Ash tree - Revision history

Raffi at 02:04, 5 August 2010

2010-08-05T02:04:33Z

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Rajgopal at 10:24, 1 August 2010

2010-08-01T10:24:35Z

Raffi at 00:58, 19 August 2009

2009-08-19T00:58:01Z

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Christi at 07:05, 18 August 2009

2009-08-18T07:05:10Z

Christi at 07:04, 18 August 2009

2009-08-18T07:04:34Z

Christi at 07:03, 18 August 2009

2009-08-18T07:03:14Z

Christi at 06:27, 18 August 2009

2009-08-18T06:27:16Z

Raffi at 13:45, 4 April 2007

2007-04-04T13:45:20Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Ash
| image = Fraxinus excelsior.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = European Ash (''Fraxinus excelsior'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| familia = [[Oleaceae]]
| genus = '''''Fraxinus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort|Tourn.]] ex [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
[[Image:Ash flower.JPG|thumb|European Ash in flower]]
[[Image:NarrowleafAsh.jpg|thumb|Narrow-leafed Ash (''Fraxinus angustifolia'') shoot with leaves]]
[[Image:EurAshSeeds.jpg|thumb|Closeup of European Ash seeds]]
[[Image:Koeh-062.jpg|thumb|19th century illustration of Manna Ash (''Fraxinus ornus'')]]

An '''ash''' can be any of four different tree [[genus|genera]] from four very distinct [[family (biology)|families]] (see end of page for disambiguation), but originally and most commonly refers to trees of the genus ''Fraxinus'' in the [[olive]] family [[Oleaceae]]. The ashes are usually medium to large [[tree]]s, mostly [[deciduous]] though a few subtropical species are [[evergreen]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately-compound, simple in a few [[species]]. The [[seed]]s, popularly known as ''keys'', are a type of [[fruit]] known as a '''[[samara (fruit)|samara]]'''. The tree's common English name goes back to the Old English æsc.

==Selected species==
;Ashes of eastern [[North America]]
* ''[[Fraxinus americana]]'' White Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus caroliniana]]'' Water Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus nigra]]'' Black Ash or Swamp Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus pennsylvanica]]'' Green Ash (also includes Red Ash)
* ''[[Fraxinus profunda]]'' (syn. ''F. tomentosa'') Pumpkin Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus quadrangulata]]'' Blue Ash

;Ashes of western and southwestern [[North America]]
* ''[[Fraxinus anomala]]'' Single-leaf Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus cuspidata]]'' Fragrant Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus dipetala]]'' Two-petal Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus dubia]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus gooddingii]]'' Goodding's Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus greggii]]'' Gregg's Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus latifolia]]'' Oregon Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus lowellii]]'' Lowell Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus papillosa]]'' Chihuahua Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus purpusii]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus rufescens]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus texensis]]'' Mountain Ash or Texas Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus uhdei]]'' Shamel Ash or Tropical Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus velutina]]'' Velvet Ash

;Ashes of the Western [[Palearctic]] ([[Europe]], north [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]])
* ''[[Fraxinus angustifolia]]'' Narrow-leafed Ash
** ''[[Fraxinus angustifolia]]'' var. ''oxycarpa'' (syn. ''F. oxycarpa'') Caucasian Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'' European Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus holotricha]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'' Manna Ash or Flowering Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus pallisiae]]'' Pallis' Ash

;Ashes of the Eastern [[Palearctic]] (central & eastern [[Asia]])
* ''[[Fraxinus apertisquamifera]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus baroniana]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus bungeana]]'' Bunge's Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus chinensis]]'' Chinese Ash or Korean Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus chiisanensis]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus floribunda]]'' Himalayan Manna Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus griffithii]]'' Griffith's Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus hubeiensis]] ''
* ''[[Fraxinus lanuginosa]] ''
* ''[[Fraxinus longicuspis]]'' Japanese Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus malacophylla]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus mandshurica]]'' Manchurian Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus mariesii]]'' Chinese Flowering Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus micrantha]] ''
* ''[[Fraxinus paxiana]] ''
* ''[[Fraxinus platypoda]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus raibocarpa]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus sieboldiana]]'' Japanese Flowering Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus spaethiana]]'' Späth's Ash
* ''[[Fraxinus trifoliata]]''
* ''[[Fraxinus xanthoxyloides]]'' Afghan Ash

==Threats==
The [[emerald ash borer]] ''Agrilus planipennis'', a wood-boring [[beetle]] accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia with ash wood products in about [[1998]], has killed millions of trees in southeast [[Michigan]], adjacent [[Ontario]], and some isolated smaller areas on eastern North America. It threatens some 7 billion ash trees in North America. Ash is also used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Ashes]].

==Uses==
The [[wood]] is hard (a [[hardwood]]), tough and very strong but elastic, extensively used for making [[bow (weapon) |bows]], [[tool]] handles, quality wooden [[baseball bat]]s, [[hurley (stick)|hurley sticks]] and other uses demanding high strength and resilience. It is also used as material for the bodies of guitars, known for its bright, cutting tone and sustaining quality. It also makes excellent [[wood fuel#Firewood|firewood]]. The two most economically important species for wood production are White Ash in eastern North America, and European Ash in Europe. The Green Ash is widely planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the Blue Ash has been used as a source for a blue [[dye]].
The cortex (bark) of ''Fraxinus rhynchophylla'' HANCE (Chinese: Ku li bai la shu), ''Fraxinus chinensis'' ROXB. (Chinese: Bai la shu), ''Fraxinus szaboana'' English (Chinese: Jian ye bai la shu) and ''Fraxinus stylosa'' English (Chinese: su zhu bai la shu)are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for diarrhea, dysenteric disorder, and vaginal discharge. It is also good for the eyes where there is symptoms of redness, swelling, and pain. The dosage is 6-12 grams.

==Cultural aspects==
In [[Norse mythology]], the World Tree [[Yggdrasil]] is commonly held to be an ash tree, and the first man, [[Ask and Embla|Ask]], was formed from an ash tree (the first woman was made from [[elm]]). Elsewhere in Europe, [[snake]]s were said to be repelled by ash leaves or a circle drawn by an ash branch. Irish folklore claims that shadows from an ash tree damage crops. In [[Cheshire]], it is said that ash could be used to cure warts or rickets. See also [[Æ|the letter ash]].

In [[Greek mythology]], the [[Meliai]] were nymphs of the ash, perhaps specifically of the Manna Ash (''Fraxinus ornus''), as [[dryad]]s were nymphs of the oak. Many echoes of archaic Hellene rites and myth involve ash trees.

==Other name uses (Green Tree)==
In [[North America]], the name "Mountain ash" is applied to species of the genus ''[[Sorbus]]'', more commonly known in the UK as [[Rowan]]s and [[Whitebeam]]s, and the name "[[Prickly ash]]" is applied to ''[[Zanthoxylum]] americanum''. In [[Australia]], many common [[eucalyptus]] species are called ''ash'' because they too produce hard, fine-grained timber. The best known of these is the [[Eucalyptus regnans|Mountain Ash]], the tallest [[angiosperm|broadleaf]] tree in the world..

[[Category:Oleaceae]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:24, 1 August 2010
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		+	{{SPlantbox
		+	\|familia=Oleaceae
		+	\|genus=Fraxinus
		+	\|Temp Metric=°F
		+	\|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
		+	\|image=Upload.png
		+	\|image_width=240
		+	}}
	__NOTOC__{{Plantbox		__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
	\| name = ''Fraxinus''		\| name = ''Fraxinus''

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 The ashes grow in almost any moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more moisture-loving, while F. oxycarpa, F. ornus, F. syriaca and F. cuspidata grow well even in drier situations. They are usually readily transplanted and grow rapidly when young. Propagation is by seeds gathered in fall and sown immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered with about 1 inch of good soil; sometimes they remain dormant until the second year. The varieties and rarer kinds are budded in late summer or grafted in spring on the seedlings of any of the common species.
+}}
 F. angustifolia, Vahl. Closely related to F. oxycarpa. Lfts. 7-13, elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, serrate, ½ - 1 ½ in. long: fr. obtuse at the base. S. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. Var. auttralis, Schncid. (F. australis, Gay). Lfts. below and rachia hairy. — F. argtntea, Loisel., is a variety of F. Ornus, not in cult., but in gardens often other ashes, especially variegated forms, are cult, under this name. — F . australis, Gay=F. angustifolia var. australis. — F. Berlandieriana, DC. Allied to F. lanceolata. Tree, to 70 ft. : lfts. 3-6, ovate or obovate, serrate, downy along the veins beneath, to 4 in. long. Texas to Mex.S.S. 6:273.— F. bracteata, Hemsl.=F. Griffithii. — F . coriacea, Wats. Allied to F. velutina. Tree, to 30 ft. : lfts. 5, sub-coriaceous, ovate to oblong, acute, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, glabrous or pubescent below. S.Calif, to Utah, Ariz., Nev. S.S. 14:713. F. dimorpha, Coss. A Dur.=F. xanthoxyloides var. dimorpha. — F . dipetala, Hook. A Arn. Allied to F. cuspidata. Shrub: lfts. 5-7. elliptic or ovate, serrate or entire, ½  - 2 in. long: fls. with 2 obovate petals. Calif., Men. S.S. 6:261. Tender. — F. floribunda, Wall. Allied to F. longicuspis. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, ovate- lanceolate, serrate, reticulate beneath, 2-4 in. long: panicles large, to 10 in. long; petals oblong. Himalayas. Tender. — F. floridana, Sarg.=F. pauciflora. — F. Greggii, Gray. Allied to F. cuspidata. Small tree: lfts. 3-7, oblong-obovate, crenately serrate, or entire, ½ -1 in. long: fr. linear-oblong, emarginate. 8.8.6:262. G.F. 2:451.— F. Griffithii, Clarke (F. bracteata, Hemsl.). Allied to F. mariesii. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 5-7, subcoriaceous, elliptic to ovate- lanceolate, lustrous above, bright green below and pubescent on the veins, 2—1 in. long: infl. 6-8 in. high, with persistent lanceolate bracts; petals 4: fr. spatulate. Cent. China, Himalayas, Java. — F. hololricha. Koehne. Allied to F. potamophila. Tree: lfts. 9-13, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pubescent on both sides, 1 ½ -3 in, long: fls. in 10-fld. racemes; ovary pubescent. Origin unknown. — F. hybrida, Lingelsh. =F. pauciflora. — F. pauciflora, Nutt. (F. floridana, Sarg. F. hybrida, Lingelsh.). Allied to F. caroliniana. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 3-5, oblong, acuminate, cuneate at the base, tomentose below: fr. oblong-lanceolate, rounded or emarginate at the apex. Ga. to Fla. S.S. 14:717.— F. paxidna, Lingelsh. Allied to F. longicuspis. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 7-0. sessile, ovate, crenulate, 4-7 in. long: panicle large and dense: fr. 1-1 ¼ in. long, 1/5 in. broad. Cent. China, Himalayas. — F. platypoda, Oliver. Allied to F. americana. Tree: petioles enlarged and winged at the base; lfts. 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, hairy along the midrib below, 2-4 in.: fr. narrow-oblong, acute. Cent. China. H.I. 20:1929. — F. pro/Undo, Bush. Allied to F. pennsylvanica. Lfts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 3-6 in. long, tomentose beneath: fr. 2-2 ½ in., with decurrent wing. Ind., Ark., to Fla. S.S. 14:714-5. — F. pubinersis. Blume. Allied to F. longicuspis. Lfts, usually 9, ovate to oblong-ovate, serrate with incurved teeth, pubescent on the veins below, 3-5 in. long: fr. oblanceolate. Japan.—F. raibocarpa, Regel. Shrub; lfts. 3-7, oblong or oblong-obovate, usually entire, obtuse, 1-2 in. long: fr. strongly falcate with obovate not decurrent wing. Turkestan, Bukhar.—F. retusa, Champ. Allied to F. mariesii. Tree: lfts. about 5, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, reticulate, 2-3 in. long. Hongkong. Var. Henryana, Oliver. Shrub or tree, to 35 ft.: lfta. slender-stalked, oblong to lanceolate, serrulate, 3-5 in. long: panicle dense, 4-6 in. long: ¼ - 1 in. long, emarginate. Cent. China. H.I. 20:1930. Only the variety is in cult.—F. sogdiana, Bunge. Allied to F. potamophila. Lfts. 7-11, ovate-lanceolate, bright green: fr. 1 ¼  in. long, obtuse or emarginate. Turkestan.—F. texensis. Sarg. Allied to F. americana. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 5, broadly oval or ovate, rounded or acute at the apex. 1 ½ - 2 ½ in. long. Texas. S.S. 6:270.—F. theophrastii, Nouv. Duh., is a variety of F. ornus, but in gardens other forms are sometimes cult, under this name.—F. xanthoxyloides, Wrall. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft.:
 rachia narrowly winged: lfts. 5-9, oblong, crenulate-serrate,

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 Alfred Rehder.
 }}
 {{Taxobox

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 The ashes grow in almost any moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more moisture-loving, while F. oxycarpa, F. ornus, F. syriaca and F. cuspidata grow well even in drier situations. They are usually readily transplanted and grow rapidly when young. Propagation is by seeds gathered in fall and sown immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered with about 1 inch of good soil; sometimes they remain dormant until the second year. The varieties and rarer kinds are budded in late summer or grafted in spring on the seedlings of any of the common species.
 }}
 {{Taxobox

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:27, 18 August 2009
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		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Fraxinus (ancient Latin name). Oleaceae. Ash. Interesting trees grown chiefly for their handsome pinnate leaves and some species also for the conspicuous panicles of white flowers.
		+
		+	Deciduous: lvs. opposite, odd-pinnate, without stipules: fls. in panicles, dioecious or polygamous, with or without calyx or with calyx and a 2-6-parted corolla with generally linear segms.; stamens generally 2; ovary 2-celled: fr. a 1-seeded, winged samara.—About 50 species in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere south to Cuba; 16 of them occur in the U. S.
		+
		+	The ashes are ornamental trees, most of them hardy, with rather large leaves and small flowers in panicles, either appearing before the leaves and greenish, or in the subgenus Ornus after or with leaves and whitish in showy panicles: the winged fruit is insignificant. They are valuable as street and park trees, and grow mostly into tall, pyramidal or broad-headed trees, with rather light green foliage, which turns yellow or dark purple in fall or remains green, as in F. excelsior and F. ornus. The ash is seldom severely injured, though a number of insects and fungi prey on the leaves and wood, of which two borers, and a fungus attacking the leaves are perhaps the most obnoxious. Most of the species are hardy North except those from the southern states, southern Europe and Himalayas; of the subgenus Ornus, F. bungeana and F. longicuspis seem to be the hardiest. The ashes are important forest trees, and the straight- grained and tough wood is much used for handles of tools, in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, for the interior finish of houses, and for furniture, for baskets and also for fuel. From F. Ornus manna is obtained as an exudation of the trunk, and some Chinese species, especially F. chinensis and F. mariesii, yield the Chinese white wax.
		+
		+	The ashes grow in almost any moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more moisture-loving, while F. oxycarpa, F. ornus, F. syriaca and F. cuspidata grow well even in drier situations. They are usually readily transplanted and grow rapidly when young. Propagation is by seeds gathered in fall and sown immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered with about 1 inch of good soil; sometimes they remain dormant until the second year. The varieties and rarer kinds are budded in late summer or grafted in spring on the seedlings of any of the common species.
		+	}}
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen