Linaria - Revision history

Raffi at 21:37, 11 December 2009

2009-12-11T21:37:18Z

Raffi at 21:36, 11 December 2009

2009-12-11T21:36:52Z

Murali.lalitha at 12:16, 11 December 2009

2009-12-11T12:16:46Z

Murali.lalitha at 12:15, 11 December 2009

2009-12-11T12:15:16Z

Murali.lalitha at 11:57, 11 December 2009

2009-12-11T11:57:05Z

Raffi at 12:14, 2 April 2007

2007-04-02T12:14:38Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Linaria''
| image = Common toadflax 600.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Linaria vulgaris''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| familia = [[Plantaginaceae]]
| genus = '''''Linaria'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
About 100 species; see text
}}

'''''Linaria''''' is a genus of about 100 species of [[herb]]aceous [[Annual plant|annuals]] and [[perennial]]s that was traditionally placed in the [[foxglove]] family [[Scrophulariaceae]]. Due to new genetic research, it has now been placed in the vastly expanded family [[Plantaginaceae]]. The genus is native to temperate regions of [[Europe]], northern [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], with the highest species diversity in the [[Mediterranean region]].

The members of this genus are known in English as [[toadflax]], a name shared with several related genera. The scientific name means "resembling ''Linum''" ([[flax]]), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles.

Closely related genera include the ''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' (American toadflaxes, recently split from ''Linaria''), ''[[Antirrhinum]]'' (snapdragons) and ''[[Cymbalaria]]'' (Ivy-leaved toadflaxes).

;Selected species
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Linaria aeruginea]]''
*''[[Linaria algarviana]]''
*''[[Linaria alpina]]''
*''[[Linaria amethystea]]''
*''[[Linaria amoi]]''
*''[[Linaria angustissima]]''
*''[[Linaria anticaria]]''
*''[[Linaria arenaria]]''
*''[[Linaria arvensis]]''
*''[[Linaria badalii]]''
*''[[Linaria biebersteinii]]''
*''[[Linaria bipartita]]''
*''[[Linaria bipunctata]]''
*''[[Linaria bungei]]''
*''[[Linaria buriatica]]''
*''[[Linaria caesia]]''
*''[[Linaria capraria]]''
*''[[Linaria cavanillesii]]''
*''[[Linaria chalepensis]]''
*''[[Linaria clementei]]''
*''[[Linaria coutinhoi]]''
*''[[Linaria cretacea]]''
*''[[Linaria debilis]]''
*''[[Linaria depauperata]]''
*''[[Linaria diffusa]]''
*''[[Linaria elegans]]''
*''[[Linaria faucicola]]''
*''[[Linaria ficalhoana]]''
*''[[Linaria filicaulis]]''
*''[[Linaria flava]]''
|
*''[[Linaria genistifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria glacialis]]''
*''[[Linaria glauca]]''
*''[[Linaria hellenica]]''
*''[[Linaria heterophylla]]''
*''[[Linaria hirta]]''
*''[[Linaria huteri]]''
*''[[Linaria incarnata]]''
*''[[Linaria incompleta]]''
*''[[Linaria japonica]]''
*''[[Linaria kulabensis]]''
*''[[Linaria lamarckii]]''
*''[[Linaria latifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria laxiflora]]''
*''[[Linaria lilacina]]''
*''[[Linaria loeselii]]''
*''[[Linaria longicalcarata]]''
*''[[Linaria macroura]]''
*''[[Linaria maroccana]]''
*''[[Linaria micrantha]]''
*''[[Linaria microsepala]]''
*''[[Linaria nevadensis]]''
*''[[Linaria nigricans]]''
*''[[Linaria nivea]]''
*''[[Linaria oblongifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria odora]]''
*''[[Linaria oligantha]]''
*''[[Linaria pedunculata]]''
*''[[Linaria pelisseriana]]''
|
*''[[Linaria peloponnesiaca]]''
*''[[Linaria pinifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria platycalyx]]''
*''[[Linaria propinqua]]''
*''[[Linaria pseudolaxiflora]]''
*''[[Linaria purpurea]]''
*''[[Linaria reflexa]]''
*''[[Linaria repens]]''
*''[[Linaria reticulata]]''
*''[[Linaria ricardoi]]''
*''[[Linaria sabulosa]]''
*''[[Linaria sagittata]]''
*''[[Linaria saturejoides]]''
*''[[Linaria saxatilis]]''
*''[[Linaria simplex]]''
*''[[Linaria spartea]]''
*''[[Linaria supina]]''
*''[[Linaria thibetica]]''
*''[[Linaria thymifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria tonzigii]]''
*''[[Linaria triornithophora]]''
*''[[Linaria triphylla]]''
*''[[Linaria tristis]]''
*''[[Linaria uralensis]]''
*''[[Linaria ventricosa]]''
*''[[Linaria verticillata]]''
*''[[Linaria viscosa]]''
*''[[Linaria vulgaris]]''
*''[[Linaria yunnanensis]]''
|}

[[Image:Linaria canadensis.jpg|thumb|250px|''Linaria Canadensis'' growing wild in East Gippsland Australia]]
'''Common Toadflax''' (''Linaria vulgaris'') is a [[Europe]]an species which is widely introduced elsewhere. The yellow and orange [[flower]]s are seen in many waste places. The species is also know
n in some areas as "[[butter-and-eggs]]".

'''Broomleaf Toadflax''' or '''Dalmatian Toadflax''' (''Linaria genistifolia'', syn. ''L. dalmatica'') is a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of [[North America]].

'''Purple Toadflax''' (''Linaria purpurea'') is native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, and is a popular [[garden]] plant, with erect stems up to 1 m tall when fully mature, with numerous dark purple or pink flowers.

'''Pale Toadflax''' (''Linaria repens'') from west Europe is similar to ''L. purpurea'', but has more pale colored flowers.

Since ''Linaria'' species are [[toxic]] to livestock, the plants are regarded as [[noxious weed]]s. However, toadflaxes are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the [[Mouse Moth]], and the [[common buckeye]].

<gallery>
Image:Linaria.alpina.web.jpg|Alpine Toadflax (''Linaria alpina'')
Image:Linaria.maroccana.web.jpg|''Linaria maroccana''
Image:Common toadflax close 800.jpg|Common Toadflax - flower detail
Image:Linaria purpurea2.jpg|''Linaria purpurea''
</gallery>

== Medicinal Uses ==
Common toadflax is especially valued for its strongly [[laxative]] and [[diuretic]] activities. Internally it us used in the treatment of [[edema]], [[jaundice]], liver diseases and skin problems. Externally it is used in an ointment to treat [[hemorrhoids]], skin eruptions, sores and [[ulcers]]. The juice of the plant, is a good remedy for [[inflamed]] eyes, though should be used with caution. Dosage is critical and it should not be given to [[pregnant]] women, since the plant might be slightly [[toxic]].

{{Commons|Linaria maroccana}}
{{Commons|Linaria purpurea}}
[[Category:Plantaginaceae]]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |Temp Metric=°F
 |image=Common toadflax 600.jpg
-|image_width=240
+|image_width=180
 |image_caption=Linaria vulgaris
 }}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
 |genus=Linaria
 |Min ht metric=cm
 |Temp Metric=°F
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Common toadflax 600.jpg
 |image_width=240
 }}
 {{Inc|
@@ Line 14: / Line 16: @@
 L Broussonnettii, Chav. (L. multi-punctata, Hoffmgg.). Low annual, with yellow, black-spotted fls., orange on the palate, and lanceolate or linear lvs.: 5-8 in. high, mostly upright. Spain.—L. canadensis, Dum.,is a weedy native plant, of no value to the garden, although sometimes making a considerable show in fields in spring: it is annual or biennial, strict, 1-2 ft., with very small blue fls. I globdea, Hort. Described as making close rounded masses, with glaucous-green lvs. and lilac fls. L. Cymbalaria(?).—L. hepaticaefolia, Steud. A good alpine, making a very low mat: fls. purple: lvs. cordate or reniform, lobed. Corsica, Sardinia.—L. multipunctata, Hoffmgg.-L. Broussonettii.—L. Pancici, Hort (not Janka), is said to be abeautiful dwarf species with large canary yellow fls. And narrow-lanceolate lvs, from the Orient.-L.petraea, Jord. Low plant  with rose coloured fls. tinged violet and yellow on the tip. Eu.-L. saxatilis, Hoffmgg. & Link. Rockwork perennial, trailing with hickish lanceolate lvs., and yellow fls. in short clusters. Spain. L. H. B.
 }}
@@ Line 39: / Line 24: @@
 Closely related genera include the ''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' (American toadflaxes, recently split from ''Linaria''), ''[[Antirrhinum]]'' (snapdragons) and ''[[Cymbalaria]]'' (Ivy-leaved toadflaxes).
 ;Selected species
 {|
@@ Line 146: / Line 141: @@
 Since ''Linaria'' species are [[toxic]] to livestock, the plants are regarded as [[noxious weed]]s. However, toadflaxes are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the [[Mouse Moth]], and the [[common buckeye]].
 <gallery>
@@ Line 154: / Line 152: @@
 </gallery>
-== Medicinal Uses ==
+==References==
-Common toadflax is especially valued for its strongly [[laxative]] and [[diuretic]] activities. Internally it us used in the treatment of [[edema]], [[jaundice]], liver diseases and skin problems. Externally it is used in an ointment to treat [[hemorrhoids]], skin eruptions, sores and [[ulcers]]. The juice of the plant, is a good remedy for [[inflamed]] eyes, though should be used with caution. Dosage is critical and it should not be given to [[pregnant]] women, since the plant might be slightly [[toxic]].
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
-{{Commons|Linaria maroccana}}
+{{stub}}
-{{Commons|Linaria purpurea}}
+__NOTOC__

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 In America, linarias are little known as garden plants, although they are worthy of greater attention. They are of two general classes,—the hardy perennials (sometimes evergreen) and the annuals. The perennials are propagated by seeds and by division, usually the latter. All the species are of easiest culture in any ordinary soil and exposure, and are largely able to shift for themselves when once established. The annuals may be started indoors; or in warm situations they may be sown where the plants are to stand. Some of the trailing and cespitose species are good for rock-gardens.
-L Broussonnettii, Chav. (L. multi-punctata, Hoffmgg.). Low annual, with yellow, black-spotted fls., orange on the palate, and lanceolate or linear lvs.: 5-8 in. high, mostly upright. Spain.—L. canadensis, Dum.,is a weedy native plant, of no value to the garden, although sometimes making a considerable show in fields in spring: it is annual or biennial, strict, 1-2 ft., with very small blue fls. I globdea, Hort. Described as making close rounded masses, with glaucous-green lvs. and lilac fls. L. Cymbalaria(?}.—L. hepaticaefolia, Steud. A good alpine, making a very low mat: fls. purple: lvs. cordate or reniform, lobed.        Corsica, Sardinia.—L. multipunctata, Hoffmgg.-L. Broussonettii.—L. Pancici, Hort (not Janka), is said to be abeautiful dwarf species with large canary yellow fls. And narrow-lanceolate lvs, from the Orient.-L.petraea, Jord. Low plant  with rose coloured fls. tinged violet and yellow on the tip. Eu.-L. saxatilis, Hoffmgg. & Link. Rockwork perennial, trailing with hickish lanceolate lvs., and yellow fls. in short clusters. Spain. L. H. B.
+L Broussonnettii, Chav. (L. multi-punctata, Hoffmgg.). Low annual, with yellow, black-spotted fls., orange on the palate, and lanceolate or linear lvs.: 5-8 in. high, mostly upright. Spain.—L. canadensis, Dum.,is a weedy native plant, of no value to the garden, although sometimes making a considerable show in fields in spring: it is annual or biennial, strict, 1-2 ft., with very small blue fls. I globdea, Hort. Described as making close rounded masses, with glaucous-green lvs. and lilac fls. L. Cymbalaria(?).—L. hepaticaefolia, Steud. A good alpine, making a very low mat: fls. purple: lvs. cordate or reniform, lobed. Corsica, Sardinia.—L. multipunctata, Hoffmgg.-L. Broussonettii.—L. Pancici, Hort (not Janka), is said to be abeautiful dwarf species with large canary yellow fls. And narrow-lanceolate lvs, from the Orient.-L.petraea, Jord. Low plant  with rose coloured fls. tinged violet and yellow on the tip. Eu.-L. saxatilis, Hoffmgg. & Link. Rockwork perennial, trailing with hickish lanceolate lvs., and yellow fls. in short clusters. Spain. L. H. B.
 }}

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:15, 11 December 2009
Line 12:		Line 12:

	In America, linarias are little known as garden plants, although they are worthy of greater attention. They are of two general classes,—the hardy perennials (sometimes evergreen) and the annuals. The perennials are propagated by seeds and by division, usually the latter. All the species are of easiest culture in any ordinary soil and exposure, and are largely able to shift for themselves when once established. The annuals may be started indoors; or in warm situations they may be sown where the plants are to stand. Some of the trailing and cespitose species are good for rock-gardens.		In America, linarias are little known as garden plants, although they are worthy of greater attention. They are of two general classes,—the hardy perennials (sometimes evergreen) and the annuals. The perennials are propagated by seeds and by division, usually the latter. All the species are of easiest culture in any ordinary soil and exposure, and are largely able to shift for themselves when once established. The annuals may be started indoors; or in warm situations they may be sown where the plants are to stand. Some of the trailing and cespitose species are good for rock-gardens.
		+
		+	L Broussonnettii, Chav. (L. multi-punctata, Hoffmgg.). Low annual, with yellow, black-spotted fls., orange on the palate, and lanceolate or linear lvs.: 5-8 in. high, mostly upright. Spain.—L. canadensis, Dum.,is a weedy native plant, of no value to the garden, although sometimes making a considerable show in fields in spring: it is annual or biennial, strict, 1-2 ft., with very small blue fls. I globdea, Hort. Described as making close rounded masses, with glaucous-green lvs. and lilac fls. L. Cymbalaria(?}.—L. hepaticaefolia, Steud. A good alpine, making a very low mat: fls. purple: lvs. cordate or reniform, lobed. Corsica, Sardinia.—L. multipunctata, Hoffmgg.-L. Broussonettii.—L. Pancici, Hort (not Janka), is said to be abeautiful dwarf species with large canary yellow fls. And narrow-lanceolate lvs, from the Orient.-L.petraea, Jord. Low plant with rose coloured fls. tinged violet and yellow on the tip. Eu.-L. saxatilis, Hoffmgg. & Link. Rockwork perennial, trailing with hickish lanceolate lvs., and yellow fls. in short clusters. Spain. L. H. B.
	}}		}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:57, 11 December 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{SPlantbox
		+	\|genus=Linaria
		+	\|Min ht metric=cm
		+	\|Temp Metric=°F
		+	\|image=Upload.png
		+	\|image_width=240
		+	}}
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Linaria (linum, flax, which the lvs. of some species resemble). Scrophulariaceae. Low herbs, sometimes subshrubs, several species cultivated for the oddly irregular flowers and others for the festooning foliage.
		+
		+	Annual, biennial, perennial: lvs. alternate, or sometimes subverticillate, in the erect-growing species mostly narrow and entire: fls. solitary in the axils, or in terminal racemes, yellow, white, blue or purple; corolla personate or grinning, 2-lipped, usually 1- spurred at the base (in rare or so-called peloria states 5-spurred); stamens 4, ascending in 2 pairs, slender; style 1: fr. a dry caps., opening by slits or pores near the summit, many-seeded.—Widely distributed, mostly in temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, of more than 100 species and with many hybrids. Occasionally the fls. of the common toad flax (Linaria vulgaris) are regular. When Linnaeus discovered this form, he took the plant to be of another kind and used for it the genus Peloria. This word Peloria is now used generically for the regular state of any normally irregular fl. Such monstrosities occur now and then, particularly in the Scrophulariaceae.
		+
		+	In America, linarias are little known as garden plants, although they are worthy of greater attention. They are of two general classes,—the hardy perennials (sometimes evergreen) and the annuals. The perennials are propagated by seeds and by division, usually the latter. All the species are of easiest culture in any ordinary soil and exposure, and are largely able to shift for themselves when once established. The annuals may be started indoors; or in warm situations they may be sown where the plants are to stand. Some of the trailing and cespitose species are good for rock-gardens.
		+	}}
		+
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen