Gossypium - Revision history

Raffi at 15:42, 9 August 2010

2010-08-09T15:42:46Z

Jmontilla2 at 06:36, 26 July 2010

2010-07-26T06:36:38Z

Jmontilla2 at 08:31, 20 July 2010

2010-07-20T08:31:56Z

Raffi at 17:59, 11 September 2009

2009-09-11T17:59:18Z

Show changes

Christi at 12:03, 8 September 2009

2009-09-08T12:03:14Z

Envoy at 12:11, 20 October 2007

2007-10-20T12:11:20Z

New page

:''For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see [[cotton]]''.
:''For the clothing company, see [[Gossypium (clothes)]].''
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Gossypium''
| image = Koeh-068.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Gossypium barbadense''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = [[Malvaceae]]
| genus = '''''Gossypium'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}

'''''Gossypium''''' is a [[genus]] of 39-40 species of [[shrub]]s in the family [[Malvaceae]], native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]]. The cotton plants, sources of [[cotton|commercial cotton]] fabric, are included in this genus.

Cotton shrubs can grow up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] called a '''boll''', each seed surrounded by downy fibres called '''lint'''. Commercial species of cotton plant are ''G. hirsutum'' (90% of world production), ''G. barbadense'' (8%), ''G. arboreum'' and ''G. herbaceum'' (together, 2%). While the lint (fiber) naturally occurs in colors of white, brown, and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton has led many cotton-growing locations to ban growing of coloured cotton varieties.

===Species of ''Gossypium''===
;Commercial cotton species
Commercial [[cotton]] fibres, used to manufacture [[cloth]], are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially:
* ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] – Tree cotton, native to [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].
* ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' L. – known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical [[South America]].
* ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' L. – Levant cotton, native to southern [[Africa]] and [[Arabian Peninsula]].
* ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' L. – Upland cotton, native to [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]] and southern [[Florida]] - most commonly grown species in the world.
;Non-commercial species
* ''[[Gossypium australe]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell]] – Endemic to north-western [[Australia]]
* ''[[Gossypium darwinii]]'' - Darwin's cotton, found only on the [[Galapagos Islands]]
* ''[[Gossypium sturtianum]]'' [[Jim Willis|J.H. Willis]] – Sturt's Desert Rose, native to [[Australia]].
* ''[[Gossypium thurberi]]'' Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to [[Arizona]] and northern [[Mexico]].
* ''[[Gossypium tomentosum]]'' [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]] ex Seem – ''Ma‘o'' or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]].

Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of the above species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects, disease and drought-tolerance.

== Cotton pests and diseases ==
[[Image:Gorskii_04431u.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cotton field in [[Sukhumi botanical garden]], photo ''ca.'' 1912]]

=== Pests ===
*[[Boll weevil]], ''Anthonomus grandis''
*[[Cotton aphid]], ''Aphis gossypii''
*[[Cotton stainer]], ''Dysdercus Koenigii''
*[[Cotton bollworm]], ''Helicoverpa armigera'' and [[native budworm]] ''Helicoverpa punctigera'' are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.
:*Some other [[Lepidoptera]] [[larva]]e also feed on cotton - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Cotton plants]].
*[[Green mirid]] (''Creontiades dilutus''), a sucking insect
*[[Spider mite]]s, ''Tetranychus urticae'', ''T. ludeni'' and ''T. lambi''
*[[Thrips]], ''Thrips tabaci'' and ''Frankliniella schultzei''

=== Diseases ===
{{See also|List of cotton diseases}}
*[[Alternaria|Alternaria leaf spot]], caused by ''[[Alternaria macrospora]]'' and ''[[Alternaria alternata]]''
*[[Anthracnose boll rot]], caused by ''[[Colletotrichum gossypii]]''
*[[Thielaviopsis|Black root rot]], caused by the fungus ''[[Thielaviopsis basicola]]''
*Blight caused by [[Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum|''Xanthomonas campestris'' pv. ''malvacearum'']]
*[[Fusarium boll rot]] caused by ''Fusarium'' spp.
*[[Phytophthora boll rot]], caused by ''[[Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica|''Phytophthora nicotianae'' var. ''parasitica'']]
*[[Sclerotinia boll rot]], caused by fungus ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]''
*[[Stigmatomycosis]], caused by the fungi ''[[Ashbya gossypii]]'', ''[[Eremothecium coryli]]'' ''(Nematospora coryli)'' and ''[[Aureobasidium pullulans]]''

==See also==
* [[Cotton]]

== External links ==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.cicr.gov.in Central Institute for Cotton Research] (India)

<gallery>
Image:Cotton_pollination_5892.JPG|''Gossypium hirsutum'' flower with [[bumblebee]] pollinator, [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
Image:Hawn_Cotton.jpg|''Gossypium tomentosum'' boll
Image:IPMtrap4854.JPG|Integrated Pest Management bollworm trap at a cotton field in [[Manning, South Carolina]] 
<table width="150" height="120" bgcolor="#213863">
<form method="get" action="http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl.sbox/search/redir.htm">
<input type="hidden" name="qcat" value="web">
<tr>
<td align="center"><img height="40" width="125" border="0" alt="Dogpile Search" class="image" src="http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl/pics/dp_remote_sidebar.gif"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><input type="text" name="qkw" value="" style="width:125px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><input type="submit" name="submit" style="font-family: Verdana; color: #233966; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; background-color: #FFFFFF;" value="Go Fetch!"></td>
</tr>
</form>
</table>

Image:Organic-agriculture biocontrol-cotton polistes-wasp.JPG|Natural biocontrol: Predatory [[Polistes]] wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
</gallery>
[[Category:Malvaceae]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |Temp Metric=°F
 |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Koeh-068.jpg
-|image_width=240
+|image_width=200
 }}
 {{Inc|
 Gossypium (ancient name of the cotton plant). Malvaceae. Cotton. Perhaps thirty or more species of herbs and shrubs of warm countries, although more than 100 have been described; some authorities reduce them to about three. They are grown for the fiber that is borne on the seeds. See Cotton. They are scarcely horticultural subjects, and therefore are not treated fully in this work.
@@ Line 99: / Line 77: @@
 {{stub}}
-[[Category:Categorize]]
+__NOTOC__

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
 |genus=Gossypium
 |habit=shrub
 |habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__{{Plantbox
 | latin_name = ''LATINNAME''   <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
@@ Line 54: / Line 63: @@
 ;Commercial cotton species{{wp}}
 Commercial [[cotton]] fibres, used to manufacture [[cloth]], are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially:
-* ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] &ndash; Tree cotton, native to [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].
+* ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] – Tree cotton, native to [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].
-* ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' L. &ndash; known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical [[South America]].
+* ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' L. – known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical [[South America]].
-* ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' L. &ndash; Levant cotton, native to southern [[Africa]] and [[Arabian Peninsula]].
+* ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' L. – Levant cotton, native to southern [[Africa]] and [[Arabian Peninsula]].
-* ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' L. &ndash; Upland cotton, native to [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]] and southern [[Florida]] - most commonly grown species in the world.
+* ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' L. – Upland cotton, native to [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]] and southern [[Florida]] - most commonly grown species in the world.
 ;Non-commercial species {{wp}}
-* ''[[Gossypium australe]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell]] &ndash; Endemic to north-western [[Australia]]
+* ''[[Gossypium australe]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell]] – Endemic to north-western [[Australia]]
 * ''[[Gossypium darwinii]]'' - Darwin's cotton, found only on the [[Galapagos Islands]]
-* ''[[Gossypium sturtianum]]'' [[Jim Willis|J.H. Willis]] &ndash; Sturt's Desert Rose, native to [[Australia]].
+* ''[[Gossypium sturtianum]]'' [[Jim Willis|J.H. Willis]] – Sturt's Desert Rose, native to [[Australia]].
-* ''[[Gossypium thurberi]]'' Tod. &ndash; Arizona wild cotton, native to [[Arizona]] and northern [[Mexico]].
+* ''[[Gossypium thurberi]]'' Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to [[Arizona]] and northern [[Mexico]].
-* ''[[Gossypium tomentosum]]'' [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]] ex Seem &ndash; ''Ma‘o'' or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]].
+* ''[[Gossypium tomentosum]]'' [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]] ex Seem – ''Ma‘o'' or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]].
 Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of the above species.  Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as  resistance to insects, disease and drought-tolerance.

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 See text.
 }}
 '''''Gossypium''''' is a [[genus]] of 39-40 species of [[shrub]]s in the family [[Malvaceae]], native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]]. The cotton plants, sources of [[cotton|commercial cotton]] fabric, are included in this genus.