Basil - Revision history

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{{convertIPA}}
{{otheruses}}

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Basil
| image = Basil_1511.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| familia = [[Lamiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Ocimum]]''
| species = '''''O. basilicum'''''
| binomial = ''Ocimum basilicum''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''Basil''' (''Ocimum basilicum'') (pronounced BAY-zl or BAZZ-il), of the [[Family (biology)|Family]] [[Lamiaceae]], is also known as

'''Sweet Basil''' or '''Tulsi'''. It is a tender low-growing [[herb]] that is grown as a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] in warm, tropical climates. Basil is originally native to [[India]] and other tropical regions of [[Asia]], having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. It is prominently featured in varied cuisines throughout the world including [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Cuisine of Thailand|Thai]], [[Cuisine of Vietnam|Vietnamese]] and [[Cuisine of Laos|Laotian]]. It grows to between 20–60 cm tall, with opposite, light green, silky [[leaf|leaves]] 1.5–5 cm long and 1–3 cm broad. The flowers are quite big, white in color and arranged in a terminal [[raceme|spike]]. Unusual among [[Lamiaceae]], the four [[stamen]]s and the [[pistil]] are not pushed under the upper lip of the [[corolla]], but lay over the inferior. After [[entomophily|entomophilous]] pollination, the corolla falls off and four round [[achene]]s develop inside the bilabiate [[calyx (botany)|calyx]]. The plant tastes somewhat like [[anise]], with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. Basil is very sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. While most common varieties are treated as [[annual plant|annual]]s, some are [[perennial plant|perennial]], including African Blue and Holy Thai basil.

The word ''basil'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] βασιλεύς (''basileus''), meaning "king", as it is believed to have grown above the spot where [[Constantine I|St. Constantine]] and [[Helena of Constantinople|Helen]] discovered the [[True Cross|Holy Cross]]. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' quotes speculations that basil may have been used in "some royal unguent, bath, or medicine". Basil is still considered the "king of herbs" by many cookery authors. An alternative etymology has "basil" coming from the [[Latin]] word ''basilicus'', meaning [[dragon]] and being the root for [[basilisk]], but this likely was a linguistic reworking of the word as brought from [[Greece]].

[[Image:Basil leaves.jpg|thumb|left|Fresh basil leaves.]]

==Culinary use==
[[Image:Basilic-spice.jpg|thumb|left|Dried basil leaves.]]
Basil is most commonly recommended to be used fresh; in cooked recipes it is generally added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavour. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator, or for a longer period in the freezer, after being blanched quickly in boiling water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavour, and what little flavour remains tastes very different, with a weak [[coumarin]] flavour, like [[hay]].

Mediterranean and Indochinese cuisines frequently use basil, the former frequently combining it with [[tomato]]. Basil is one of the main ingredients in [[pesto]]—a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce from the city of [[Genoa]], its other two main ingredients being olive oil and pine nuts. The most commonly used Mediterranean basil [[cultivar]]s are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "African Blue". [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] also use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods. In [[Taiwan]], people add fresh basil leaves into thick soups (羹湯; gēngtāng). They also eat [[fried chicken]] with deep-fried basil leaves.

Basil is sometimes used with fresh fruit and in fruit jams and sauces—in particular with strawberries, but also raspberries or dark-colored plums. Arguably the flat-leaf basil used in Vietnamese cooking, which has a slightly different flavour, is more suitable for use with fruit.

===Basil seeds===
[[Image:Basil seed drink.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A can of basil seed drink.]]
When soaked in water the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous, and are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as [[falooda]] or [[sherbet (drink)|sherbet]]. Such seeds are known variously as ''sabja'', ''subja'', ''takmaria'', ''tukmaria'', ''falooda'', or ''hột é''. They are used for their medicinal properties in [[Ayurveda]], the traditional medicinal system of [[India]].

==Other basils==
:See [[List of basil cultivars]]
Several other basils, including some other ''Ocimum'' species, are grown in many regions of [[Asia]]. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the '''holy basil''' or [[tulsi]], a revered home-grown plant in [[India]]. In [[China]], the local cultivar is called 九層塔 (''jiǔcéngtǎ''; literally "nine-level [[pagoda]]"), while the imported varieties are specifically called 羅勒 (''luólè'') or 巴西里 (''bāxīlǐ''), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant--parsley.

'Lemon basil' has a strong lemony smell and flavour very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called [[citral]]. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called ''kemangi'' and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.

==Chemical components==
The various basils have such different scents because the herb has a number of different [[essential oil]]s which come together in different proportions for various breeds. The strong [[clove]] scent of sweet basil comes from [[eugenol]], the same chemical as actual cloves. The citrus scent of lemon basil and lime basil is because they have a higher portion of [[citral]] which causes this effect in several plants, including [[lemon mint]], and [[limonene]], which gives actual lemon peel its scent. African blue basil has a strong [[camphor]] smell because it has camphor and [[camphene]] in higher proportions. Licorice Basil contains [[anethole]], the same chemical that makes [[anise]] smell like [[licorice]], and in fact is sometimes called Anise Basil.

Other chemicals helping produce the distinctive scents of many basils, depending on their proportion in each specific breed, including:

* [[cinnamate]] (same as in [[cinnamon]])
* [[citronellol]] ([[geranium]]s, [[rose]]s, and [[citronella]])
* [[geraniol]] (as in [[geranium]])
* [[linalool]] (a flowery scent also in [[coriander]])
* [[methyl chavicol]] (which gives [[tarragon]] its scent)
* [[myrcene]] ([[bay]], [[myrcia]])
* [[pinene]] (which is, as the name implies, the chemical which gives pine oil its scent)
* [[ocimene]]
* [[terpene|terpineol]]

== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Basil sprout.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Basil sprout at an early stage]]
Basil thrives in hot weather, but behaves as an [[annual plant|annual]] if there is any chance of a frost. In Northern Europe, the northern states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand it will grow best if sown under glass in a peat pot, then planted out in late spring/early summer (when there is little chance of a frost). It fares best in a well-drained sunny spot.

Although basil will grow best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot and, like most herbs, will do best on a south-facing windowsill (in the Northern Hemisphere). It should be kept away from extremely cold drafts, and grows best in strong sunlight, therefore a [[greenhouse]] or [[Row cover|cloche]] is ideal if available. They can, however, be grown even in a basement, under fluorescent lights.

If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant needs more sunlight or less fertilizer.

In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the southern states of the U.S., the North Island of New Zealand, and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It also thrives over the summertime in the central and northern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach freezing point, to grow again the next year if allowed to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates.

Basil can also be propagated very reliably from cuttings in exactly the same manner as "Busy Lizzie" (Impatiens), with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks or so in water until roots develop.

If a stem successfully produces mature flowers, leaf production slows or stops on any stem which flowers, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines.To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds.

Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds which can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps "promote growth", largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.

===Diseases===

Basil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin the crop and reduce [[yield]]. [[Fusarium wilt]] is a soilbourne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants. [[Seedling]]s may also be killed by [[Pythium]] [[damping off]].

A common [[foliage|foliar]] disease of basil is [[gray mold]] caused by ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', can also cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant. [[Black spot]] can also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the [[fungi]] [[genus]] ''[[Colletotrichum]]''.

==Health issues==
Basil, like other aromatic plants such as [[fennel]] and [[tarragon]], contains [[estragole]], a known [[carcinogen]] and [[Teratogenesis|teratogen]] in rats and mice. While human effects are currently unstudied, the rodent experiments indicate that it would take 100–1000 times the normal anticipated exposure to become a cancer risk.
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/hmpwp/033803en.pdf
|title=Position Paper on the use of HMP containing estragole
|accessdate=2006-11-17
|author=EMEA
|date=2004-03-03
|format=PDF
|pages=5
|quote=In particular, rodent studies show that these events are minimal probably in the dose range of 1-10 mg/kg body weight, which is approximately 100-1000 times the anticipated human exposure to this substance
}}
</ref>

==Cultural aspects==
[[Image:ChristianBauer stalk of basil.jpg|thumb|right|Flowering basil stalk]]
There are many rituals and beliefs associated with basil. The French call basil "''herbe royale''". Jewish folklore suggests it adds strength while fasting. It is a symbol of love in present-day [[Italy]], but represented hatred in ancient [[Greece]], and European lore sometimes claims that basil is a symbol of [[Satan]]. African legend claims that basil protects against [[scorpion]]s, while the English botanist [[Nicholas Culpeper|Culpeper]] cites one "Hilarius, a French physician" as affirming it as common knowledge that smelling basil too much would breed scorpions in the brain.

[[Tulsi|Holy Basil]], also called '[[Tulsi]]', is highly revered in [[Hinduism]] and also has religious significance in the Greek Orthodox Church, where it is used to prepare holy water. It is said to have been found around Christ's tomb after his resurrection. The [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] , [[Macedonian Orthodox Church]] and [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] use basil ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: ''босилек''; [[Romanian language| Romanian]]: ''busuioc'', [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''босиљак'') to prepare holy water and pots of basil are often placed below church altars.

In Europe, they place basil in the hands of the dead to ensure a safe journey. In India, they place it in the mouth of the dying to ensure they reach God. The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks believed that it would open the gates of heaven for a person passing on.

In [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]]'s ''[[Decameron]]'' a memorably morbid tale (novella V) tells of Lisabetta, whose brothers slay her lover. He appears to her in a dream and shows her where he is buried. She secretly disinters the head, and sets it in a pot of basil, which she waters with her daily tears. The pot being taken from her by her brothers, she dies of her grief not long after. Boccaccio's tale is the source of [[John Keats]]' poem ''[[Isabella or The Pot of Basil]]''. A similar story is told of the [[Longobards|Longobard]] queen [[Rosalind]].

==References==

<references/>
* [http://www.apsnet.org/pd/PDFS/1997/1120-05F.PDF Diseases of Basil and Their Management]

==External links==
{{commons|Ocimum basilicum|Basil}}
* [http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Ocim_bas.html Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages] explain the culinary use of basil in European and Asian cooking; further web links.

{{Herbs & spices}}

[[Category:Lamiaceae]]
[[Category:Herbs]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:39, 1 March 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~#REDIRECT~~ [[Ocimum ~~basilicum~~]]	+	{{SPlantbox
		+	\|familia=Lamiaceae
		+	\|genus=Ocimum
		+	\|species=basilicum
		+	\|common_name=Basil
		+	\|habit=herbaceous
		+	\|Min ht metric=cm
		+	\|Max ht box=2
		+	\|Max ht metric=ft
		+	\|origin=Iran, India, Trop. Asia
		+	\|lifespan=perennial
		+	\|exposure=sun
		+	\|water=moist, moderate
		+	\|features=fragrance, edible
		+	\|Temp Metric=°F
		+	\|min_zone=1
		+	\|max_zone=11
		+	\|sunset_zones=all zones
		+	\|image=Basil 1511.jpg
		+	\|image_width=180
		+	\|image_caption=Basil
		+	}}
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Basil. Species of Ocitmum (sometimes, but incorrectly written Ocymum), of the Labiatae. They are Indian annuals, and are cult. as pot-herbs, the clove- flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats and salads. They are of easiest cult., the seed being sown in the open as soon as the weather is settled. Common basil is Ocimum basilicum, Linn., a foot high, branching, with ovate toothed Lvs., and white, bluish white, or purplish fls. in leafy terminal racemes or spikes. 0. minimum, Linn., the dwarf basil is lower, and smaller in all its parts; rarely seen and perhaps only a mere form of O. basilicum, Linn. When basil is in bloom, it can be cut and dried for winter use.
		+	}}
		+
		+	'''Basil''' (''Ocimum basilicum'') is a tender low-growing [[herb]] that is grown as a [[Perennial plant\|perennial]] in warm, tropical climates, and an annual elsewhere. Basil is originally native to [[Iran]], [[India]] and other tropical regions of [[Asia]], having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. There are many varieties of basil, that which is used in Italian food is typically called '''sweet basil''', as opposed to [[Thai basil]] or [[holy basil]], which are used in Asia. It grows to between 30–130 cm tall, with opposite, light green, silky [[leaf\|leaves]] 3–11 cm long and 1–6 cm broad. The flowers are quite big, white in color and arranged in a terminal [[raceme\|spike]]. Unusual among [[Lamiaceae]], the four [[stamen]]s and the [[pistil]] are not pushed under the upper lip of the [[Corolla (flower)\|corolla]], but lay over the inferior. After [[entomophily\|entomophilous]] pollination, the corolla falls off and four round [[achene]]s develop inside the bilabiate [[calyx]]. The plant tastes somewhat like [[anise]], with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. Basil is very sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. While most common varieties are treated as [[annual plant\|annuals]], some are [[perennial plant\|perennial]], including [[African Blue basil\|African Blue]] and Holy Thai basil.
		+
		+	The word ''basil'' comes from the [[Greek language\|Greek]] βασιλεύς (''[[basileus]]''), meaning "king".
		+
		+	==Cultivation==
		+	[[Image:Basil sprout.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|right\|Basil sprout at an early stage]]
		+	Basil thrives in hot weather, but behaves as an [[annual plant\|annual]] if there is any chance of a frost. In Northern Europe, Canada, the northern states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand it will grow best if sown under glass in a peat pot, then planted out in late spring/early summer (when there is little chance of a frost). It fares best in a well-drained sunny spot.
		+
		+	Although basil will grow best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot and, like most herbs, will do best on an equator-facing windowsill. It should be kept away from extremely cold drafts, and grows best in strong sunlight, therefore a [[greenhouse]] or [[Row cover]] is ideal if available. They can, however, be grown even in a basement, under fluorescent lights.
		+
		+	If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant needs more sunlight or less fertilizer.
		+
		+	In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the southern states of the U.S., the North Island of New Zealand, and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It also thrives over the summertime in the central and northern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach freezing point. It will grow back the next year if allowed to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates.
		+
		+	Basil can also be propagated very reliably from cuttings in exactly the same manner as [[Busy Lizzie]] (Impatiens), with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks or so in water until roots develop.
		+
		+	If a stem successfully produces mature flowers, leaf production slows or stops on any stem which flowers, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines.To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds.
		+
		+	Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds which can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps "promote growth", largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.
		+
		+	===Propagation===
		+	<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
		+
		+	===Pests and diseases===
		+	[[Image:ChristianBauer stalk of basil.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Flowering basil stalk]]
		+	Basil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin the crop and reduce [[crop yield\|yield]]. [[Fusarium wilt]] is a soil-borne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants. [[Seedling]]s may also be killed by [[Pythium]] [[damping off]].
		+
		+	A common [[foliage\|foliar]] disease of basil is [[gray mold]] caused by ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', can also cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant. [[Black Spot (disease)\|Black spot]] can also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the [[fungi]] [[genus]] ''[[Colletotrichum]]''.
		+
		+	==Varieties==
		+	:See [[List of basil cultivars]]
		+	Several other basils, including some other ''Ocimum'' species, are grown in many regions of [[Asia]]. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the '''holy basil''' or [[tulsi]] ([[Tamil Language\|Tamil]]: கி௫ஷ்ண துளசி), a revered home-grown plant in [[India]]. In [[China]], the local cultivar is called ({{zh-t\|t=九層塔}}) (''jiǔ-céng-tǎ''; literally "nine-level [[pagoda]]"), while the imported varieties are specifically called ({{zh-t\|t=羅勒)}} (''luó-lè'') or ({{zh-t\|t=巴西里}}) (''bā-xī-lǐ''), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant--[[parsley]].
		+
		+	[[Lemon basil]] has a strong lemony smell and flavour very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called [[citral]]. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called ''kemangi'' and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.
		+
		+	==Gallery==
		+	{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
		+
		+	<gallery>
		+	Image:Basil leaves.jpg\|Fresh basil leaves.
		+	Image:Upload.png\| photo 1
		+	Image:Upload.png\| photo 2
		+	Image:Upload.png\| photo 3
		+	</gallery>
		+
		+	==References==
		+	*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
		+	<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
		+	<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
		+	<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
		+
		+	==External links==
		+	*{{wplink}}
		+
		+	{{stub}}
		+	__NOTOC__

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:36, 1 March 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~{{SPlantbox~~	+	#REDIRECT [[Ocimum basilicum]]
−	~~\|familia=Lamiaceae~~
−	~~\|genus=Ocimum~~
−	~~\|species=basilicum~~
−	~~\|common_name=Basil~~
−	~~\|habit=herbaceous~~
−	~~\|Min ht metric=cm~~
−	~~\|Max ht box=2~~
−	~~\|Max ht metric=ft~~
−	~~\|origin=Iran, India, Trop. Asia~~
−	~~\|lifespan=perennial~~
−	~~\|exposure=sun~~
−	~~\|water=moist, moderate~~
−	~~\|features=fragrance, edible~~
−	~~\|Temp Metric=°F~~
−	~~\|min_zone=1~~
−	~~\|max_zone=11~~
−	~~\|sunset_zones=all zones~~
−	~~\|image=Basil 1511.jpg~~
−	~~\|image_width=180~~
−	~~\|image_caption=Basil~~
−	}}
−	~~{{Inc\|~~
−	Basil. Species of Ocitmum (sometimes, but incorrectly written Ocymum), of the Labiatae. They are Indian annuals, and are cult. as pot-herbs, the clove- flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats and salads. They are of easiest cult., the seed being sown in the open as soon as the weather is settled. Common basil is Ocimum basilicum, Linn., a foot high, branching, with ovate toothed Lvs., and white, bluish white, or purplish fls. in leafy terminal racemes or spikes. 0. minimum, Linn., the dwarf basil is lower, and smaller in all its parts; rarely seen and perhaps only a mere form of O. basilicum, Linn. When basil is in bloom, it can be cut and dried for winter use.
−	}}
−
−	'''Basil''' (''Ocimum basilicum'') is a tender low-growing [[herb]] that is grown as a [[Perennial plant\|perennial]] in warm, tropical climates, and an annual elsewhere. Basil is originally native to [[Iran]], [[India]] and other tropical regions of [[Asia]], having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. There are many varieties of basil, that which is used in Italian food is typically called '''sweet basil''', as opposed to [[Thai basil]] or [[holy basil]], which are used in Asia. It grows to between 30–130 cm tall, with opposite, light green, silky [[leaf\|leaves]] 3–11 cm long and 1–6 cm broad. The flowers are quite big, white in color and arranged in a terminal [[raceme\|spike]]. Unusual among [[Lamiaceae]], the four [[stamen]]s and the [[pistil]] are not pushed under the upper lip of the [[Corolla (flower)\|corolla]], but lay over the inferior. After [[entomophily\|entomophilous]] pollination, the corolla falls off and four round [[achene]]s develop inside the bilabiate [[calyx]]. The plant tastes somewhat like [[anise]], with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. Basil is very sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. While most common varieties are treated as [[annual plant\|annuals]], some are [[perennial plant\|perennial]], including [[African Blue basil\|African Blue]] and Holy Thai basil.
−
−	~~The word ''basil'' comes from the [[Greek language\|Greek]] βασιλεύς (''[[basileus]]''), meaning "king".~~
−
−	~~==Cultivation==~~
−	~~[[Image:Basil sprout.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|right\|Basil sprout at an early stage]]~~
−	Basil thrives in hot weather, but behaves as an [[annual plant\|annual]] if there is any chance of a frost. In Northern Europe, Canada, the northern states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand it will grow best if sown under glass in a peat pot, then planted out in late spring/early summer (when there is little chance of a frost). It fares best in a well-drained sunny spot.
−
−	Although basil will grow best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot and, like most herbs, will do best on an equator-facing windowsill. It should be kept away from extremely cold drafts, and grows best in strong sunlight, therefore a [[greenhouse]] or [[Row cover]] is ideal if available. They can, however, be grown even in a basement, under fluorescent lights.
−
−	If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant needs more sunlight or less fertilizer.
−
−	In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the southern states of the U.S., the North Island of New Zealand, and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It also thrives over the summertime in the central and northern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach freezing point. It will grow back the next year if allowed to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates.
−
−	Basil can also be propagated very reliably from cuttings in exactly the same manner as [[Busy Lizzie]] (Impatiens), with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks or so in water until roots develop.
−
−	If a stem successfully produces mature flowers, leaf production slows or stops on any stem which flowers, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines.To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds.
−
−	Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds which can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps "promote growth", largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.
−
−	~~===Propagation===~~
−	~~<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->~~
−
−	~~===Pests and diseases===~~
−	[[~~Image:ChristianBauer stalk of basil.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Flowering basil stalk]]~~
−	Basil suffers from several plant pathogens that can ruin the crop and reduce [[crop yield\|yield]]. [[Fusarium wilt]] is a soil-borne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants. [[Seedling]]s may also be killed by [[Pythium]] [[damping off]].
−
−	A common [[foliage\|foliar]] disease of basil is [[gray mold]] caused by ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', can also cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant. [[Black Spot (disease)\|Black spot]] can also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the [[fungi]] [[genus]] ''[[Colletotrichum]]''.
−
−	~~==Varieties==~~
−	~~:See [[List of basil cultivars]]~~
−	~~Several other basils, including some other ''~~Ocimum'' species, are grown in many regions of [[Asia]]. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the '''holy basil''' or [[tulsi]] ([[Tamil Language\|Tamil]]: கி௫ஷ்ண துளசி), a revered home-grown plant in [[India]]. In [[China]], the local cultivar is called ({{zh-t\|t=九層塔}}) (''jiǔ-céng-tǎ''; literally "nine-level [[pagoda]]"), while the imported varieties are specifically called ({{zh-t\|t=羅勒)}} (''luó-lè'') or ({{zh-t\|t=巴西里}}) (''bā-xī-lǐ''), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant--[[parsley]].
−
−	[[Lemon basil]] has a strong lemony smell and flavour very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called [[citral]]. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called ''kemangi'' and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.
−
−	~~==Gallery==~~
−	~~{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->~~
−
−	~~<gallery>~~
−	~~Image:Basil leaves.jpg\|Fresh basil leaves.~~
−	~~Image:Upload.png\| photo 1~~
−	~~Image:Upload.png\| photo 2~~
−	~~Image:Upload.png\| photo 3~~
−	~~</gallery>~~
−
−	~~==References==~~
−	*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]]~~, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963~~
−	~~<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->~~
−	~~<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->~~
−	~~<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->~~
−
−	~~==External links==~~
−	*{{wplink}}
−
−	~~{{stub}}~~
−	~~__NOTOC__~~

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 |image_caption=Basil
 }}
 '''Basil''' (''Ocimum basilicum'') is a tender low-growing [[herb]] that is grown as a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] in warm, tropical climates, and an annual elsewhere. Basil is originally native to [[Iran]], [[India]] and other tropical regions of [[Asia]], having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. There are many varieties of basil, that which is used in Italian food is typically called '''sweet basil''', as opposed to [[Thai basil]] or [[holy basil]], which are used in Asia.  It grows to between 30–130 cm tall, with opposite, light green, silky [[leaf|leaves]] 3–11 cm long and 1–6 cm broad. The flowers are quite big, white in color and arranged in a terminal [[raceme|spike]]. Unusual among [[Lamiaceae]], the four [[stamen]]s and the [[pistil]] are not pushed under the upper lip of the [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]], but lay over the inferior. After [[entomophily|entomophilous]] pollination, the corolla falls off and four round [[achene]]s develop inside the bilabiate [[calyx]]. The plant tastes somewhat like [[anise]], with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. Basil is very sensitive to cold, with best growth in hot, dry conditions. While most common varieties are treated as [[annual plant|annuals]], some are [[perennial plant|perennial]], including [[African Blue basil|African Blue]] and Holy Thai basil.
-The word ''basil'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] βασιλεύς (''[[basileus]]''), meaning "king".
+The word ''basil'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] βασιλεύς (''[[basileus]]''), meaning &quot;king&quot;.
 ==Cultivation==
@@ Line 39: / Line 43: @@
 If a stem successfully produces mature flowers, leaf production slows or stops on any stem which flowers, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines.To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds.
-Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds which can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps "promote growth", largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.
+Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds which can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps &quot;promote growth&quot;, largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.
 ===Propagation===
@@ Line 52: / Line 56: @@
 ==Varieties==
 :See [[List of basil cultivars]]
-Several other basils, including some other ''Ocimum'' species, are grown in many regions of [[Asia]]. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the '''holy basil''' or [[tulsi]] ([[Tamil Language|Tamil]]: கி௫ஷ்ண துளசி), a revered home-grown plant in [[India]]. In [[China]], the local cultivar is called ({{zh-t|t=九層塔}}) (''jiǔ-céng-tǎ''; literally "nine-level [[pagoda]]"), while the imported varieties are specifically called ({{zh-t|t=羅勒)}} (''luó-lè'') or ({{zh-t|t=巴西里}}) (''bā-xī-lǐ''), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant--[[parsley]].
+Several other basils, including some other ''Ocimum'' species, are grown in many regions of [[Asia]]. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. The most notable is the '''holy basil''' or [[tulsi]] ([[Tamil Language|Tamil]]: கி௫ஷ்ண துளசி), a revered home-grown plant in [[India]]. In [[China]], the local cultivar is called ({{zh-t|t=九層塔}}) (''jiǔ-céng-tǎ''; literally &quot;nine-level [[pagoda]]&quot;), while the imported varieties are specifically called ({{zh-t|t=羅勒)}} (''luó-lè'') or ({{zh-t|t=巴西里}}) (''bā-xī-lǐ''), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant--[[parsley]].
 [[Lemon basil]] has a strong lemony smell and flavour very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called [[citral]]. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called ''kemangi'' and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.

@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 ===Footnotes===
-<references/>
+{{reflist|2}}
 == External links ==

@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 ===Footnotes===
-{{reflist|2}}
+<references/>
 == External links ==