Carpel - Revision history

Raffi: SCH

2009-04-17T05:30:17Z

SCH

Raffi at 00:46, 4 April 2009

2009-04-04T00:46:50Z

Raffi: Replacing page with '''Amaryllis'' style and stigmas [[Image:Femalesquash3747.JPG|right|300px|thumb|Longitudinal section of female flower of squash ...'

2009-04-04T00:46:32Z

Raffi at 05:02, 4 April 2007

2007-04-04T05:02:15Z

New page

:'''''Pistil''' redirects here.

[[Image:Amaryllis stigma.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Amaryllis'' style and stigmas]]

A '''carpel''' is the outer, often visible part of the [[female]] reproductive organ of a [[flower]]; the basic unit of the '''''[[gynoecium]]'''''. The parts of the carpel are:
*the '''stigma''' (''plural: stigmas''), usually the terminal (end) portion that has no [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermis]] and is fitted to receive [[pollen]] (male [[gamete]]s); it is commonly somewhat glutinous or viscid;
*the '''style''', a stalk connecting the ''stigma'' with the ''[[ovary (plants)|ovary]]'' below containing the transmitting tract, which facilitates the growth of the pollen tube and hence the movement of the [[male gamete]] to the [[ovule]]; and
*the '''ovary''' (also called a '''''megasporophyll''''') containing the female reproductive cell or '''''ovule'''''.

The carpel (if single) or carpels (if fused) comprise the '''[[pistil]]''' of the flower. A flower with two or more fused carpels (called a ''compound ovary'' or ''compound pistil'') is termed '''''syncarpous'''''. However, if the gynoecium consists of more than one distinct carpel, it will have more than one ''pistil'' and is then termed '''''apocarpous'''''. ''Apocarpous'' also pertains to any flower with a single carpel. Fertilization of the ovule or ovules results in development of the carpel(s) into a [[fruit]].

[[image:Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg|thumb|200px|Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, ''Spathoglottis plicata'', illustrating an '''inferior''' ovary.]]
The ''gynoecium'', the collective term for all the carpels, is the innermost whorl of the parts of a [[flower]], and in many flowers the other parts (sepals, petals, and stamens) are attached to the '''receptacle''' beneath the gynoecium. In such cases, where the ovary lies above the attachments of the other distinct floral parts, the flower is described as '''''hypogynous''''' or as having a '''''superior ovary'''''. In some species (examples include [[plum]], [[cherry]], and [[blackberry]]), the other (noncarpellary) floral parts are fused to form a cup called a '''floral tube''' or '''hypanthium'''. In these flowers, the ovary lies physically lower than the lobes of the sepals and petals and below the point of attachment of the stamen filaments — the ovary is still considered to be superior but the flower is termed '''''perigynous'''''.

In those flowers in which the floral tube is fused with the ovary, the sepals, petals, and stamens appear to grow out from the top of the ovary, and the flower is said to be '''''epigynous''''' and have an '''''inferior ovary'''''. Examples of plant families with inferior ovaries include [[orchid]], [[sunflower]], and [[cactus]]. The position of the ovary is an important consideration in the identification and classification of plant species, as well as the kind of fruit that develops after fertilization.

== Carpel anatomy ==
The carpel of a simple ''apocarpous'' gynoecium appears as a folded structure, differentiated into a basal fertile part ('''ovary''') and an upper sterile part ('''style'''). Various interpretations of the origin from a leaf-like structure have been made (Esau, 1965), but the important anatomical description is that of a variously folded tissue surrounding a cavity (called a '''locule''') within which projects one or more '''ovules''', attached by or along a '''''placenta'''''. Typically, a carpel has two placentae. An example of a simple carpel is that of a [[pea]], [[bean]] or [[Arabidopsis]]: the fruit develops from the single carpel consisting of two rows of ovules aligned beside one another along the ''placental'' margin.

When two or more carpels are fused or joined together its called ''syncarpy''. In a compound pistil, the carpels are fused together in one of two basic ways:
* the carpels are fused at or near their ma
rgins ('''parietal placentation'''), usually forming a single large cavity — an example would be the [[Violet (plant)|violet]].
* the folded carpels extend in towards the center, being fused along their outer faces (laterally concrescent), with the placentae arranged around a central column of tissue ('''axile placentation'''). There may be as many locules as there are carpels; and tissue of the receptacle may be involved in forming the axillary column. An example of axile placentation would be the [[Lilium|lily]].

A complicating factor in all of this is the fact that in some species syncarpy is present only at the base of the carpels, the pistil being apocarpous in the upper part. The manner of fusing of the carpels can also vary from one part of the pistil to another.

=== The ovule ===
[[Image:Femalesquash3747.JPG|right|300px|thumb|Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals]]
The '''ovule''', which represents the ''megasporangium'', when mature, consists of one or two coats surrounding the central '''nucellus''', except at the apex where an opening, the '''micropyle''', is left. The nucellus is a cellular tissue enveloping one large cell, the embryo-sac or megaspore. The germination of the megaspore consists in the repeated division of its nucleus to form two groups of four, one group at each end of the embryo-sac. One nucleus from each group, the polar nucleus, passes to the centre of the sac, where the two fuse to form the so-called definitive nucleus. Of the three cells at the micropylar end of the sac, all naked cells (the so-called egg-apparatus), one is the egg-cell or oosphere, the other two, which may be regarded as representing abortive egg-cells (in rare cases capable of fertilization), are known as ''synergidae''. The three cells at the opposite end are known as '''antipodal cells''' and become invested ty

== Miscellaneous ==
The spice [[saffron]] is taken from the stigma of the saffron crocus, ''[[Crocus]] sativus''.

== References ==
* Esau, K. 1965. ''Plant Anatomy'', 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
* {{1911}}
[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category: plant morphology]]
[[Category:Pollination]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Image:Femalesquash3747.JPG|right|300px|thumb|Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals]]
 One of the foliar units of a compound [[pistil]]; a simple pistil contains one carpel.
 {{glossary}}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Amaryllis stigma.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Amaryllis'' style and stigmas]]
 [[Image:Femalesquash3747.JPG|right|300px|thumb|Longitudinal section of female flower of squash showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals]]
-One of the foliar units of a compound pistil; a simple pistil contains one carpel.
+One of the foliar units of a compound [[pistil]]; a simple pistil contains one carpel.
 {{glossary}}