Cherimoya - Revision history

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Cherimoya
| image = Cherimoya_fruit.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Cherimoya fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Magnoliales]]
| familia = [[Annonaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Annona]]''
| species = '''''A. cherimola'''''
| binomial = ''Annona cherimola''
| binomial_authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
}}

[[Image:Chirimoyalarcomuseum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Moche Cherimoya. 200 B.C. [[Larco_Museum|Larco Museum Collection]] Lima, Peru.]]

The '''cherimoya''' (''Annona cherimola'') is a species of ''[[Annona]]'' native to the [[Andes|Andean]]-highland valleys of [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]]. It is a deciduous or semi-evergreen [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] reaching 7 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm long and 6-10 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in small clusters, each flower 2-3 cm across, with six petals, yellow-brown, often spotted purple at the base.

The [[fruit]] is oval, often slightly oblique, 10-20 cm long and 7-10 cm diameter, with a smooth or slightly tuberculated skin. The fruit flesh is white, and has numerous [[seed]]s embedded in it.

[[Mark Twain]] called the cherimoya "deliciousness itself."

The [[Moche]] culture of Peru had a fascination with agriculture and represented fruits and vegetables in their art. Cherimoyas were often depicted in their ceramics. <ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco_Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref>

===Cultivation and Uses===
The tree thrives throughout the subtropics at altitudes of 1300-2600m (4,000-8,500feet). The name derives from [[Quechua]] ''chirimuya'', meaning 'cold seeds', since the seeds will germinate at higher altitudes. Though sensitive to frost, it must have periods of cool temperatures or the tree will gradually go dormant. The indigenous inhabitants of the [[Andes]] say that although the cherimoya cannot stand snow, it does like to see it in the distance. It is cultivated in many places throughout the [[Americas]], including [[California]], where it was introduced in 1871, and Hawaii. In the [[Mediterranean region]], it is cultivated mainly in southern [[Spain]], [[Madeira]] and [[Israel]]. It is also grown in Taiwan.

The fruit is fleshy and soft, sweet, white in color, with a custard-like texture, which gives it its secondary name, custard apple. Some characterize the flavor as a blend of pineapple, mango and strawberry. Others describe it as tasting like commercial bubblegum. Similar in size to a grapefruit, it has large, glossy, dark seeds that are easily removed. The seeds are poisonous if crushed open; one should also avoid eating the skin. When ripe the skin is green and gives slightly to pressure, similar to the [[avocado]]. Ripe fruit may be kept in the refrigerator, but it is best to let immature cherimoyas ripen at room temperature. If the skin is brown, then it is good to eat and has ripened.

Fresh cherimoya contains about 15% sugar (about 60kcal/100g) and some [[vitamin C]] (up to 20mg/100g)

===Pollination===
The flowers are [[hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]], but have a mechanism to avoid self pollination. The short-lived flowers open as female, then progress to a later, male stage in a matter of hours. This requires a separate [[pollinator]] that not only can collect the [[pollen]] from [[flower]]s in the male stage, but also deposit it in flowers in the female stage. It is acknowledged that there must be such a natural pollinator, and while so far studies of insects in the cherimoya's native region have been inconclusive, some form of [[beetle]] is suspected (Schroeder 1995).

Quite often, the female flower is receptive in the early part of the first day, but pollen is not produced in the male stage until the late afternoon of the second day. [[Honey bee]]s are not good pollinators, for example, because they will only visit flowers in the male stage to collect the pollen, and then not return.

For fruit production outside the cherimoya's native region, cultivators must either rely upon the wind to spread pollen in dense orchards or else [[hand pollination|pollinate flowers by hand]]. Complicating matters is the notoriously short lifespan of cherimoya pollen.

<gallery>
Image:Cherimoya_cut_hg.jpg|Split
Image:Cherimoya_fruit_hg.jpg|Ripe fruits
Image:Cherimoya_tree_hg.jpg|Tree
Image:Cherimoya_plantage_hg.jpg|Plantation in south Andalusia
</gallery>

==Other Names==

* Anone in [[French language|French]]
* Chirimoya in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
* Custard Apple in [[English language|English]]
* Srikaya in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
* Nona in [[Malay language|Malay]]
* Laxmanphal in [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
* 釋迦, <i>Si-jia</i>, after [[Sakyamuni]] in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]

==See also==
* [[Atemoya]] (a cross of ''A. squamosa'' and ''A. cherimola'')
* [[Custard-apple]] (''Annona reticulata'')
* [[Pawpaw]] (''Asimina spp'')
* [[Sugar-apple]] (''Annona squamosa'')

== References ==
<references/>
Dr. Hannia Bridg, Micropropagation of Selected Trees. http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/bridg-hannia-2000-03-24/HTML/index.html

==External Links==
*Schroeder, C. A. (1995). [http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/acotanc/papers/schroede.htm Pollination Strategy in the Cherimoya].
*[http://cherimoya.orcon.net.nz/600x800.html Cherimoya website]
*Owens, K. J.(2003). [http://peacecorps.mtu.edu/people/1999/owensKristina.pdf Genetic diversity of ''Annona cherimola'' Mill. in south central Bolivia].
* Scheldeman, X. (2002). [https://archive.ugent.be/retrieve/729/19891529.pdf Distribution and potential of cherimoya (''Annona cherimola'' Mill.) and highland papayas (''Vasconcellea'' spp.) in Ecuador]

[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Magnoliales]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Pollination]]
[[Category:Trees of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Trees of Colombia]]
[[Category:Trees of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Trees of Peru]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Plantbox
 | name = Annona cherimola
@@ Line 27: / Line 37: @@
 | species = A. cherimola
 }}
-Growth Habit: The cherimoya is a fairly fairly dense, fast-growing, evergreen [[tree]], briefly deciduous in California from February through April. The tree can reach 30 feet or more, but is fairly easily restrained. Young trees "harp," forming opposite branches as a natural espalier. These can be trained against a surface, or pruned off to form a regular free-standing trunk. Growth is in one long flush, beginning in April. The roots commence as taproot, but the slow-growing root system is rather weak, superficial, and ungreedy. Young plants need staking.
+Growth Habit: The cherimoya is a fairly fairly dense, fast-growing, evergreen [[tree]], briefly deciduous in California from February through April. The tree can reach 30 feet or more, but is fairly easily restrained. Young trees &quot;harp,&quot; forming opposite branches as a natural espalier. These can be trained against a surface, or pruned off to form a regular free-standing trunk. Growth is in one long flush, beginning in April. The roots commence as taproot, but the slow-growing root system is rather weak, superficial, and ungreedy. Young plants need staking.
 Foliage: The attractive leaves are single and alternate, 2 to 8 inches long and up to 4 inches wide. They are dark green on top and velvety green on the bottom, with prominent veins. New growth is recurved, like a fiddle-neck. Axillary buds are hidden beneath fleshy leaf petioles.
@@ Line 46: / Line 56: @@
 The cherimoya grows in the form of a small tree, usually about 15 or 20 feet high. The flowers are remarkably uniform, but vary somewhat in size. They are often solitary or in two's or three's, while those of the bullock's heart (Annona reticulata) and the sugar-apple (A. squamosa) are usually clustered. The leaves are always velvety on the lower surface. The following varieties, based upon the form of the fruit, are recognized:
-(1) Finger-printed cherimoya (forma impressa), known in Costa Rica as "anona de dedos pintados.” This form was the first to be figured (Feuillee, Pl. med. Journ. Obs. 3: append. 24, pl. 17, 1725). The fruit, conoid or subglobose in shape, has a smooth surface covered with concave U-shaped areoles resembling finger-prints in soft wax or putty. It is one of the best varieties, with sweet juicy pulp of good flavor, and with relatively few seeds.
+(1) Finger-printed cherimoya (forma impressa), known in Costa Rica as &quot;anona de dedos pintados.” This form was the first to be figured (Feuillee, Pl. med. Journ. Obs. 3: append. 24, pl. 17, 1725). The fruit, conoid or subglobose in shape, has a smooth surface covered with concave U-shaped areoles resembling finger-prints in soft wax or putty. It is one of the best varieties, with sweet juicy pulp of good flavor, and with relatively few seeds.
-(2) Smooth cherimoya (forma laevis), called in South America "chirimoya lisa" and in the market of Mexico City, "anon." Fig. 903. It is this form which is so often mistaken for Annona glabra and A. reticulata on account of the general appearance of the fruit and the common name "anon”, which is also applied to the fruit of the last-named species. This is one of the finest of all the cherimoyas.
+(2) Smooth cherimoya (forma laevis), called in South America &quot;chirimoya lisa&quot; and in the market of Mexico City, &quot;anon.&quot; Fig. 903. It is this form which is so often mistaken for Annona glabra and A. reticulata on account of the general appearance of the fruit and the common name &quot;anon”, which is also applied to the fruit of the last-named species. This is one of the finest of all the cherimoyas.
-(3) Tuberculate cherimoya (forma tuberculata). Fig. 904. One of the commonest forms, in which the fruit is heart-shaped and bears small wart-like tubercles near the rounded apex of each areole. To this group belongs the "golden russet" cherimoya grown in the orchard of C. P. Taft at Orange, California. It is the form most frequently found in the Peruvian markets and is represented in prehistoric pottery from the graves of that country.
+(3) Tuberculate cherimoya (forma tuberculata). Fig. 904. One of the commonest forms, in which the fruit is heart-shaped and bears small wart-like tubercles near the rounded apex of each areole. To this group belongs the &quot;golden russet&quot; cherimoya grown in the orchard of C. P. Taft at Orange, California. It is the form most frequently found in the Peruvian markets and is represented in prehistoric pottery from the graves of that country.
-(4) Mammillate cherimoya (forma mamillata). called in South America, "chirimoya de tetillas”. This is the form successfully established on the ranch of Charles F. O'Brien, in the mountains of Santa Monica, southern California. It is also the common form of the Nilgiri Hills of India, and is one of the best forms grown on the Island of Madeira.
+(4) Mammillate cherimoya (forma mamillata). called in South America, &quot;chirimoya de tetillas”. This is the form successfully established on the ranch of Charles F. O'Brien, in the mountains of Santa Monica, southern California. It is also the common form of the Nilgiri Hills of India, and is one of the best forms grown on the Island of Madeira.
-(5) Umbonate cherimoya (forma umbonata), called "chirimoya de puas" and "anona picuda" in Latin America. In this form the skin of the fruit is comparatively thick, the pulp more acid than in other forms, and the seeds more numerous. It has the flavor of pineapple and is one of the best for  producing cooling drinks and sherbets. The fruit is oblong-conical in shape, with the base more or less umbilicate and the surface studded with protuberances, each of which corresponds to a component carpel. To this form should be referred the "Horton" cherimoya, grown in the vicinity of Pasadena, California.
+(5) Umbonate cherimoya (forma umbonata), called &quot;chirimoya de puas&quot; and &quot;anona picuda&quot; in Latin America. In this form the skin of the fruit is comparatively thick, the pulp more acid than in other forms, and the seeds more numerous. It has the flavor of pineapple and is one of the best for  producing cooling drinks and sherbets. The fruit is oblong-conical in shape, with the base more or less umbilicate and the surface studded with protuberances, each of which corresponds to a component carpel. To this form should be referred the &quot;Horton&quot; cherimoya, grown in the vicinity of Pasadena, California.
 Very recently there has been received from Florida an interesting fruit borne by a hybrid, the result of pollinating the stigmas of a cherimoya with the pollen of Annona squamosa. The leaves of this plant are very broad, resembling those of A. Cherimola in shape, but glabrous like those of A. squamosa. The fruit resembles that of A. Cherimola in form, but with the protuberences very distinct and covered with a glaucous bloom like that of A. squamosa. The seeds are distinct from both species, larger than those of A. squamosa, and much darker colored than those of A. Cherimola; and the pulp is very juicy, with the fine slightly acidulous flavor of the cherimoya.
@@ Line 80: / Line 90: @@
 ===Propagation===
-Since there are no recognized [[rootstock]]s for cherimoyas, seedlings are universally utilized. Seeds from the White cultivar (Dr. White) are thought by some to produce superior rootstocks, however there does not appear to be a great deal of objective data to support this position. Seeds remain viable for two to three years if kept dry and protected from weevil and fungi. With 70° F bottom heat, seed will germinate in about 21 days, but will require about 40 days under normal ambient growing conditions. Seedlings should be transplanted to deep containers (approximately 18") when they are 3" tall to promote development of the tap root. In frost-free areas, it is recommended that seedlings for spring grafting be planted in their ultimate location in the fall and grafted in the ground the following spring.
+Since there are no recognized [[rootstock]]s for cherimoyas, seedlings are universally utilized. Seeds from the White cultivar (Dr. White) are thought by some to produce superior rootstocks, however there does not appear to be a great deal of objective data to support this position. Seeds remain viable for two to three years if kept dry and protected from weevil and fungi. With 70° F bottom heat, seed will germinate in about 21 days, but will require about 40 days under normal ambient growing conditions. Seedlings should be transplanted to deep containers (approximately 18&quot;) when they are 3&quot; tall to promote development of the tap root. In frost-free areas, it is recommended that seedlings for spring grafting be planted in their ultimate location in the fall and grafted in the ground the following spring.
 [[Graft]]ing is most successful in [[January]] through [[May]] provided previous years leaves have not been shed from the potential scionwood. During this period no scion preparation is required other than removal of leaves. All normal grafting techniques appear to be equally successful. However in topworking, nurse branches are desirable if not essential for success. To bud, collect budwood in July store refrigerated for 10 days in plastic. Petioles will drop exposing dormant buds. Bud at once using chip bud technique and wrap well against dehydration. Grafted plants will bear in two to three years.
@@ Line 102: / Line 112: @@
 *'''Nata''' - Origin George Emerich, Fallbrook, Calif., 1983. From Ecuadorian seed. Tree vigorous, bears quickly, flowers profuse, tendency to self-pollinating. Fruits smooth, light green, conical, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 pounds. Skin thin, tender. Flavor has good sweet-acid balance.
 *'''Ott''' - Origin William Ott, La Habra Heights, Calif., 1936. Plant patent #656. Seed from Mexico, D.F. Tree strong growing. Fruit medium, heart shaped tuberculate, flesh yellow, seedy, very sweet. Matures early.
-*'''Pierce''' (syns. Knight, Escondido White, Ryerson, Thomson-Spain, & Bayott) - Believed to be from a group of scions imported from Mexico in the 1930's by a Mr. Knight of Orange. Dr. H. F. Pierce planted a grove in Goleta in that period made up largely of trees produced by Knight. This cultivar was Dr. Pierce's favorite and was named "Pierce" by him. Tree is vigorous with large dark green leaves. Fruit is medium sized elongated conically shaped with very smooth skin and a high sugar content.
+*'''Pierce''' (syns. Knight, Escondido White, Ryerson, Thomson-Spain, & Bayott) - Believed to be from a group of scions imported from Mexico in the 1930's by a Mr. Knight of Orange. Dr. H. F. Pierce planted a grove in Goleta in that period made up largely of trees produced by Knight. This cultivar was Dr. Pierce's favorite and was named &quot;Pierce&quot; by him. Tree is vigorous with large dark green leaves. Fruit is medium sized elongated conically shaped with very smooth skin and a high sugar content.
-*'''Sabor''' - Origin James Neitzel, San Diego, Calif., 1979. Sibling of "Big Sister". Fruit mammillated, varies in size, not usually large. Among the best in flavor.
+*'''Sabor''' - Origin James Neitzel, San Diego, Calif., 1979. Sibling of &quot;Big Sister&quot;. Fruit mammillated, varies in size, not usually large. Among the best in flavor.
 *'''Whaley''' - Origin Hollywood, Calif., 1924. Tree moderately vigorous. Fruit medium to large elongated conical, tuberculate, light green, flavor good. Seed enclosed in an obtrusive sac of flesh.
 *'''White (syn. Dr.White)''' - Origin J. H. MacPherson, Lemon Grove, Calif., 1928. Tree open, unkempt; to 35 feet, needs forming. A commercial favorite at Carpinteria. Best near coast. Fruit large, to 4 pounds, conical, with superficial small lumps (umbonate). Flesh juicy, flavor weak, suggesting mango-papaya.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Plantbox
 | name = Annona cherimola
@@ Line 59: / Line 36: @@
 Fruits: The compound fruit is conical or somewhat heart-shaped, 4 to 8 inches long and up to 4 inches in width, weighing on the average 5-1/2 to 18 ounces, but the largest fruits may reach 5 pounds in weight. The skin, thin or thick, may be smooth with fingerprint-like markings or covered with conical or rounded protuberances. The sweet, juicy, white flesh is melting, subacid and very fragrant. The fruit is of a primitive form with spirally arranged carpels, resembling a raspberry. Each segment of flesh surrounds a single hard black bean-like seed. The fruit size is generally proportional to the number of seeds within. They ripen October to May.
 ==Cultivation==

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:07, 30 June 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{Inc\|
	Cherimoya, Cherimoyer (Quichua. language of Peru, chirimuya, signifying cold seeds). (Annona Cherimola, Mill.). Figs. 903-905. An important table fruit of warm countries. See p. 293, Vol. I, for botanical description.		Cherimoya, Cherimoyer (Quichua. language of Peru, chirimuya, signifying cold seeds). (Annona Cherimola, Mill.). Figs. 903-905. An important table fruit of warm countries. See p. 293, Vol. I, for botanical description.

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:06, 30 June 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	Cherimoya, Cherimoyer (Quichua. language of Peru, chirimuya, signifying cold seeds). (Annona Cherimola, Mill.). Figs. 903-905. An important table fruit of warm countries. See p. 293, Vol. I, for botanical description.
		+
		+	The cherimoya is considered by many to be the finest of the subtropical fruits, and that not only by the natives of the countries in which it grows, but also by Europeans. It is somewhat like the pomme-cannelle, or sweet-sop, but differs from it in having a pecuilar acidulous flavor most agreeable and grateful to the taste. For centuries the cherimoya has been cultivated and several distinct varieties have resulted. One of these has smooth fruit devoid of protuberances, which has been confused with the inferior fruits of both Annona glabra and A. reticulata. The last two species, however, are easily distinguished by their leaves and flowers; Annona glabra, commonly known as the alligator apple or mangrove annona, having glossy laurel-like leaves and globose flowers with 6 ovate petals, and A. reticulata having long narrow glabrate leaves devoid of the velvety lining which characterizes those of the cherimoya. Both of these species, moreover, are essentially tropical, while the cherimoya is subtropical, growing in tropical countries only at considerable elevations, where the climate is cool and the soil well drained.
		+
		+	The origin of the cherimoya has been much discussed. De Candolle, however, is in all probability correct in attributing it to the mountains of Ecuador and Peru. The common name which it bears, even in Mexico, is of Quichua origin, as explained above; and terracotta vases modeled from cherimoya fruits have been dug up repeatedly from prehistoric graves in Peru. It was introduced at a very early date into Central America and Mexico and into Jamaica in 1786 by Hinton East. It is now of spontaneous growth in limited areas both in Central America and the mountains of Jamaica. In Madeira, the cherimoya has taken the place of the grape-vine on many of the estates on the warm southern slopes of the island. Here the cultivation is systematic. The two-year-old seedlings are budded or grafted. The trees are frequently trained on walls or on trellises, so that the fruit may hang in the shade while ripening, and manure is regularly supplied (see Annona). The result of careful selection is that there are varieties of fine flavor, comparatively few seeds, and great size, weighing from twelve to sixteen pounds. According to W. Fawcett, ordinary fruits weighing from three to eight pounds, have been sold in the London market at $1.50; large ones at $2.50 and even $3. The cherimoya has been successfully introduced into southern California where it finds the most favorable conditions in the foot-hills near the coast.
		+
		+	The cherimoya grows in the form of a small tree, usually about 15 or 20 feet high. The flowers are remarkably uniform, but vary somewhat in size. They are often solitary or in two's or three's, while those of the bullock's heart (Annona reticulata) and the sugar-apple (A. squamosa) are usually clustered. The leaves are always velvety on the lower surface. The following varieties, based upon the form of the fruit, are recognized:
		+
		+	(1) Finger-printed cherimoya (forma impressa), known in Costa Rica as "anona de dedos pintados.” This form was the first to be figured (Feuillee, Pl. med. Journ. Obs. 3: append. 24, pl. 17, 1725). The fruit, conoid or subglobose in shape, has a smooth surface covered with concave U-shaped areoles resembling finger-prints in soft wax or putty. It is one of the best varieties, with sweet juicy pulp of good flavor, and with relatively few seeds.
		+
		+	(2) Smooth cherimoya (forma laevis), called in South America "chirimoya lisa" and in the market of Mexico City, "anon." Fig. 903. It is this form which is so often mistaken for Annona glabra and A. reticulata on account of the general appearance of the fruit and the common name "anon”, which is also applied to the fruit of the last-named species. This is one of the finest of all the cherimoyas.
		+
		+	(3) Tuberculate cherimoya (forma tuberculata). Fig. 904. One of the commonest forms, in which the fruit is heart-shaped and bears small wart-like tubercles near the rounded apex of each areole. To this group belongs the "golden russet" cherimoya grown in the orchard of C. P. Taft at Orange, California. It is the form most frequently found in the Peruvian markets and is represented in prehistoric pottery from the graves of that country.
		+
		+	(4) Mammillate cherimoya (forma mamillata). called in South America, "chirimoya de tetillas”. This is the form successfully established on the ranch of Charles F. O'Brien, in the mountains of Santa Monica, southern California. It is also the common form of the Nilgiri Hills of India, and is one of the best forms grown on the Island of Madeira.
		+
		+	(5) Umbonate cherimoya (forma umbonata), called "chirimoya de puas" and "anona picuda" in Latin America. In this form the skin of the fruit is comparatively thick, the pulp more acid than in other forms, and the seeds more numerous. It has the flavor of pineapple and is one of the best for producing cooling drinks and sherbets. The fruit is oblong-conical in shape, with the base more or less umbilicate and the surface studded with protuberances, each of which corresponds to a component carpel. To this form should be referred the "Horton" cherimoya, grown in the vicinity of Pasadena, California.
		+
		+	Very recently there has been received from Florida an interesting fruit borne by a hybrid, the result of pollinating the stigmas of a cherimoya with the pollen of Annona squamosa. The leaves of this plant are very broad, resembling those of A. Cherimola in shape, but glabrous like those of A. squamosa. The fruit resembles that of A. Cherimola in form, but with the protuberences very distinct and covered with a glaucous bloom like that of A. squamosa. The seeds are distinct from both species, larger than those of A. squamosa, and much darker colored than those of A. Cherimola; and the pulp is very juicy, with the fine slightly acidulous flavor of the cherimoya.
		+	For the propagation and culture of cherimoyas, see Annona. W. E. Safford.
		+
		+	}}
	{{Plantbox		{{Plantbox
	\| name = Annona cherimola		\| name = Annona cherimola