous disk usually present and variously lobed; ovaries usually 2, rarely more or less united; mostly superior, each 1-celled, many-seeded, style 1, usually bearing a fleshy ring below the solitary stigma: fruit follicular with comose seeds, or indehiscent, or berry-like, or of nutlets, sometimes winged or prickly.
		+
		+	One hundred and thirty genera and about 1,000 species occur, mostly in tropical countries in both hemispheres. Five or 6 species reach northeastern North America. The family is related to the Asclepiadaceae and Gentianaceae. The milky juice, sagittate anthers, absence of corona, stylar ring, and usually separate ovaries but connate styles and stigmas, are important characteristics.
		+
		+	Many species of Landolphia yield commercial caoutchouc, as do also other genera, such as Urceola and Willoughbya. Some are very poisonous, e. g., Tanghinia of Madagascar; also Cerbera and Acocanthera. Tanghinia, the ordeal tree of Madagascar, "is the most poisonous of plants; a seed no larger than an almond suffices to kill twenty people." Death has followed the use of oleander wood as meat-skewers. An infusion of its leaves is an insecticide; of its bark, a rat-poison. Some are heart-poisons, for example Strophanthus and Aspidosperma (quebracho bark). The bark of Alstonia is a tonic. Allamanda cathartica is purgative. Several species furnish edible fruits tasting like citron. Wrightia tinctoria furnishes an indigo; W. tomentosa, a yellow dye.
		+
		+	About 20 to 25 genera are in cultivation in N. America as ornamental plants, mostly in the South or in the greenhouse. Among these are: Allamanda; Carissa (Caraunda, Christ’s Thorn); Amsonia; Apocynum (Dogbane); Nerium (Oleander); Tabernaemontana (Crape Jasmine, Nero's Crown); Trachelospermum (Star Jasmine); and Vinca (Periwinkle).
		+
		+	{{SCH}}
		+	}}
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen

Apocynaceae - Revision history

Raffi at 05:42, 14 May 2009

Raffi at 05:27, 14 May 2009

Irenet at 03:39, 13 May 2009

Envoy at 03:49, 6 September 2007