Halesia - Revision history

Raffi at 20:56, 19 October 2009

2009-10-19T20:56:37Z

Christi at 05:53, 17 October 2009

2009-10-17T05:53:20Z

Raffi at 22:10, 15 October 2009

2009-10-15T22:10:20Z

Raffi at 22:09, 15 October 2009

2009-10-15T22:09:50Z

Christi at 13:41, 15 October 2009

2009-10-15T13:41:51Z

Christi at 13:41, 15 October 2009

2009-10-15T13:41:19Z

Raffi: Silverbell moved to Halesia

2009-03-19T19:03:16Z

Silverbell moved to Halesia

Envoy at 12:28, 24 November 2007

2007-11-24T12:28:24Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Halesia''
| image = Halesia carolina0.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Halesia carolina'' (? ''H. tetraptera'')
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ericales]]
| familia = [[Styracaceae]]
| genus = '''''Halesia''''' [[John Ellis (naturalist)|J.Ellis]] ex [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''''Halesia''''' ('''Silverbell''' or '''Snowdrop Tree''') is a small [[genus]] of four or five species of [[deciduous]] large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s in the family [[Styracaceae]], native to eastern [[Asia]] (southeast [[China]]) and eastern [[North America]] (southern [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] south to [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]], [[United States]]). They grow to 5-20 m tall (rarely to 39 m), and have alternate, simple ovate [[leaf|leaves]] 5-16 cm long and 3-8 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are pendulous, white or pale pink, produced in open clusters of 2-6 together, each flower 1-3 cm long. The [[fruit]] is an oblong dry [[drupe]] 2-4 cm long, with two or four narrow longitudinal ribs or wings.

;Species
*''[[Halesia carolina]]'' L. - eastern North America ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''H. parviflora'' '''or''' ''H. tetraptera'')
*''[[Halesia diptera]]'' Ellis - southeastern North America
*''[[Halesia macgregorii]]'' Chun - eastern China
*''[[Halesia monticola]]'' (Rehd.) Sarg. - eastern North America (syn. ''H. carolina'' var. ''monticola''; ''H. tetraptera'' var. ''monticola'')
*''[[Halesia parviflora]]'' Michx. - eastern North America
*''[[Halesia tetraptera]]'' Ellis - eastern North America

''H. diptera'' is the most distinct, readily distinguished from the other taxa by its two-winged fruit; the other taxa all have four-winged fruit.

''H. monticola'' is by far the largest of the genus, with specimens up to 39 m tall known in the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]] in [[North Carolina]]; the second-largest is ''H. macgregorii'', reaching 24 m in China. The others rarely exceed 10 m tall.

==Taxonomy==
The taxonomy and naming of the American species is confused and extensively disputed. The first dispute is over the exact identity of the specimen first named by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] as ''H. carolina''; some contend that it is the same as ''H. parviflora'',<ref>Reveal, J. L., & Seldin, M. J. (1976). On the Identity of Halesia carolina L. (Styracaceae). ''Taxon'' 25 (1): 123–140. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-0262%28197602%2925%3A1%3C123%3AOTIOHC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Abstract]</ref><ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5321 ''Halesia'']</ref><ref>USDA Plants Profile: [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HALES ''Halesia'']</ref> while others say it is the same as ''H. tetraptera''.<ref>Fritsch, P. W. & Lucas, S. D. (2000). Clinal Variation in the Halesia carolina Complex (Styracaceae). ''Systematic Botany'' 25 (2): 197–210. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0363-6445%28200004%2F06%2925%3A2%3C197%3ACVITHC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Abstract]</ref><ref>Florida Institute for Systematic Botany: [http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/synonyms.asp?plantID=3261 ''Halesia carolina'']</ref><ref>U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual: [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/halesia/carolina.htm ''Halesia carolina'']</ref> The second dispute is over whether ''H. monticola'' is sufficiently distinct from the other species to merit specific recognition or not (with its varietal placing depending on the above question, too). Neither question has yet been conclusively answered.

The genus was named after [[Stephen Hales]] by [[John Ellis (naturalist)|John Ellis]], publishing the name in the tenth edition of Linnaeus's ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' in 1759. The name is [[conserved name|conserved]] as the same name had been used in an obscure earlier publication in 1756 for a different plant.<ref name=grin/>

==Cultivation and uses==
Silverbells are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in large gardens, grown for their delicate pendulous flowers in late spring.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Styracaceae]]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 The snowdrop-trees are large shrubs or trees with rather large bright green generally oblong and short- stalked leaves and white slender-stalked drooping bell-shaped flowers appearing before or with the leaves and followed by winged light brown fruits. Halesia Carolina is hardy as far north as Massachusetts and is very handsome in spring when covered with its white flowers. Halesia diptera is hardy as far north as Philadelphia and is usually a smaller plant, but has larger flowers and leaves. They thrive in almost any good soil, but prefer a rich well-drained soil and a sheltered position; they are easily transplanted. Propagation is by layers or root-cuttings in spring or autumn; also by greenwood cuttings taken from forced plants. Seed should be sown at once or stratified: if allowed to become dry, it does not germinate until the second or sometimes the third year.
 }}
 '''''Halesia''''' ('''Silverbell''' or '''Snowdrop Tree''') is a small [[genus]] of four or five species of [[deciduous]] large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s in the family [[Styracaceae]], native to eastern [[Asia]] (southeast [[China]]) and eastern [[North America]] (southern [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] south to [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]], [[United States]]). They grow to 5-20 m tall (rarely to 39 m), and have alternate, simple ovate [[leaf|leaves]] 5-16 cm long and 3-8 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are pendulous, white or pale pink, produced in open clusters of 2-6 together, each flower 1-3 cm long. The [[fruit]] is an oblong dry [[drupe]] 2-4 cm long, with two or four narrow longitudinal ribs or wings.

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Halesia (Stephen Hale, 1677-1761, author of a famous work on "Vegetable Statics"). Syn. Mohrodendron. Styracaceae. Silver-Bell. Snowdrop-tree. Trees or large shrubs grown for their handsome white flowers, appearing in spring.
-Deciduous and more or less stellate-pubescent: lvs. short-petioled, without stipules, involute in bud, denticulate: fls. in axillary clusters or short racemes on branchlets of the previous year; calyx-tube obconical, slightly 4-ribbed, with 4 minute teeth; corolla campanulate, 4-lobed or nearly 4-parted, white; stamens 8-16; style slender; ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 4 ovules in each cell: fr. an oblong, dry drupe with 2-4 longitudinal wings; stone 1-3-seedea.—Three species in N. Amer.
+Deciduous and more or less stellate-pubescent: lvs. short-petioled, without stipules, involute in bud, denticulate: fls. in axillary clusters or short racemes on branchlets of the previous year; calyx-tube obconical, slightly 4-ribbed, with 4 minute teeth; corolla campanulate, 4-lobed or nearly 4-parted, white; stamens 8-16; style slender; ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 4 ovules in each cell: fr. an oblong, dry drupe with 2-4 longitudinal wings; stone 1-3-seeded.—Three species in N. Amer.
 The snowdrop-trees are large shrubs or trees with rather large bright green generally oblong and short- stalked leaves and white slender-stalked drooping bell-shaped flowers appearing before or with the leaves and followed by winged light brown fruits. Halesia Carolina is hardy as far north as Massachusetts and is very handsome in spring when covered with its white flowers. Halesia diptera is hardy as far north as Philadelphia and is usually a smaller plant, but has larger flowers and leaves. They thrive in almost any good soil, but prefer a rich well-drained soil and a sheltered position; they are easily transplanted. Propagation is by layers or root-cuttings in spring or autumn; also by greenwood cuttings taken from forced plants. Seed should be sown at once or stratified: if allowed to become dry, it does not germinate until the second or sometimes the third year.
 }}
 '''''Halesia''''' ('''Silverbell''' or '''Snowdrop Tree''') is a small [[genus]] of four or five species of [[deciduous]] large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s in the family [[Styracaceae]], native to eastern [[Asia]] (southeast [[China]]) and eastern [[North America]] (southern [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] south to [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]], [[United States]]). They grow to 5-20 m tall (rarely to 39 m), and have alternate, simple ovate [[leaf|leaves]] 5-16 cm long and 3-8 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are pendulous, white or pale pink, produced in open clusters of 2-6 together, each flower 1-3 cm long. The [[fruit]] is an oblong dry [[drupe]] 2-4 cm long, with two or four narrow longitudinal ribs or wings.

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 The snowdrop-trees are large shrubs or trees with rather large bright green generally oblong and short- stalked leaves and white slender-stalked drooping bell-shaped flowers appearing before or with the leaves and followed by winged light brown fruits. Halesia Carolina is hardy as far north as Massachusetts and is very handsome in spring when covered with its white flowers. Halesia diptera is hardy as far north as Philadelphia and is usually a smaller plant, but has larger flowers and leaves. They thrive in almost any good soil, but prefer a rich well-drained soil and a sheltered position; they are easily transplanted. Propagation is by layers or root-cuttings in spring or autumn; also by greenwood cuttings taken from forced plants. Seed should be sown at once or stratified: if allowed to become dry, it does not germinate until the second or sometimes the third year.
 }}
 '''''Halesia''''' ('''Silverbell''' or '''Snowdrop Tree''') is a small [[genus]] of four or five species of [[deciduous]] large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s in the family [[Styracaceae]], native to eastern [[Asia]] (southeast [[China]]) and eastern [[North America]] (southern [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] south to [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]], [[United States]]). They grow to 5-20 m tall (rarely to 39 m), and have alternate, simple ovate [[leaf|leaves]] 5-16 cm long and 3-8 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are pendulous, white or pale pink, produced in open clusters of 2-6 together, each flower 1-3 cm long. The [[fruit]] is an oblong dry [[drupe]] 2-4 cm long, with two or four narrow longitudinal ribs or wings.
@@ Line 44: / Line 42: @@
 ''H. monticola'' is by far the largest of the genus, with specimens up to 39 m tall known in  the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]] in [[North Carolina]]; the second-largest is ''H. macgregorii'', reaching 24 m in China. The others rarely exceed 10 m tall.
 ==Gallery==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
 |Min ht metric=cm
 |Temp Metric=°F
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Halesia carolina0.jpg
 |image_width=240
 }}
 {{Inc|
@@ Line 13: / Line 21: @@
 H. corymbosa, Nichols.=Pterostyrax corymbosa.—H. hispida, Mast.=Pterostyrax hispida.—H. parviflora, Micbx. Shrub, resembling H. Carolina: lvs., pedicels, and calyx densely pubescent: corolla 1/3 – ½ . long: fr. 2-winged. Ga. to Fla.
 }}
-{{Taxobox
+===Propagation===
-| color = lightgreen
+<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
-'''''Halesia''''' ('''Silverbell''' or '''Snowdrop Tree''') is a small [[genus]] of four or five species of [[deciduous]] large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s in the family [[Styracaceae]], native to eastern [[Asia]] (southeast [[China]]) and eastern [[North America]] (southern [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] south to [[Florida]] and eastern [[Texas]], [[United States]]). They grow to 5-20 m tall (rarely to 39 m), and have alternate, simple ovate [[leaf|leaves]] 5-16 cm long and 3-8 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are pendulous, white or pale pink, produced in open clusters of 2-6 together, each flower 1-3 cm long. The [[fruit]] is an oblong dry [[drupe]] 2-4 cm long, with two or four narrow longitudinal ribs or wings.
+===Pests and diseases===
-;Species
+==Species==
 *''[[Halesia carolina]]'' L. - eastern North America ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''H. parviflora'' '''or''' ''H. tetraptera'')
 *''[[Halesia diptera]]'' Ellis - southeastern North America
@@ Line 47: / Line 45: @@
 ''H. monticola'' is by far the largest of the genus, with specimens up to 39 m tall known in  the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]] in [[North Carolina]]; the second-largest is ''H. macgregorii'', reaching 24 m in China. The others rarely exceed 10 m tall.
-==Taxonomy==
+==Gallery==
-The taxonomy and naming of the American species is confused and extensively disputed. The first dispute is over the exact identity of the specimen first named by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] as ''H. carolina''; some contend that it is the same as ''H. parviflora'',<ref>Reveal, J. L., & Seldin, M. J. (1976). On the Identity of Halesia carolina L. (Styracaceae). ''Taxon'' 25 (1): 123–140. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0040-0262%28197602%2925%3A1%3C123%3AOTIOHC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Abstract]</ref><ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5321 ''Halesia'']</ref><ref>USDA Plants Profile: [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HALES ''Halesia'']</ref> while others say it is the same as ''H. tetraptera''.<ref>Fritsch, P. W. & Lucas, S. D. (2000). Clinal Variation in the Halesia carolina Complex (Styracaceae). ''Systematic Botany'' 25 (2): 197–210. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0363-6445%28200004%2F06%2925%3A2%3C197%3ACVITHC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Abstract]</ref><ref>Florida Institute for Systematic Botany: [http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/synonyms.asp?plantID=3261 ''Halesia carolina'']</ref><ref>U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual: [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/halesia/carolina.htm ''Halesia carolina'']</ref> The second dispute is over whether ''H. monticola'' is sufficiently distinct from the other species to merit specific recognition or not (with its varietal placing depending on the above question, too). Neither question has yet been conclusively answered.
+{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
-The genus was named after [[Stephen Hales]] by [[John Ellis (naturalist)|John Ellis]], publishing the name in the tenth edition of Linnaeus's ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' in 1759. The name is [[conserved name|conserved]] as the same name had been used in an obscure earlier publication in 1756 for a different plant.<ref name=grin/>
+<gallery>
-==Cultivation and uses==
+==References==
-Silverbells are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in large gardens, grown for their delicate pendulous flowers in late spring.
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
-==References==
+==External links==
-{{reflist}}
+*{{wplink}}
-[[Category:Styracaceae]]
+{{stub}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 15 October 2009
Line 11:		Line 11:

	The snowdrop-trees are large shrubs or trees with rather large bright green generally oblong and short- stalked leaves and white slender-stalked drooping bell-shaped flowers appearing before or with the leaves and followed by winged light brown fruits. Halesia Carolina is hardy as far north as Massachusetts and is very handsome in spring when covered with its white flowers. Halesia diptera is hardy as far north as Philadelphia and is usually a smaller plant, but has larger flowers and leaves. They thrive in almost any good soil, but prefer a rich well-drained soil and a sheltered position; they are easily transplanted. Propagation is by layers or root-cuttings in spring or autumn; also by greenwood cuttings taken from forced plants. Seed should be sown at once or stratified: if allowed to become dry, it does not germinate until the second or sometimes the third year.		The snowdrop-trees are large shrubs or trees with rather large bright green generally oblong and short- stalked leaves and white slender-stalked drooping bell-shaped flowers appearing before or with the leaves and followed by winged light brown fruits. Halesia Carolina is hardy as far north as Massachusetts and is very handsome in spring when covered with its white flowers. Halesia diptera is hardy as far north as Philadelphia and is usually a smaller plant, but has larger flowers and leaves. They thrive in almost any good soil, but prefer a rich well-drained soil and a sheltered position; they are easily transplanted. Propagation is by layers or root-cuttings in spring or autumn; also by greenwood cuttings taken from forced plants. Seed should be sown at once or stratified: if allowed to become dry, it does not germinate until the second or sometimes the third year.
		+
		+	H. corymbosa, Nichols.=Pterostyrax corymbosa.—H. hispida, Mast.=Pterostyrax hispida.—H. parviflora, Micbx. Shrub, resembling H. Carolina: lvs., pedicels, and calyx densely pubescent: corolla 1/3 – ½ . long: fr. 2-winged. Ga. to Fla.

	}}		}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 15 October 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{SPlantbox
		+	\|Min ht metric=cm
		+	\|Temp Metric=°F
		+	\|image=Upload.png
		+	\|image_width=240
		+	}}
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Halesia (Stephen Hale, 1677-1761, author of a famous work on "Vegetable Statics"). Syn. Mohrodendron. Styracaceae. Silver-Bell. Snowdrop-tree. Trees or large shrubs grown for their handsome white flowers, appearing in spring.
		+
		+	Deciduous and more or less stellate-pubescent: lvs. short-petioled, without stipules, involute in bud, denticulate: fls. in axillary clusters or short racemes on branchlets of the previous year; calyx-tube obconical, slightly 4-ribbed, with 4 minute teeth; corolla campanulate, 4-lobed or nearly 4-parted, white; stamens 8-16; style slender; ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 4 ovules in each cell: fr. an oblong, dry drupe with 2-4 longitudinal wings; stone 1-3-seedea.—Three species in N. Amer.
		+
		+	The snowdrop-trees are large shrubs or trees with rather large bright green generally oblong and short- stalked leaves and white slender-stalked drooping bell-shaped flowers appearing before or with the leaves and followed by winged light brown fruits. Halesia Carolina is hardy as far north as Massachusetts and is very handsome in spring when covered with its white flowers. Halesia diptera is hardy as far north as Philadelphia and is usually a smaller plant, but has larger flowers and leaves. They thrive in almost any good soil, but prefer a rich well-drained soil and a sheltered position; they are easily transplanted. Propagation is by layers or root-cuttings in spring or autumn; also by greenwood cuttings taken from forced plants. Seed should be sown at once or stratified: if allowed to become dry, it does not germinate until the second or sometimes the third year.
		+
		+	}}
		+
		+
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen

← Older revision	Revision as of 19:03, 19 March 2009
(No difference)