Cedar - Revision history

Raffi at 00:19, 8 June 2011

2011-06-08T00:19:38Z

Beamer: added an image

2011-06-07T19:21:09Z

added an image

Envoy at 11:59, 5 November 2007

2007-11-05T11:59:46Z

New page

{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Cedars
| image = Cedre-large.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = A cedar in a French garden
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
| familia = [[Pinaceae]]
| genus = '''''Cedrus'''''
| genus_authority = Duham.
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Cedrus deodara]]'' 
''[[Cedrus libani]]'' 
  ''C. libani'' var. ''libani'' 
  ''C. libani'' var. ''stenocoma'' 
  ''C. libani'' var. ''brevifolia'' 
  ''C. libani'' var. ''atlantica'' 
}}

'''Cedar''', in a strict botanical sense, refers to those [[tree]]s belonging to the genus ''Cedrus'' in the [[conifer]]ous [[plant]] family [[Pinaceae]] although the name is commonly used for other plants as well (see below). They are most closely related to the [[Fir]]s (''Abies''), sharing a very similar cone structure. They are native to the [[mountain]]s of the western [[Himalaya]] and the [[Mediterranean region]], occurring at altitudes of 1,500–3200 m in the Himalaya and 1,000–2,200 m in the Mediterranean.

[[Image:Cedrus atlantica2.jpg|left|thumb|Foliage of Atlas Cedar]]
They are trees up to 40–50 m (occasionally 60 m) tall with spicy-resinous scented [[wood]], thick ridged or square-cracked [[bark]], and broad, level branches. The shoots are dimorphic, with long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]] and needle-like, 8–60 mm long, arranged singly in an open spiral [[phyllotaxis]] on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters on short shoots; they vary from bright grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from desiccation. The [[Conifer cone|cones]] are barrel-shaped, 6–12 cm long, and, as in [[Fir|''Abies'']], disintegrate at maturity to release the winged [[seed]]s. The seeds are 10–15 mm long, with a 20–30 mm wing; as in ''Abies'', the seeds have 2–3 resin blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting [[resin]], thought to be a defence against [[squirrel]] predation. Cone maturation takes one year, with pollination in September-October and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. Cedars are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Pine Processionary]] and [[Turnip Moth]] (recorded on Deodar Cedar).

There are five [[taxon|taxa]] of ''Cedrus'', assigned according to [[Taxonomy|taxonomic]] opinion to two to four different species:
* '''[[Deodar Cedar]]''' ''Cedrus deodara''. Western [[Himalaya]]. Leaves bright green to pale glaucous green, 25–60 mm; cones with slightly ridged scales.
* '''[[Lebanon Cedar]]''' or '''Cedar of Lebanon''' ''Cedrus libani''. Mountains of the Mediterranean region, from Turkey and Lebanon west to Morocco. Leaves dark green to glaucous blue-green, 8–25 mm; cones with smooth scales; four varieties, which are treated as species by many authors:
** '''[[Lebanon Cedar]]''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''libani'' Mountains of [[Lebanon]], western [[Syria]] and south-central [[Turkey]]. Leaves dark green to glaucous blue-green, 10–25 mm.
** '''[[Turkish Cedar]]''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''stenocoma'' Mountains of southwest [[Turkey]]. Leaves glaucous blue-green, 8–25 mm.
** '''[[Cyprus Cedar]]''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''brevifolia'' or ''Cedrus brevifolia''. Mountains of [[Cyprus]]. Leaves glaucous blue-green, 8–20 mm.
** '''[[Atlas Cedar]]''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''atlantica'' or ''Cedrus atlantica''. [[Atlas mountains]] in [[Morocco]] & [[Algeria]]. Leaves dark green to glaucous blue-green, 10–25 mm.
[[Image:Cedar needle branchlet, one.jpg|right|thumb|a cluster of needles]]
[[Image:Barouk Mountain.JPG|right|thumb|Lebanon Cedar in [[Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve]]]]

== Etymology ==

Both the Latin word ''cedrus'' and the generic name ''Cedrus'' are derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] 'kedros'. Ancient Greek and Latin used the same word, ''kedros'' and ''cedrus'' respectively, for different species of plants now classified in the genera ''Cedrus'' and ''Juniperus'' ([[juniper]]). As species of ''Juniperus'' are native to the area where Greek language and culture originated but species of ''Cedrus'' are not, and the word "kedros" does not seem to be derived from any of the languages of the [[Middle East]], the word probably originally applied to Greek species of juniper and was later adopted for species now classified in the genus ''Cedrus'' because of the similarity of their aromatic woods (Meiggs 1982). The name "cedar" has been widely applied to many other trees with scented wood, including the genera ''[[Calocedrus]]'' ("incense-cedars"), ''[[Chamaecyparis]]'' and ''[[Thuja]]'' ("whitecedar", "Western Redcedar"), ''[[Sugi|Cryptomeria]]'' (Japanese cedar"), and ''[[Juniper|Juniperus]]'' ("Eastern Redcedar", "Mountain-cedar") in the family [[Cupressaceae]]; ''[[Cedrela]]'' ("Spanish-cedar") and ''[[Toona]]'' ("Australian Redcedar") in the family [[Meliaceae]]; and ''[[Tamarix]]'' ("Saltcedar") in the family [[Tamaricaceae]].

==Uses==
[[Image:Cedrus wood.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Cedar wood is not only scented, but also has an attractive color and grain]]
Cedars are very popular ornamental trees, widely used in [[horticulture]] in [[temperate]] [[climate]]s where winter temperatures do not fall below about -25° C (the Turkish Cedar is slightly hardier, to -30° C or just below). They are also grown for their durable (decay-resistant) scented [[wood]], most famously used in the construction of [[Solomon|King Solomon's]] [[Temple in Jerusalem|temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] provided by King Hiram, or Ahiram, of Tyre, Lebanon, circa 1,000 BC. The wood is also used for humbler purposes requiring resistance to weather, such as shakes and [[shingle]]s. Cedar wood and cedar oil is known to be a natural repellent to [[moth]]s [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~nodice/new/magazine/cedar/cedar.htm], hence [[hope chest]]s were made of cedar when available. Cedar is a popular lining for modern-day closets in which woolens are stored. The use of cedar is mentioned in ''The Iliad'', Book 24, referring to the cedar-roofed or lined storage chamber where Priam goes to fetch the treasures used to ransom the corpse of his son Hector from Achilles. Extensive [[forestry|reforestation]] of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region, particularly [[Turkey]], where over 50 million young cedars are being planted annually.
 

{{IPA|}}
==References and external links ==
* [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PIcones.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - cone photos] (scroll to bottom of page)
* [http://www.pinetum.org/PhotoMPF2.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - Turkey] some photos of ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''stenocoma'' in the wild
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cedar 1911 Britannica "Cedar"]
* Christou K. A., (1991). The genetic and taxonomic status of Cyprus Cedar, ''Cendrus brevifolia'' (Hook.) Henry. Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece.
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/ce/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Cedrus]
* Greuter, W., Burdet, H. M., & Long, G. (eds.), (1984). ''Med-Checklist – A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries''.
* The maturation and dispersal of cedar cones and seeds. ''International Dendrology Society Yearbook'' 1993: 43-46 (1994).
* Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., & Başer, K. H. C. (ed.). 2000. ''Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands'' 11 (Supplement 2): 5-6. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1409-5
* Meiggs, R. 1982. Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World.
* Meikle, R. D., (1977). Flora of Cyprus (Vol. One). Bentham - Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. London.

{{Pinaceae}}

[[Category:Pinaceae]]
[[Category:Incense]]
[[Category:Perfumery]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{otheruses}}
+{{SPlantbox
-{{Taxobox
+|familia=Pinaceae
-| color = lightgreen
+|genus=Cedrus
-| name = Cedars
+|taxo_author=Duham.
-| image = Cedre-large.jpg
+|common_name=Cedar
-| image_width = 240px
+|name_ref=Wikipedia
-| image_caption = A cedar in a French garden
+|habit=tree
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+|habit_ref=Wikipedia
-| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
+|Min ht box=40
-| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
+|Min ht metric=m
-| ordo = [[Pinales]]
+|Max ht box=60
-| familia = [[Pinaceae]]
+|Max ht metric=m
-| genus = '''''Cedrus'''''
+|height_ref=Wikipedia
-| genus_authority = Duham.
+|poison_ref=Wikipedia
-| subdivision_ranks = Species
+|lifespan=perennial
-| subdivision =
+|exposure=sun
-''[[Cedrus deodara]]''<br>
+|features=evergreen
-''[[Cedrus libani]]''<br>
+|Temp Metric=°F
-&nbsp;&nbsp;''C. libani''&nbsp;var. ''libani''<br>
+|image=Cedre-large.jpg
-&nbsp;&nbsp;''C. libani''&nbsp;var. ''stenocoma''<br>
+|image_width=200
-&nbsp;&nbsp;''C. libani''&nbsp;var. ''brevifolia''<br>
+|image_caption=A cedar in a French garden
 }}
 '''Cedar''', in a strict botanical sense, refers to those [[tree]]s belonging to the genus ''Cedrus'' in the [[conifer]]ous [[plant]] family [[Pinaceae]] although the name is commonly used for other plants as well (see below).  They are most closely related to the [[Fir]]s (''Abies''), sharing a very similar cone structure. They are native to the [[mountain]]s of the western [[Himalaya]] and the [[Mediterranean region]], occurring at altitudes of 1,500–3200 m in the Himalaya and 1,000–2,200 m in the Mediterranean.
 They are trees up to 40–50 m (occasionally 60 m) tall with spicy-resinous scented [[wood]], thick ridged or square-cracked [[bark]], and broad, level branches. The shoots are dimorphic, with long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]] and needle-like, 8–60 mm long, arranged singly in an open spiral [[phyllotaxis]] on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters on short shoots; they vary from bright grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from desiccation. The [[Conifer cone|cones]] are barrel-shaped, 6–12 cm long, and, as in [[Fir|''Abies'']], disintegrate at maturity to release the winged [[seed]]s. The seeds are 10–15 mm long, with a 20–30 mm wing; as in ''Abies'', the seeds have 2–3 resin blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting [[resin]], thought to be a defence against [[squirrel]] predation. Cone maturation takes one year, with pollination in September-October and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. Cedars are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Pine Processionary]] and [[Turnip Moth]] (recorded on Deodar Cedar).
 There are five [[taxon|taxa]] of ''Cedrus'', assigned according to [[Taxonomy|taxonomic]] opinion to two to four different species:
@@ Line 35: / Line 42: @@
 ** '''[[Cyprus Cedar]]''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''brevifolia'' or ''Cedrus brevifolia''. Mountains of [[Cyprus]]. Leaves glaucous blue-green, 8–20 mm.
 ** '''[[Atlas Cedar]]''' ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''atlantica'' or ''Cedrus atlantica''. [[Atlas mountains]] in [[Morocco]] & [[Algeria]]. Leaves dark green to glaucous blue-green, 10–25 mm.
-==Uses==
+==Gallery==
-[[Image:Cedrus wood.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Cedar wood is not only scented, but also has an attractive color and grain.]]
+<gallery perrow=5>
-Cedars are very popular ornamental trees, widely used in [[horticulture]] in [[temperate]] [[climate]]s where winter temperatures do not fall below about -25°&nbsp;C (the Turkish Cedar is slightly hardier, to -30°&nbsp;C or just below). They are also grown for their durable (decay-resistant) scented [[wood]], most famously used in the construction of [[Solomon|King Solomon's]] [[Temple in Jerusalem|temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] provided by King Hiram, or Ahiram, of Tyre, Lebanon, circa 1,000 BC.  The wood is also used for humbler purposes requiring resistance to weather, such as shakes and [[shingle]]s.  Cedar wood and cedar oil is known to be a natural repellent to [[moth]]s [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~nodice/new/magazine/cedar/cedar.htm], hence [[hope chest]]s were made of cedar when available. Cedar is a popular lining for modern-day closets in which woolens are stored. The use of cedar is mentioned in ''The Iliad'', Book 24, referring to the cedar-roofed or lined storage chamber where Priam goes to fetch the treasures used to ransom the corpse of his son Hector from Achilles. Extensive [[forestry|reforestation]] of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region, particularly [[Turkey]], where over 50 million young cedars are being planted annually.
+Image:Cedar needle branchlet, one.jpg|a cluster of needles
-[[Image:Cedar_bark.png‎ |center|thumb|Cedar bark Use]]]
+Image:Barouk Mountain.JPG|Lebanon Cedar in Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve
-<br style="clear:both;">
+Image:Cedrus atlantica2.jpg|Foliage of Atlas Cedar
 ==References and external links ==
 * [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PIcones.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - cone photos] (scroll to bottom of page)
 * [http://www.pinetum.org/PhotoMPF2.htm Arboretum de Villardebelle - Turkey] some photos of ''Cedrus libani'' var. ''stenocoma'' in the wild
@@ Line 61: / Line 63: @@
 * Meikle, R. D., (1977). Flora of Cyprus (Vol. One). Bentham - Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. London.
-{{Pinaceae}}
+__NOTOC__

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 ==Uses==
-[[Image:Cedrus wood.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Cedar wood is not only scented, but also has an attractive color and grain]]
+[[Image:Cedrus wood.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Cedar wood is not only scented, but also has an attractive color and grain.]]
 Cedars are very popular ornamental trees, widely used in [[horticulture]] in [[temperate]] [[climate]]s where winter temperatures do not fall below about -25°&nbsp;C (the Turkish Cedar is slightly hardier, to -30°&nbsp;C or just below). They are also grown for their durable (decay-resistant) scented [[wood]], most famously used in the construction of [[Solomon|King Solomon's]] [[Temple in Jerusalem|temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] provided by King Hiram, or Ahiram, of Tyre, Lebanon, circa 1,000 BC.  The wood is also used for humbler purposes requiring resistance to weather, such as shakes and [[shingle]]s.  Cedar wood and cedar oil is known to be a natural repellent to [[moth]]s [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~nodice/new/magazine/cedar/cedar.htm], hence [[hope chest]]s were made of cedar when available. Cedar is a popular lining for modern-day closets in which woolens are stored. The use of cedar is mentioned in ''The Iliad'', Book 24, referring to the cedar-roofed or lined storage chamber where Priam goes to fetch the treasures used to ransom the corpse of his son Hector from Achilles. Extensive [[forestry|reforestation]] of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region, particularly [[Turkey]], where over 50 million young cedars are being planted annually.
 <br style="clear:both;">