Envoy at 07:35, 15 October 2007

2007-10-15T07:35:18Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Figwort family
| image = Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Scrophularia nodosa''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| familia = '''Scrophulariaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}

'''Scrophulariaceae''', the '''figwort family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with [[zygomorphic]] (rarely [[actinomorphic]]) flowers. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus ''[[Scrophularia]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]].

In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the [[Lamiales]], notably [[Plantaginaceae]] and [[Orobanchaceae]] but also several new families (Olmstead et al., 2001; Olmstead, 2003). Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae s.l.

The family includes some [[Herbalism|medicinal plants]], among them:
* ''[[Leptandra]]'', Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra
* ''[[Rehmannia]]'', Chinese foxglove, used in [[Traditional Chinese medicine]]
* ''[[Scrophularia]]'', figworts
* ''[[Verbascum]]'', mulleins

== Included genera ==
{{incomplete list}}
*''[[Agalinis]]'' Raf. -- False foxglove
*''[[Alectra]]'' Thunb.
*''[[Alonsoa]]'' Ruiz & Pav.
*''[[Aureolaria]]'' Raf. -- Yellow False foxglove
*''[[Brachystigma]]'' Pennell -- Desert foxglove
*''[[Buchnera (plant)|Buchnera]]'' L. -- Bluehearts
*''[[Buddleja]]'' -- Butterfly-bush
*''[[Capraria (genus)|Capraria]]'' L.
*''[[Chaenorrhinum]]'' -- Dwarf Snapdragon
*''[[Dasistoma]]'' Raf.
*''[[Diascia]]''
*''[[Diplacus]]'' Nutt. -- Bush monkeyflower
*''[[Hemianthus]]'' Nutt.
*''[[Ilysanthes]]''
*''[[Lendneria]]'' Minod
*''[[Leptandra]]'' -- Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra)
*''[[Leucospora]]'' Nutt.<br>
*''[[Limosella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman ''et al.'' 2005)
*''[[Macranthera]]'' Nutt.
*''[[Mimetanthe]]'' Greene
*''[[Nemesia]]''
*''[[Phygelius]]'' E.Mey. ex Benth. -- Cape fuchsia
*''[[Rehmannia]]'' Libosch.
*''[[Schwalbea]]'' L. -- Schwalbea
*''[[Scrophularia]]'' L. -- Figwort
*''[[Seymeria]]'' Pursh -- Black senna
*''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' "Bacopa"
*''[[Striga (plant)|Striga]]'' Lour. -- Witchweed
*''[[Tomanthera]]''
*''[[Verbascum]]'' L. -- Mullein

==Excluded genera==

The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:

*''[[Amphianthus]]'' -> [[Plantaginaceae]]
*''[[Angelonia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Antirrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Bacopa]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Bartsia]]'' -> [[Orobanchaceae]]
*''[[Bellardia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Besseya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Calceolaria]]'' -> [[Calceolariaceae]]
*''[[Castilleja]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Chaenorrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Chelone]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Chionophila]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Collinsia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Cordylanthus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Cymbalaria]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Digitalis]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Dopatrium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Epixiphium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Euphrasia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Galvezia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Gambelia (plant)|Gambelia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Glossostigma]]'' -> [[Phrymaceae]]
*''[[Gratiola]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Hebe (plant)|Hebe]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Holmgrenanthe]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Howelliella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Keckiella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Kickxia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Lagotis]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Leucophyllum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Limnophila]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Linaria]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Lindernia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family [[Linderniaceae]] according to Haston ''et al'' 2007 (also known as LAPG II). <ref>{{cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume = 56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi = }}</ref>
*''[[Lophospermum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Mabrya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Maurandella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Maurandya]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Mazus]]'' -> Phrymaceae
*''[[Mecardonia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Melampyrum]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Micranthemum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Mimulus]]'' -> Phrymaceae
*''[[Misopates]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Mohavea]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Nemesia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Neogaerrhinum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Nothochelone]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Odontites]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Orobanche]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Orthocarpus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Parentucellia]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Paulownia]]'' -> [[Paulownia]]ceae
*''[[Pedicularis]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Penstemon]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Pseudorontium]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Rhinanthus]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Russelia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Sairocarpus]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Schistophragma]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Scoparia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Stemodia]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Synthyris]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Tonella]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Torenia]]'' L. -> Linderniaceae
*''[[Triphysaria]]'' -> Orobanchaceae
*''[[Veronica (plant)|Veronica]]'' -> Plantaginaceae
*''[[Veronicastrum]]'' -> Plantaginaceae

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. | title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348-361| year=2001}} - on line [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348 here].
* {{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title = Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13-22|year=2003}} - on line [http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/Spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/Scrophulariaceae.pdf here].
* {{cite journal| author = Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B.| title= Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal=Taxon| volume = 54|isuue = 2|pages= 411-425| year = 2005}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Scrophulariaceae}}
* [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?SCROPHULARIACEAE Kew list of Scrophulariaceae]

[[Category:Lamiales]]
[[Category:Scrophulariaceae|*]]
[[Category:Plant families]]

Figwort - Revision history

Envoy at 07:35, 15 October 2007