Datura - Revision history

Silparaja at 10:29, 29 August 2009

2009-08-29T10:29:31Z

Raffi at 05:54, 28 November 2008

2008-11-28T05:54:29Z

Envoy at 04:40, 16 May 2007

2007-05-16T04:40:28Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Datura''
| image = DaturaStramonium-plant-sm.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[Datura stramonium]]''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Solanales]]
| familia = [[Solanaceae]]
| genus = '''''Datura'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = <center>''See text below''</center>
}}

'''''Datura''''' is a [[genus]] of 12-15 species of [[Vespertine (biology)|vespertine]] [[flowering plant]]s belonging to the family [[Solanaceae]]. Their exact natural distribution is uncertain, due to extensive cultivation and [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalization]] throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the globe, but is most likely restricted to the [[Americas]], from the [[United States]] south through [[Mexico]] (where the highest species diversity occurs) to the mid-latitudes of [[South America]]. Some species are reported by some authorities to be native to [[China]], but this is not accepted by the ''Flora of China'', where the three species present are treated as introductions from the Americas. (It also grows naturally throughout most of Australia).

Common names include '''jimson weed''', '''Hell's Bells''', '''Devil's weed''', '''Devil's cucumber''', '''thorn-apple''' (from the spiny fruit), '''pricklyburr''' (similarly), and somewhat paradoxically, both '''angel's trumpet''' and '''devil's trumpet''' (from their large [[trumpet]]-shaped flowers), or as [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] refers to it in the ''[[the Scarlet Letter]]'' '''apple-peru'''. The word '''''Datura''''' comes from [[Hindi]] ''dhatūrā'' (thorn apple); record of this name dates back only to [[1662]] ([[OED]]).

They are large, vigorous [[annual plant]]s or short-lived [[perennial plant]]s, growing to 1-3 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, 10-20 cm long and 5-18 cm broad, with a lobed or toothed margin. The [[flower]]s are erect or spreading (not pendulous), trumpet-shaped, 5-20 cm long and 4-12 cm broad at the mouth; color varies from white to yellow, pink, and pale purple. The [[fruit]] is a spiny [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] 4-10 cm long and 2-6 cm broad, splitting open when ripe to release the numerous [[seed]]s.

''Datura'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Hypercompe|Hypercompe indecisa]]''.

==Species==
*''[[Datura bernhardii]]''
*''[[Datura ceratocaula]]''
*''[[Datura discolor]]'' - Desert Thorn-apple
*''[[Datura ferox]]''
*''[[Datura inoxia]]'' or ''Datura innoxia'' - Angel's Trumpet
*''[[Datura kymatocarpa]]''
*''[[Datura lanosa]]''
*''[[Datura leichhardtii]]'' (syn. ''D. pruinosa'') - Leichhardt's Datura
*''[[Datura metel]]''
*''[[Datura quercifolia]]'' - Oak-leaf Thorn-apple
*''[[Datura reburra]]''
*''[[Datura suaveolens]]'' - Known in Costa Rica as "Reina de la noche" (Night's Queen)
*''[[Datura stramonium]]'' (syn. ''D. inermis'') - Jimsonweed, Thorn-apple
*''[[Datura wrightii]]'' - Sacred datura, Sacred Thorn-apple

Some species formerly included in ''Datura'' are now classified in the separate genus ''[[Brugmansia]]''; this genus differs in being woody, making [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s, and in having pendulous flowers. Other related genera include ''[[Henbane|Hyoscyamus]]'' and ''[[Atropa]]''.

==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Datura fruit.jpg|thumb|200px|Fruit]]
[[Image:Datura innoxia fruit split open.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''D. inoxia'' with ripe, split-open fruit]]
Datura contains the alkaloids [[scopolamine]] and [[atropine]] and has long been used as a [[poison]] and [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogen]]. The [[dose-response curve]] for the combination of alkaloids is ''very'' steep, so people who consume datura can easily take a potentially [[death|fatal]] [[overdose]], hence its use as a poison. In the [[1990s]] and [[2000s]], the United States media contained stories of [[adolescent]]s and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingestin
g datura.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5233a2.htm |title = Suspected Moonflower Intoxication (Ohio, 2002)| accessdate = September 30| accessyear = 2006| publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]| format = HTML}}</ref>

===Records of use===
''Datura stramonium'' is also called '''[[jimsonweed]]'''. This name comes from the town of [[Jamestown, Virginia]]. Various versions of the story exist, but in the most common version, British soldiers sent to quell [[Bacon's Rebellion]] of [[1676]] were accidentally served this unfamiliar plant as food, causing many to be incapacitated for 11 days. ''[[Datura wrightii]]'', also called '''sacred datura''' or '''western jimsonweed''', has similar effects.

Perhaps the most famous account of jimsonweed intoxication is given in ''[[The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge]]'' by [[Carlos Castaneda]]. The narrator records several experiences with the subtly addictive "devil's weed", which his mentor describes as having power similar to that of a woman:

{{cquote|She is as powerful as the best of allies, but there is something I personally don't like about her. She distorts men. She gives them a taste of power too soon without fortifying their hearts and makes them domineering and unpredictable. She makes them weak in the middle of their great power.}}

The effects of Datura can be extreme, leading to a complete inability to differentiate reality from fantasy. Many experience accounts can be found at [http://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Datura.shtml www.erowid.org].

==Cultural references==
===In literature===
Martin Cruz Smith's novel,"Nightwing" gives an excellent, if fictional account of datura usage and Hopi folklore surrounding same.
[[Image:SacredDaturaFx Wb2.jpg|thumb|right|The distinctive datura flower]]
*[[Stephen King]]'s [[Gunslinger]] from the Dark Tower series, Book 1
* [[Jean M. Auel]] described use of datura in her ''[[Earth's Children]]'' series: In ''"[[The Clan of the Cave Bear]]"'', the clan share a retrocognitive vision under influence of datura. In ''[[The Plains of Passage]]'' Ayla uses datura as an [[analgesic]] and [[sedative]].
* In [[Paul Theroux]]'s 2005 novel ''[[Blinding Light]]'', a writer becomes addicted to a rare species of datura. Under its influence he is blind, but inspired, transcendently aware, and megalomaniacal.
* Datura is the plant given to pacify the mentally handicapped brother in [[William Faulkner]]'s ''[[The Sound and the Fury]]''.
* Datura is explained in [[Wade Davis]]'s ''[[The Serpent and the Rainbow]]'' to be a critically important hallucinogen in a series of toxins and cultural practices that produce [[zombie]]s, administered at the time of retrieval from the grave as an antidote to previously administered [[tetrodotoxin]].
* The use of datura as a poison is mentioned in the novel ''[[The Eiger Sanction]]'' by [[Trevanian]].
* Datura is the name of the antagonist in the novel "[[Forever Odd]]" by [[Dean Koontz]]
* Datura is also the name of a fictional chemical in [[Ryu Murakami]]'s surreal 1980 novel [[Coin Locker Babies]]. It's a gas that, when ingested, completely destroys a person's self-control and restraint, resulting in "a form of criminal psychosis [and] the creation of an irreversibly destructive personality" without remorse.<ref>Murakami, Ryu. ''[[Coin Locker Babies]]''. Kodansha Intl. Ltd. (English trans., 1995), p.118</ref>
* Datura is a key [[entheogen]] in ''[[The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge]]'' by [[Carlos Castaneda]]
* In the novel ''The Sundial'' by [[Maarten 't Hart]], datura is used twice as a poison.
* ''[[Cape Cod (essay)|Cape Cod]]'' by [[Thoreau]] contains a quote from Beverly's ''History of Virginia'' describing the effects of datura usage.
*Also in the autobiographical novel "Jesus Weed" by Gerald Taylor.
*In [[Hunter S. Thompson]]'s ''[[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'', Dr. Gonzo refers to a time he got sick from eating a large quantity of Jimson weed (in the section "A Terrible Experience with Extremely Dangerou
s Drugs").
*Datura is featured as the central MacGuffin employed by the evil [[Knights of the Golden Circle]] in the graphic novel "Batman: Detective No. 27" by [[Michael Uslan]] and [[Peter Snejbjerg]] and published by [[DC Comics]] in 2003.
*Datura as a psychoactive substance is featured in [[Leena Krohn]]'s novel that has the Finnish name ''Datura tai harha jonka jokainen näkee''; the novel has been translated at least to [[German language|German]], under the name ''Stechapfel''.

===In music===
* Singer/songwriter [[Tori Amos]] penned a [[trance music|trance]] song entitled "Datura" for her 1999 album "[[To Venus and Back]]". The song features Amos reading a list of various plants that are growing in her garden over hypnotic [[piano]] and rhythms. She consistently mentions datura within the list, as if to indicate it is overgrowing and destroying her garden. The flower, in the song, is used as a metaphor for destructive relationships.<ref>''Attitude'' (UK) - November 1999</ref>
* In the opera [[Lakmé]] by [[Léo Delibes]], Lakmé dies after eating datura leaves.
* ''[http://www.datura.it/ Datura]'' is also the name of an Italian [[Techno music|techno]]/trance group formed [[1991]] in [[Bologna]] by the musicians [[Ciro Pagano]] and [[Stefano Mazzavillani]] and the DJs Ricci & Cirillo. One of their biggest hit singles ''[http://www.discogs.com/release/85735 Yerba Del Diablo]'' ("Devil's weed") also pays reference to the plant.
*The band [[Murder By Death]] mentions datura in their song "Killbot 2000" from their album "Who Will Survive and What Will be Left of Them."
*The [[psychedelic rock]] band [[Bardo Pond]] named a song "Datura" in his album "Set and Setting". Many other Bardo Pond album and song titles have been derived from the names of esoteric psychedelic substances.
* The guitarist [[Buckethead]] named a song "Datura" in his album "Electric Tears".
*Icelandic hard rock/stoner band takes its name from this plant(spelling it in Hindi, though "[[Dhaturah]]"), claiming that the plant has influenced its songwriting. In the song "The Devil is a Nice Guy" the singer/actor/keyboardist Kjartan describes his experience when he was strung out on [[Devil's weed]] and spent two days in the Icelandic Kárahnjúkar writing songs and chatting with the devil"
* The Australian [[psychedelic rock]] band [[Grey Daturas]] takes its name from the plant.
* The band [http://www.myspace.com/ddm/ Dane and the Death Machine's] album [http://www.myspace.com/DDMThanatron/ Thanatron] has a track entitled "Datura".

===In film===
* In the movie [[XXX (movie)|XXX]] the darts used to knock out Xander ([[Vin Diesel]]) and that he later uses to appear to kill an undercover policeman are referred to as 'Datura knockout darts' by their creator.

==Notes and references==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=2930 JimsonWeed: History, Perceptions, Traditional Uses, and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of the Genus Datura HerbalGram. 2006;69:40-50 © American Botanical Council by Kofi Busia & Fiona Heckels]
*[http://www.wanamey.org tratamientos Datura - Floripondio]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3415 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Datura'']
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DATUR USDA Plant Profile: ''Datura'']
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=109368 Flora of China: ''Datura'']
*[http://www.bmj.org/cgi/content/full/321/7255/219 Account of accidental minor poisoning by Datura] from the [[British Medical Journal]]
*[http://www.erowid.org/plants/datura/datura.shtml Erowid Datura Vault]
*[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=16271 ''Datura'' and ''Brugmansia'' species as Sacred Plants and Medicines]
*[http://www.maripoisoncenter.com/ctr/9512jimsonweed.html Clinical Toxicology Review of Datura Poisoning]
*[http://www.blackturtle.us/DV_PLANTS/DATURA/index.html Jimsonweed pictures and description at blackturtle.us]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fo6ekBEXGLQ Humorous song and discussion at YouTube: Moonflo
wer]

[[Category:Deliriants]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Datura| ]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:29, 29 August 2009
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		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Datura (Arabic name). Syn. Brugmansia. Solanaceae. Thorn-apple. Several large plants cultivated for their huge trumpet-like flowers, which have an odor that is very pleasant to some persons.
		+
		+	Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees: lvs. large, entire or wavy-toothed: fls. large, solitary, erect or pendulous, mostly white, with more or less violet, rarely red or yellow; calyx 5-toqthed, sometimes breaking apart near the base or splitting lengthwise: corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading 5-10-toothed limb; stamens 5, all perfect, slightly or not at all exserted, the filaments slender; style long, the stigma 2-lobed: fr. a large 2-celled caps., mostly prickly or spiny, usually dry and 4-valved at top but sometimes fleshy and bursting irregularly, with large seeds.— Some 15 species, mostly strong-smelling, in the warmer parts of the globe, some of them weeds.
		+
		+	A few daturas are grown as flower-garden subjects, or the shrubby kinds under glass or as tub specimens. The most popular kind in northern gardens is commonly called D. cornucopia (Fig. 1227), which is especially interesting when its flowers develop two or three well-defined trumpets, one within another. Sometimes, however, these double flowers are a confused mass of petalage. Double and triple forms are likely to occur in any of the species described below. The horn-of-plenty has been especially popular in America since about 1895, when it was found in South America by an orchid collector of the United States Nursery Company, and soon became widely distributed in "yellow, white, blue and deep carmine," all double forms. Daturas contain strong narcotics. Large doses are poisonous, small doses medicinal. Separate preparations of Stramonium seed and leaves are commonly sold in the drugstores. D. Stramonium (Fig. 1228) is the thorn-apple or Jamestown weed, the latter name being corrupted into jimson weed. Its foul, rank herbage and large spiny fruits are often seen in rubbish heaps. At the first successful settlement in America— Jamestown, Virginia, 1607—it is said that the men ate these thorn-apples with curious results. Capt. John Smith's account of their mad antics is very entertaining. It has been conjectured that this same plant was used by the priests at Delphi to produce oracular ravings. The seeds of D. sanguinea are said to have been used by Peruvian priests that were believed to have prophetic power.
		+
		+	Daturas are of easy culture. Some are treated as tender annuals. In the North the woody species can be grown outdoors in summer, and stored in cellars during the winter; in the South and in southern California they are almost everblooming. They are sometimes kept in cool conservatories the year round, in which case they should be planted in the border, as they rarely flower well in pots, their roots being large and spreading and requiring a constant supply of moisture. This method produces great quantities of bloom in spring. After flowering, the plants should be cut in to the main limbs.
		+
		+	Weedy annual species of Datura, intro. from the tropics or warm countries and run free in this country, are: D. Mitel, Linn. Pubescent: lvs. entire or slightly toothed: calyx tubular; corolla- limb) 10-lobed, 4 in. across: caps, nodding, prickly: 3-5 ft.: fls. white.—D. Stramonium, Linn. Fig. 1228. The common stramonium or jimson-weed: glabrous, green-stemmed: lvs. ovate, sinuate or angled or even cut-toothed: caps erect, with stout prickles: 24 ft.: fls. white. A very similar species but with a smooth and spineless caps, is D. inermis, Jacq.—D. Tatula, Linn. Differs from C. Stramonium in having purple sts., and violet-purple or lavender fls., and prickles of the caps, more nearly equal.
		+
		+	Other daturas more or less cult. abroad are: D. ceratocaula, Ort. Annual, 2 ft.: branches horn-shaped: lvs. broad-lanceolate: fls. very large, inside white or light violet, outside bluish, opening late in afternoon till middle of forenoon: fr. hanging, smooth. Trop. Amer. B.M. 3352.—D. coccinea, Hort.=D. De Noteri.— —D. colossea aurea, Hort. Garden hybrid, parentage not reported, with bright golden yellow fls.—D. De Noteri, Hort. Probably annual: 3 ft.: fls. fragrant, brilliant red, freely produced. S. Afr.— D. ferox. Linn. St. thick, glabrous, red at base but otherwise green- or white-punctate: lvs. rhombic-ovate, angled-toothed: calyx 5- angled and about 5-parted; corolla light blue, the limb angulate: fr. unequally spiny, with 4 large spines at top. S. Eu.—D. quercifolia. HBK. Annual, with green sts., the young growth somewhat pubescent: lvs. deeply sinuate-pinnatind.: fls. as in D. Tatula: caps, bearing large and unequal flattened prickles that are sometimes ½ in. long. Mex. Wilhelm Miller. L. H. B.
		+
		+	}}
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 [[Image:Datura fruit.jpg|thumb|200px|Fruit]]
 [[Image:Datura innoxia fruit split open.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''D. inoxia'' with ripe, split-open fruit]]
-Datura contains the alkaloids [[scopolamine]] and [[atropine]] and has long been used as a [[poison]] and [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogen]]. The [[dose-response curve]] for the combination of alkaloids is ''very'' steep, so people who consume datura can easily take a potentially [[death|fatal]] [[overdose]], hence its use as a poison. In the [[1990s]] and [[2000s]], the United States media contained stories of [[adolescent]]s and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingestin
+Datura contains the alkaloids [[scopolamine]] and [[atropine]] and has long been used as a [[poison]] and [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogen]]. The [[dose-response curve]] for the combination of alkaloids is ''very'' steep, so people who consume datura can easily take a potentially [[death|fatal]] [[overdose]], hence its use as a poison. In the [[1990s]] and [[2000s]], the United States media contained stories of [[adolescent]]s and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting datura.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5233a2.htm |title = Suspected Moonflower Intoxication (Ohio, 2002)| accessdate = September 30| accessyear = 2006| publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]| format = HTML}}</ref>
 ===Records of use===
@@ Line 56: / Line 55: @@
 The effects of Datura can be extreme, leading to a complete inability to differentiate reality from fantasy. Many experience accounts can be found at [http://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Datura.shtml www.erowid.org].
 ===In film===
-* In the movie [[XXX (movie)|XXX]] the darts used to knock out Xander ([[Vin Diesel]]) and that he later uses to appear to kill an undercover policeman are referred to as 'Datura knockout darts' by their creator.
+<gallery>
 ==Notes and references==