Gooseberry - Revision history

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Gooseberry
| image = Stachelbeeren.jpg
| image_caption = cultivated Eurasian gooseberry
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Saxifragales]]
| familia = [[Grossulariaceae]]
| genus = '''''[[Ribes]]'''''
| species = '''''R. uva-crispa'''''
| binomial = ''Ribes uva-crispa''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
{{commons|Ribes uva-crispa}}

:''See [[Cape Gooseberry]] for a tomato like fruit''
The '''Gooseberry''' ''Ribes uva-crispa'' ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''R. grossularia'') is a species of ''[[Ribes]]'', native to [[Europe]], northwestern [[Africa]] and southwestern [[Asia]]. It is one of several similar species in the subgenus ''Grossularia''; for the other related species (e.g. North American Gooseberry ''Ribes hirtellum''), see the genus page ''[[Ribes]]''.

Although usually placed as a subgenus within ''Ribes'', a few [[taxonomist]]s treat ''Grossularia'' as a separate genus, but since [[hybrid]]s between gooseberry and [[blackcurrant]] (e.g. the Jostaberry) can be cultivated, this seems inappropriate. The subgenus ''Grossularia'' differs somewhat from currants, chiefly in their spiny stems, and in that their [[flower]]s grow one to three together on short stems, not in [[raceme]]s.

[[Image:Gooseberry1.jpg|thumb|left|Gooseberry (variety Jewettà) - watercolour 1894]]
==Growth Habit==
The gooseberry is a straggling [[shrub|bush]] growing to 1-3 m tall, the branches being thickly set with sharp spines, standing out singly or in diverging tufts of two or three from the bases of the short spurs or lateral leaf shoots, on which the bell-shaped flowers are produced, singly or in pairs, from the groups of rounded, deeply-crenated 3 or 5 lobed leaves. The fruit is smaller than in the garden kinds, but is often of good flavour; it is generally hairy, but in one variety smooth, constituting the ''R. uva-crispa'' of writers; the colour is usually green, but plants are occasionally met with having deep purple berries.

==Range==
The gooseberry is indigenous in Europe and western [[Asia]], growing naturally in [[alpine climate|alpine]] thickets and [[Rock (geology)|rocky]] [[Forest|woods]] in the lower country, from [[France]] eastward, perhaps as far as the [[Himalaya]]. In [[Britain]] it is often found in [[copse]]s and [[hedgerow]]s and about old ruins, but has been so long a plant of cultivation that it is difficult to decide upon its claim to a place in the native flora of the island. Common as it is now on some of the lower slopes of the [[Alps]] of [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] and [[Savoy]], it is uncertain whether the [[ancient Rome|Romans]] were acquainted with the gooseberry, though it may possibly be alluded to in a vague passage of [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]]''; the hot summers of [[Italy]], in ancient times as at present, would be unfavourable to its cultivation. Abundant in [[Germany]] and [[France]], it does not appear to have been much grown there in the [[Middle Ages]], though the wild fruit was held in some esteem [[Pharmacology|medicinally]] for the cooling properties of its [[acid]] juice in [[fever]]s; while the old [[English language|English]] name, ''Fea-berry'', still surviving in some provincial dialects, indicates that it was similarly valued in Britain, where it was planted in gardens at a comparatively early period.

[[William Turner]] describes the gooseberry in his ''Herball'', written about the middle of the 16th century, and a few years later it is mentioned in one of Thomas Tusser's quaint rhymes as an ordinary object of garden culture. Improved varieties were probably first raised by the skilful gardeners of [[Holland]], whose name for the fruit, ''Kruisbezie'', may have been easily corrupted into the present English vernacular word. Towards the end of the 18th century the gooseberry became a favourite object of cottage-horticulture, especially in [[Lancashire, England|Lancashire]], where the working [[cotton]]-spinners have raised numerous varieties from [[seed]], their efforts having been chiefly directed to increasing the size of the fruit.

==Climate==
Of the many hundred sorts enumerated in recent horticultural works, few perhaps equal in flavour some of the older denizens of the fruit-garden, such as the ''old rough red'' and ''hairy amber''. The [[climate]] of the [[British Islands]] seems peculiarly adapted to bring the gooseberry to perfection, and it may be grown successfully even in the most northern parts of [[Scotland]] where it is commonly known as a "grozet"; indeed, the flavour of the fruit is said to improve with increasing latitude. In [[Norway]] even, the bush flourishes in gardens on the west coast nearly up to the [[Arctic]] circle, and it is found wild as far north as 63°. The dry summers of the French and German plains are less suited to it, though it is grown in some hilly districts with tolerable success. The gooseberry in the south of England will grow well in cool situations, and may be sometimes seen in gardens near [[London]] flourishing under the partial shade of [[Apple (Fruit)|apple]] [[tree]]s; but in the north it needs full exposure to the sun to bring the fruit to perfection. It will succeed in almost any [[soil]], but prefers a rich loam or black alluvium, and, though naturally a plant of rather dry places, will do well in moist land, if drained.

[[Image:Stachelbeere_(Ribes_uva-crispa).jpg|thumb|red gooseberries]]
==Propagation==
The varieties are most easily propagated by cuttings planted in the autumn, which root rapidly, and in a few years form good fruit-bearing bushes. Much difference of opinion prevails regarding the mode of pruning this valuable shrub; it is probable that in different situations it may require varying treatment. The fruit being borne on the lateral spurs, and on the shoots of the last year, it is the usual practice to shorten the side branches in the winter, before the buds begin to expand; some reduce the longer leading shoots at the same time, while others prefer to nip off the ends of these in the summer while they are still succulent.

When large fruit is desired, plenty of manure should be supplied to the roots, and the greater portion of the berries picked off while still small. If standards are desired, the gooseberry may be with advantage grafted or budded on stocks of some other species of Ribes, ''R. aureum'', the ornamental golden currant of the flower garden, answering well for the purpose. The giant gooseberries of the ''Lancashire fanciers'' are obtained by the careful culture of varieties specially raised with this object, the growth being encouraged by abundant manuring, and the removal of all but a very few berries from each plant. Single gooseberries of nearly 2 oz. in weight have been occasionally exhibited; but the produce of such fanciful horticulture is generally insipid.

==Pests==
The bushes at times suffer much from the ravages of the [[caterpillar]]s of the gooseberry or magpie [[moth]], ''Abraxas grossulariala'', which often strip the branches of leaves in the early summer, if not destroyed before the mischief is accomplished. The most effectual way of getting rid of this pretty but destructive insect is to look over each bush carefully, and pick off the larvae by hand; when larger they may be shaken off by striking the branches, but by that time the harm is generally done; the eggs are laid on the leaves of the previous season. Equally annoying in some years is the smaller [[larva]] of the V-moth, ''Semiothisa wauaria'', which often appears in great numbers, and is not so readily removed. The gooseberry is sometimes attacked by the grub of the Gooseberry [[symphyta|sawfly]] (''[[Nematus ribesii]]'') of which several broods appear in the course of the spring and summer, and are very destructive. The grubs bury themselves in the ground to pass into the pupal state; the first brood of flies, hatched just as the bushes are coming into leaf in the spring, lay their eggs on the lower side of the leaves, where the small greenish larvae soon after emerge. For the destruction of the first broods it has been recommended to syringe the bushes with tar-water; perhaps a very weak solution of carbolic acid might prove more effective. The powdered root of white [[hellebore]] is said to destroy both this grub and the caterpillars of the gooseberry moth and V-moth; infusion of [[foxglove]], and [[tobacco]]-water, are likewise tried by some growers. If the fallen leaves are carefully removed from the ground in the autumn and burnt, and the surface of the soil turned over with the fork or spade, most eggs and chrysalids will be destroyed.

Spraying the plants with potassium sulphide has been found useful in fending off a variety of further parasites and fungi (such as the ''American gooseberry mildew'') which may attack gooseberries specifically.

Like other ''Ribes'', the gooseberry serves as an alternate host for [[Cronartium ribicola|white pine blister rust]], which can cause serious damage to [[Pinus classification|white pines]]. For this reason, there are laws against gooseberry cultivation in some places.

==Etymology==
The first part of the word has been usually treated as an [[Etymology|etymological]] corruption either of the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''Kruisbezie'' or the allied [[German language|German]] ''Krausbeere'', or of the earlier forms of the [[French language|French]] ''groseille''. Alternatively the word has been connected to the [[Middle High German]] '''krus''' (curl, crisped), in Latin as ''grossularia''. However, the [[New English Dictionary]] takes the obvious derivation from ''[[goose]]'' and ''[[berry]]'' as probable; the grounds on which [[plant]]s and [[fruit]]s have received names associating them with [[animal]]s are so often inexplicable, that the inappropriateness in the meaning does not necessarily give good grounds for believing that the word is an etymological corruption.

==Other fruits called gooseberries==
As well as the other species in the subgenus ''Grossularia'', two other unrelated plants are sometimes termed 'gooseberry'.

The fruit called the "Cape gooseberry" is produced by the species ''[[Physalis peruviana]]'' in the family [[Solanaceae]], native to the Andes.

The fruit called the "Chinese gooseberry", now more commonly known as [[Kiwifruit]], is produced by the species ''[[Kiwifruit|Actinidia deliciosa]]'', in the family [[Actinidiaceae]]. As its name implies, it was originally cultivated in [[China]], but was taken to [[New Zealand]], where [[cultivar]]s were selected, and the fruit renamed Kiwifruit. These are now grown in many areas, and marketed worldwide under that name - though the older name is sometimes still seen in [[Australia]].

The "Indian gooseberry" is produced by the species ''[[Indian gooseberry|Phyllanthus emblica]]''.

[[Category:Accessory fruit]]
[[Category:Saxifragales]]

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 | name = ''Ribes uva-crispa''
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 Gooseberry. A bush-fruit, grown for its large berries, which are mostly consumed green in cookery.
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 Gooseberry fruit-worm (Zophodia grossulariae, Pack.). —Just before gooseberries ripen, clusters of two or three may sometimes be noticed, which are prematurely colored, and which are joined together by the webs spun by the caterpillar of a small moth. These caterpillars are pale greenish white and sometimes have a reddish tinge. They live inside the berries and, when the contents of one berry are consumed, attack another near at hand, joining it to the first by a silken web. When full grown they fall to the ground and spin brown parchment-like cocoons, just beneath the surface of the ground. The moths, which arc pale gray, marked with dark streaks and bands, are very rarely observed. They fly early in spring, and there is only one brood in the year. Remedy: The best method of controlling this insect, which fortunately is never very abundant, is to pick by hand the clusters of injured berries. It is thought that chickens and other poultry are useful in destroying the larva? and chrysalids; and it is certain that, while chickens are very small, they are useful in a garden in destroying a great number of injurious insects. The old hen, however, should be kept securely cooped up and not allowed to run at large.
+{{SCH}}
 '''Adaptation''': Gooseberries grow best in summer humid, cool regions with great winter chilling. In California they are fairly productive in the coolest parts of the San Francisco Bay Area, the outer Coast Ranges and coastal northern California. They are probably not worth trying in southern California. except at high elevations. With proper attention gooseberries can be grown in containers.

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 '''Adaptation''': Gooseberries grow best in summer humid, cool regions with great winter chilling. In California they are fairly productive in the coolest parts of the San Francisco Bay Area, the outer Coast Ranges and coastal northern California. They are probably not worth trying in southern California. except at high elevations. With proper attention gooseberries can be grown in containers.