Asimina triloba - Revision history

Raffi at 22:34, 28 January 2010

2010-01-28T22:34:13Z

Murali.lalitha at 12:27, 27 January 2010

2010-01-27T12:27:07Z

Envoy at 04:08, 30 September 2007

2007-09-30T04:08:06Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Pawpaw
| image = Asimina_triloba3.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Common Pawpaw in fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Magnoliales]]
| familia = [[Annonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Asimina]]''
| species = '''''A. triloba'''''
| binomial = ''Asimina triloba''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]) [[Michel Félix Dunal]]
}}

The '''Common pawpaw''' (''Asimina triloba'') is a species of [[Asimina|pawpaw]], native to eastern [[North America]], from southernmost [[Ontario]] and [[New York]] west to eastern [[Nebraska]], and south to northern [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]].

==Description==
Pawpaw is a large [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to a height of 11 meters (rarely to 14 m) with a trunk diameter of 20-30 cm.

The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], spirally arranged, broad lanceolate, 15-30 cm long, with an acute apex and an entire margin.

The [[flower]]s are produced in early spring at the same time as or slightly before the new leaves appear, each flower dark red, 2-5 cm diameter, with three sepals and six petals; they have a fetid smell.

The [[fruit]] is a large yellow-green [[berry]] 5-15 cm long, containing several brown, 15-25 mm diameter [[seed]]s embedded in the soft, edible fruit pulp.

== Conservation status ==
On a global scale, the common pawpaw has a Global [[GRANK]] of G5 (Very Common).

The common pawpaw is considered a [[threatened species]] in [[New York]], and an [[endangered species]] in [[New Jersey]].

In [[Canada]], it is only found in portions of southern [[Ontario]], where it has a National [[NRANK]] of N3 (Vulnerable) and a Provincial [[SRANK]] of S3 (Vulnerable). The [[Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] has given ''A. triloba'' a general status of "Sensitive", and its populations are monitored.

== Biochemistry ==
The fruit is rich in [[fatty acid]]s, the major one being [[octanoate]]. They also contain ''cis''-δ9- and ''cis''-δ11-[[hexadecenoate]], ''cis''-δ9-, ''cis''-δ11- and ''cis''-δ13-[[octadecenoate]].

The seeds have [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15730242&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum been shown] to contain the chemicals [[asimitrin]] (an adjacent ring-hydroxylated ''bis''-[[tetrahydrofuran]] acetogenin) and [[4-hydroxytrilobin]] (an adjacent ''bis''-THF ring with two flanking hydroxyl groups and an α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone with a 4-hydroxyl group). These chemicals seem to have selective [[cytotoxicity]] against [[prostate]] [[adenocarcinoma]] (PC-3) and [[colon]] adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell lines, thus may become a useful [[chemotherapy|chemotherapeutic]] chemical for these types of [[cancer]].

The leaves also [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9917274&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum contain] toxic annonaceous [[acetogenin]]s, making them impalatable to most insects. The one notable exception is the zebra swallowtail butterfly (''[[Eurytides marcellus]]''), whose [[larva]]e feed on the leaves. This confers protection from [[predation]] throughout the butterfly's life, as trace amounts of acetogenins remain present, making them impalatable to birds and other predators.

The [[bark]] contains other acetogenins, including [[asimin]], [[asiminacin]] and [[asiminecin]], which have [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8027979&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum been shown] to be potent inhibitors of [[mitochondria]]l [[NADH]]:[[ubiquinone oxidoreductase]], making ''A. triloba'' a promising source of [[pesticide]] and anti-[[tumour]] compounds.

==References and external links==

*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220001231 Flora of North America: ''Asimina triloba'']
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch?keywordquery=Asimina+triloba&mode=sciname&submit.x=17&submit.y=9 USDA Plants Profile: ''Asimina triloba'']
* [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/astr.htm ''Asimina triloba'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
* [http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=69000 Natural Heritage Information Centre / ''Centre d'information des heritages naturelles'' — '''''Asimina triloba''''']. [[Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] / ''Ministère des richesses naturelles''. Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2002. Accessed 4 May 2006.
* {{cite journal |quotes=no |last=Kim |first=E.J. |authorlink= |coauthors=K.M. Suh, D.H. Kim, E.J. Jung, C.S. Seo, J.K. Son, M.H. Woo and J.L McLaughlin |year=2005 |month=February |title=Asimitrin and 4-hydroxytrilobin, new bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of ''Asimina triloba'' possessing a ''bis''-tetrahydrofuran ring |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=194-7 |id= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15730242&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum |accessdate= }}
* J.M. Martin, S.R. Madigosky, Z.M. Gu, D. Zhou, J. Wu and J.L. McLaughlin. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9917274&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum Chemical defense in the zebra swallowtail butterfly, ''Eurytides marcellus'', involving annonaceous acetogenins]. Journal of Natural Products. 1999 Jan; 62(1):2-4.
* G.X. Zhao, L.R. Miesbauer, D.L. Smith and J.L. McLaughlin. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8027979&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum Asimin, asiminacin, and asiminecin: novel highly cytotoxic asimicin isomers from ''Asimina triloba''.] [[Journal of Medicinal Chemistry]]. 1994 Jun 24; 37(13):1971-6.

{{commons|Asimina triloba}}

[[Category:Magnoliales]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
-|genus=Asimina
+|familia=Annonaceae
 |species=triloba
 |Temp Metric=°F
 |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Asimina_triloba3.jpg
 |image_width=240
 }}
 The '''Common pawpaw''' (''Asimina triloba'') is a species of [[Asimina|pawpaw]], native to eastern [[North America]], from southernmost [[Ontario]] and [[New York]] west to eastern [[Nebraska]], and south to northern [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]].
 Pawpaw is a large [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to a height of 11 meters (rarely to 14 m) with a trunk diameter of 20-30 cm.
-The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], spirally arranged, broad lanceolate, 15-30 cm long, with an acute apex and an entire margin.
+The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], spirally arranged, broad [[lanceolate]], 15-30 cm long, with an acute apex and an entire margin.
 The [[flower]]s are produced in early spring at the same time as or slightly before the new leaves appear, each flower dark red, 2-5 cm diameter, with three sepals and six petals; they have a fetid smell.
@@ Line 39: / Line 21: @@
 The [[fruit]] is a large yellow-green [[berry]] 5-15 cm long, containing several brown, 15-25 mm diameter [[seed]]s embedded in the soft, edible fruit pulp.
-== Conservation status ==
+{{Inc|
-On a global scale, the common pawpaw has a Global [[GRANK]] of G5 (Very Common).
+Asimina triloba, Dunal (Annonalrtloba, Linn.). Fig. 401. Small tree, 10-40 ft. : Lvs. cunéate, obovate-oblong, acute, ½-1 ft. long, glabrous: fls. with the Lvs. from branches of the previous year, green when expanding, changing to purplish red, with yellow in the middle, 2 in. broad: fr.oblong, 2-6 in. long, dark brown. S. states, north to N. Y., west to Mich, and Kan.—This is the only arborescent species of the genus. It is well worth a place in the garden, for its large foliage is very handsome and the fls., appearing in the early spring, are attractive. The large fr. is edible, and may be still improved by cult, and careful selection of the best varieties. Many persons do not relish the highly aromatic flavor; and the large seeds are a disadvantage. The tree has proved hardy in Mass, and Ont. One or 2 named forms have been offered.
-In [[Canada]], it is only found in portions of southern [[Ontario]], where it has a National [[NRANK]] of N3 (Vulnerable) and a Provincial [[SRANK]] of S3 (Vulnerable). The [[Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] has given ''A. triloba'' a general status of &quot;Sensitive&quot;, and its populations are monitored.
+===Pests and diseases===
-The seeds have [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15730242&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum been shown] to contain the chemicals [[asimitrin]] (an adjacent ring-hydroxylated ''bis''-[[tetrahydrofuran]] acetogenin) and [[4-hydroxytrilobin]] (an adjacent ''bis''-THF ring with two flanking hydroxyl groups and an α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone with a 4-hydroxyl group). These chemicals seem to have selective [[cytotoxicity]] against [[prostate]] [[adenocarcinoma]] (PC-3) and [[colon]] adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell lines, thus may become a useful [[chemotherapy|chemotherapeutic]] chemical for these types of [[cancer]].
+==Varieties==
-The [[bark]] contains other acetogenins, including [[asimin]], [[asiminacin]] and [[asiminecin]], which have [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8027979&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum been shown] to be potent inhibitors of [[mitochondria]]l [[NADH]]:[[ubiquinone oxidoreductase]], making ''A. triloba'' a promising source of [[pesticide]] and anti-[[tumour]] compounds.
+==Gallery==
-==References and external links==
+<gallery perrow=5>
-*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220001231 Flora of North America: ''Asimina triloba'']
+==References==
-* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch?keywordquery=Asimina+triloba&mode=sciname&submit.x=17&submit.y=9 USDA Plants Profile: ''Asimina triloba'']
+<references/>
-* [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/astr.htm ''Asimina triloba'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
-* [http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=69000 Natural Heritage Information Centre / ''Centre d'information des heritages naturelles'' — '''''Asimina triloba'''''].  [[Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] / ''Ministère des richesses naturelles''.  Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2002.  Accessed 4 May 2006.
+<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
-* {{cite journal |quotes=no |last=Kim |first=E.J. |authorlink= |coauthors=K.M. Suh, D.H. Kim, E.J. Jung, C.S. Seo, J.K. Son, M.H. Woo and J.L McLaughlin |year=2005 |month=February |title=Asimitrin and 4-hydroxytrilobin, new bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of ''Asimina triloba'' possessing a ''bis''-tetrahydrofuran ring |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=194-7 |id= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15730242&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum |accessdate= }}
+<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
-* J.M. Martin, S.R. Madigosky, Z.M. Gu, D. Zhou, J. Wu and J.L. McLaughlin.  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9917274&query_hl=33&itool=pubmed_docsum Chemical defense in the zebra swallowtail butterfly, ''Eurytides marcellus'', involving annonaceous acetogenins].  Journal of Natural Products.  1999 Jan; 62(1):2-4.
+<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
-{{commons|Asimina triloba}}
+==External links==
-[[Category:Magnoliales]]
+{{stub}}
-[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
+__NOTOC__

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Taxobox
 | color = lightgreen
@@ Line 32: / Line 44: @@
 The common pawpaw is considered a [[threatened species]] in [[New York]], and an [[endangered species]] in [[New Jersey]].
-In [[Canada]], it is only found in portions of southern [[Ontario]], where it has a National [[NRANK]] of N3 (Vulnerable) and a Provincial [[SRANK]] of S3 (Vulnerable). The [[Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] has given ''A. triloba'' a general status of "Sensitive", and its populations are monitored.
+In [[Canada]], it is only found in portions of southern [[Ontario]], where it has a National [[NRANK]] of N3 (Vulnerable) and a Provincial [[SRANK]] of S3 (Vulnerable). The [[Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario)|Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] has given ''A. triloba'' a general status of &quot;Sensitive&quot;, and its populations are monitored.
 == Biochemistry ==