Broccoli - Revision history

Kaevin at 00:47, 5 March 2015

2015-03-05T00:47:04Z

Kaevin: /* Pests and diseases */

2015-03-05T00:32:50Z

Pests and diseases

Raffi at 16:24, 23 April 2011

2011-04-23T16:24:13Z

Raffi at 04:53, 17 June 2009

2009-06-17T04:53:28Z

Raffi at 12:37, 28 March 2007

2007-03-28T12:37:19Z

New page

{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Cultivar | name = Broccoli
| image = Broccoli bunches.jpg
| image_width = 150px
| image_caption = Broccoli, cultivar unknown
| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
| group = Italica Group
| origin = possibly [[Ancient Rome]]
| subdivision = Many; see text.
}}

'''Broccoli''' is a plant of the [[Cabbage]] family, [[Brassicaceae]] (formerly Cruciferae). It is classified as the Italica [[Cultivar Group]] of the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Broccoli possesses abundant fleshy green flower heads arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The large mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles its close relative [[cauliflower]], but is green rather than white. Common varieties are '''Calabrese''' and '''purple sprouting broccoli'''.

==History of broccoli==
[[Image:Broccoli crop.jpg|thumb|Test plot-grown broccoli near Salinas, California, USA.]]
[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] references to a cabbage-family vegetable that may have been broccoli are less than perfectly clear: the Roman natural history writer, [[Pliny the Elder]], wrote about a vegetable that fit the description of broccoli. Some vegetable scholars recognize broccoli in the [[cookbook]] of [[Apicius]].

Broccoli was an Italian vegetable, as its name suggests, long before it was eaten elsewhere. It is first mentioned in [[France]] in [[1560]], but in [[1724]] broccoli was still so unfamiliar in [[England]] that [[Philip Miller]]'s ''Gardener's Dictionary'' (1724 edition) referred to it as a stranger in England and explained it as "sprout colli-flower" or "Italian asparagus". In the American colonies, [[Thomas Jefferson]] was also an experimentative gardener with a wide circle of European correspondents, from whom he got packets of seeds for rare vegetables such as tomatoes. He noted the planting of broccoli at [[Monticello]] along with radishes, lettuce, and cauliflower on [[May 27]], [[1767]]. Nevertheless, broccoli remained an exotic in American gardens. In 1775, John Randolph, in ''A Treatise on Gardening by a Citizen of Virginia,'' felt he had to explain about broccoli: "The stems will eat like [[Asparagus]], and the heads like [[Cauliflower]]."

Commercial cultivation of broccoli in the [[United States]] can be traced to the D'Arrigo brothers, Stephano and Andrea, immigrants from [[Messina, Italy]], whose company made some tentative plantings in [[San Jose, California]] in [[1922]]. A few crates were initially shipped to [[Boston]], where there was a thriving [[Italian people|Italian]] immigrant culture in the [[North End]]. The broccoli business boomed, with the D'Arrigo's brand name "Andy Boy" named after Stephano's two-year-old son, Andrew, and backed with advertisements on the [[radio]].

A [[genetically engineered]] cross between broccoli and [[cauliflower]], the [[brocciflower]], was first cultivated in [[Europe]] around [[1988]]. Its very pale green heads are densely packed like [[cauliflower]] but has the flavour of broccoli.

The word ''broccoli'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''brachium'' and Italian ''braccio'' meaning "arm."

==Cultivation, preparation and nutritional value==
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Broccoli, raw (edible parts), 100g | kJ=141 | protein=2.82 g | fat=0.37 g | carbs=6.64 g | fiber=2.6 g | | sugars=1.7 g | iron_mg=0.73 | calcium_mg=47 | magnesium_mg=21 | phosphorus_mg=66 | potassium_mg=316 | zinc_mg=0.41 | vitC_mg=89.2 | pantothenic_mg=0.573 | vitB6_mg=0.175 | folate_ug=63 | thiamin_mg=0.071 | riboflavin_mg=0.117 | niacin_mg=0.639 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
Broccoli is a cool-weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather. Other cultivar groups of ''Brassica oleracea'' include: [[cabbage]] (Capitata Group), [[cauliflower]] (Botrytis Group), [[kale]] and [[collard greens]] (Acephala Group), [[kohlrabi]] (Gongylodes Group), and [[Brussels sprout]]s (Gemmifera Group). [[Chinese broccoli]] (Alboglabra Group) is also a cultivar group of ''Brassica oleracea''.
It is usually boiled or steamed, but may be eaten raw and has become popular as a
raw vegetable in [[hors-d'oeuvre]] trays. It is high in [[vitamin C]] and [[dietary fiber|soluble fiber]] and contains the compound glucoraphanin, leading to an anticancer compound [[sulforaphane]].

==Broccoli in popular culture==
*Broccoli is frequently referred to in [[popular culture]] as a vegetable that parents try to force their unwilling children to eat.
*In ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode [[Treehouse of Horror XI]], Homer is killed by eating broccoli. When examining the body, Dr. Hibbert said that broccoli was one of the deadliest plants, and it warned people with its bad taste.
*United States President [[George H. W. Bush]] was known to have an active disdain for broccoli, having actually said so in an offhand remark during his presidency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/jan-june98/fooddef_1-20.html |publisher=PBS |title=What's Your Beef? |accessdate=2006-08-05 |date=[[1998-01-20]]}}</ref> In response, a powerful broccoli [[agriculture]] [[lobby (politics)|lobby]] sent several tons of it to the White House. This broccoli was promptly donated to the [[Capital Area Food Bank]].<ref name="chron">{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/downloads/chronology.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-08-05 |title=Chronology |publisher=Capital Area Food Bank}}</ref>
*In the [[Television|TV]] [[sitcom]] ''[[Seinfeld]]'', [[Newman (Seinfeld)|Newman]] refers to broccoli as a "Vile weed!".
*Tom "Broccoli" Landers is the current world record holder for eating broccoli. Following the World Broccoli-Eating Contest in New Jersey, he offered this tip for getting it down: "Just swallow, don't bother to chew." Landers consumed 1 pound of the green vegetable in 92 seconds.
*In [[Michael Winterbottom]]'s 2002 film ''[[24 Hour Party People]]'', a [[marijuana|stoned]] [[Tony Wilson]] repeatedly claims that the vegetable was 'invented' by [[Albert R. Broccoli|Cubby Broccoli]].
*In 1928, when broccoli was still something of a novelty in the United States, a cartoon<ref>[http://cartoonbank.com/assets/1/38868_m.gif Cartoon featuring broccoli]</ref> appeared in the [[New Yorker magazine]], drawn by [[Carl Rose]] with a caption by [[E.B. White]]. A mother and child are seated at the table, and the mother says "It's broccoli, dear." The child replies "I say it's [[spinach]], and I say the hell with it."
* In ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode [[I Never Met the Dead Man]], Stewie devises a plan to get out of eating the broccoli that he so despises: he intends to build a weather-altering machine that will freeze broccoli crops everywhere.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:sa_broccoli_florets.jpg|Extreme close-up of broccoli florets.
Image:Broccoli_bloem.jpg | Broccoli flowers.
Image:Broccoli DSC00861.png|Two broccoli heads.
Image:Fractal Broccoli.jpg|[[Romanesco broccoli]], showing [[fractal]] forms
Image:Broccoli in a dish 2.jpg|Steamed broccoli
</gallery>

==References and notes==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

==External links==
{{commonscat|Broccoli}}
* [http://www.nutritiondata.com/foods-broccoli011000000000000000000.html Complete nutritional info.]
* [http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch44.html Broccoli lore]
* [http://growingtaste.com/vegetables/broccoli.shtml Broccoli for the home gardener]
* [http://www.photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=1236856 Photograph of the distinctive Broccoli romanesco.]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,4382-1589335_3,00.html Gordon Ramsay recipe for Broccoli Soup]
* [http://www.honolulumagazine.com/articles.aspx?id=4439&q=&m=11&y=2006&bid=1 "Mom Was Right", HONOLULU Magazine ~ November 2006]

[[Category:Inflorescence vegetables]]
[[Category:Brassica]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
 |genus=Brassica
 |species=oleracea
@@ Line 5: / Line 6: @@
 |cultivar=Italica Group
 |habit=herbaceous
-|exposure=sun
+|origin=Western Europe
 |water=moderate
 |features=edible
 |Temp Metric=°F
 |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
 |image=Broccoli bunches.jpg
@@ Line 16: / Line 22: @@
 '''Broccoli''' is a plant in the [[Brassicaceae|cabbage family]], whose large flower head is used as a vegetable.
-Broccoli is classified in the Italica [[cultivar group]] of the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Broccoli has large [[flower head]]s, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on [[branches]] [[sprouting]] from a thick, edible [[plant stem|stalk]]. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles [[cauliflower]], which is a different cultivar group of the same species.
+Broccoli is classified in the Italica [[cultivar group]] of the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Broccoli has large [[flower head]]s, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on [[branches]] [[sprouting]] from a thick, edible [[plant stem|stalk]]. The Broccoli leaves are also edible. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles [[cauliflower]], which is a different cultivar group of the same species.
 }}
@@ Line 24: / Line 30: @@
 Broccoli is cultivated only in climates having a mild winter, when it can be planted the summer before and carried through the winter to form heads early the following spring. It is a popular plant in all parts of France and particularly in England. It is undoubtedly the parent type of the cauliflower, the cultivated varieties of cauliflower being short-season forms.
-For best results, the seed should be sown at the same time as that of autumn cabbage and the plants transplanted to the field about the same time, so that they will make their vegetative growth during the late summer and autumn. Where winters are mild, the plants can be left in the open, but in more rigorous climates at the approach of cold weather, a small number of plants can be lifted with earth adhering to the roots, stored in a suitable root-cellar, and the following spring transferred to the open to form heads. L. C. Cobbett.{{SCH}}
+For best results, the seed should be sown at the same time as that of autumn cabbage and the plants transplanted to the field about the same time, so that they will make their vegetative growth during the late summer and autumn. Altough there is cultivar variety who can be best planted in early spring in zone 3-4. Where winters are mild, the plants can be left in the open, but in more rigorous climates at the approach of cold weather, a small number of plants can be lifted with earth adhering to the roots, stored in a suitable root-cellar, and the following spring transferred to the open to form heads. L. C. Cobbett.{{SCH}}
 }}
@@ Line 58: / Line 64: @@
 '''Sprouting broccoli''' has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks. It is planted in May to be harvested during the winter or early the following year in temperate climates. The heirloom variety "calabrese" available in North America is of this type.
 [[Romanesco broccoli]] has a distinctive [[fractal]] appearance of its heads, and is yellow-green in colour. It is technically in the Botrytis ([[cauliflower]]) cultivar group.

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ===Pests and diseases===
-{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+'''Pest'''
 ==Varieties==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
+{{SPlantbox
-| name = ''LATINNAME''   <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
+|genus=Brassica
-| common_names =     <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+|species=oleracea
-| growth_habit = ?   <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
+|subspecies=Broccoli
-| high = ?   <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
+|cultivar=Italica Group
-| wide =     <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
+|habit=herbaceous
-| origin = possibly Ancient Rome{{wp}}
+|exposure=sun
-| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
+|water=moderate
-| lifespan =     <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
+|features=edible
-| exposure = ?   <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
+|Temp Metric=°F
-| water = ?   <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
+|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
-| features =     <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
+|image=Broccoli bunches.jpg
-| hardiness =     <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
+|image_width=240
-| bloom =     <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
+|image_caption=Broccoli, cultivar unknown
-| usda_zones = ?   <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
+}}
-| sunset_zones =     <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
+'''Broccoli''' is a plant in the [[Brassicaceae|cabbage family]], whose large flower head is used as a vegetable.
-| color = IndianRed
-| image = Broccoli bunches.jpg
+Broccoli is classified in the Italica [[cultivar group]] of the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Broccoli has large [[flower head]]s, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on [[branches]] [[sprouting]] from a thick, edible [[plant stem|stalk]]. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles [[cauliflower]], which is a different cultivar group of the same species.
-| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 }}
 {{Inc|
@@ Line 39: / Line 28: @@
 ==Cultivation==
-{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+Broccoli is a cool-weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather. Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between {{convert|18|and|23|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{cite web|title = HGIC 1301 Broccoli|last = Smith|first = Powell|date = June 1999|publisher = [[Clemson University]]|url = http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/vegetables/crops/hgic1301.html|accessdate = 25 August 2009}}</ref>
 ===Propagation===
-{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+Seed.
 ===Pests and diseases===
 {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
-==Species==
+==Varieties==
-<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
+There are three commonly grown types of broccoli. The most familiar is a often referred to simply as "broccoli", and sometimes calabrese named after [[Calabria]] in Italy. It has large (10 to 20&nbsp;cm) green heads and thick stalks. It is a cool season annual crop.
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 70: / Line 68: @@
 *{{wplink}}
-{{stub}}
+__NOTOC__

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{otheruses}}
+__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
-{{Infobox Cultivar | name = Broccoli
+| name = ''LATINNAME''   <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
 | image = Broccoli bunches.jpg
-| image_width = 150px
+| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 | image_caption = Broccoli, cultivar unknown
-| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
+| regnum = Plantae  <!--- Kingdom -->
 | group = Italica Group
 }}
-'''Broccoli''' is a plant of the [[Cabbage]] family, [[Brassicaceae]] (formerly Cruciferae). It is classified as the Italica [[Cultivar Group]] of the species ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''. Broccoli possesses abundant fleshy green flower heads arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The large mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles its close relative [[cauliflower]], but is green rather than white.  Common varieties are '''Calabrese''' and '''purple sprouting broccoli'''.
+Broccoli is cultivated only in climates having a mild winter, when it can be planted the summer before and carried through the winter to form heads early the following spring. It is a popular plant in all parts of France and particularly in England. It is undoubtedly the parent type of the cauliflower, the cultivated varieties of cauliflower being short-season forms.
-==History of broccoli==
+For best results, the seed should be sown at the same time as that of autumn cabbage and the plants transplanted to the field about the same time, so that they will make their vegetative growth during the late summer and autumn. Where winters are mild, the plants can be left in the open, but in more rigorous climates at the approach of cold weather, a small number of plants can be lifted with earth adhering to the roots, stored in a suitable root-cellar, and the following spring transferred to the open to form heads. L. C. Cobbett.{{SCH}}
-[[Image:Broccoli crop.jpg|thumb|Test plot-grown broccoli near Salinas, California, USA.]]
+}}
-Broccoli was an Italian vegetable, as its name suggests, long before it was eaten elsewhere. It is first mentioned in [[France]] in [[1560]], but in [[1724]] broccoli was still so unfamiliar in [[England]] that [[Philip Miller]]'s ''Gardener's Dictionary'' (1724 edition) referred to it as a stranger in England and explained it as "sprout colli-flower" or "Italian asparagus".  In the American colonies, [[Thomas Jefferson]] was also an experimentative gardener with a wide circle of European correspondents, from whom he got packets of seeds for rare vegetables such as tomatoes. He noted the planting of broccoli at [[Monticello]] along with radishes, lettuce, and cauliflower on [[May 27]], [[1767]]. Nevertheless, broccoli remained an exotic in American gardens. In 1775, John Randolph, in ''A Treatise on Gardening by a Citizen of Virginia,'' felt he had to explain about broccoli: "The stems will eat like [[Asparagus]], and the heads like [[Cauliflower]]."
+==Cultivation==
-Commercial cultivation of broccoli in the [[United States]] can be traced to the D'Arrigo brothers, Stephano and Andrea, immigrants from [[Messina, Italy]], whose company made some tentative plantings in [[San Jose, California]] in [[1922]]. A few crates were initially shipped to [[Boston]], where there was a thriving [[Italian people|Italian]] immigrant culture in the [[North End]]. The broccoli business boomed, with the D'Arrigo's brand name "Andy Boy" named after Stephano's two-year-old son, Andrew, and backed with advertisements on the [[radio]].
+===Propagation===
-A [[genetically engineered]] cross between broccoli and [[cauliflower]], the [[brocciflower]], was first cultivated in [[Europe]] around [[1988]]. Its very pale green heads are densely packed like [[cauliflower]] but has the flavour of broccoli.
+===Pests and diseases===
-The word ''broccoli'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''brachium'' and Italian ''braccio'' meaning "arm."
+==Species==
-==Cultivation, preparation and nutritional value==
+==Gallery==
 <gallery>
 Image:sa_broccoli_florets.jpg|Extreme close-up of broccoli florets.
 Image:Broccoli_bloem.jpg | Broccoli flowers.
@@ Line 49: / Line 61: @@
 </gallery>
-==References and notes==
+==References==
-<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 ==External links==
-{{commonscat|Broccoli}}
+*{{wplink}}
-[[Category:Inflorescence vegetables]]
+<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->