Narcissus - Revision history

Raffi at 14:20, 16 April 2011

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Murali.lalitha at 19:10, 9 January 2010

2010-01-09T19:10:31Z

Raffi at 21:45, 8 January 2010

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Murali.lalitha at 13:27, 8 January 2010

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Raffi at 06:31, 28 March 2007

2007-03-28T06:31:36Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Narcissus''
| image = Yellow daffodils - floriade canberra.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = 'King Alfred' Daffodils, [[Floriade, Canberra]], 2005
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Amaryllidaceae]]
| genus = '''''Narcissus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}

'''Narcissus''' is the botanic name for a [[genus]] of hardy, mostly spring-flowering, [[bulb]]s. There are several ''Narcissus'' species that bloom in the autumn. '''Daffodil''' is a common English name, sometimes used now for all narcissus. They are mostly native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, but a few [[species]] are found through [[Central Asia]] to [[China]]. The range of forms in cultivation has been heavily modified and extended, with new variations available in nurseries practically every year.

==Etymology==
The name Narcissus is derived from that of the narcissistic youth of Greek mythology called [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narkissos]]. "Narcissi" is sometimes given in dictionaries as the grammatically correct plural of "Narcissus". However the American Daffodil Society prefers the use of "Narcissus" for both singular and plural. (the [[Webster's Third New International Dictionary]] gives "Narcissus", "Narcissuses" and lastly "Narcissi" as plural forms). Narcissus are sometimes called '''jonquils''' in [[North America]], particularly in the Southeastern United States, but strictly speaking that name belongs only to the rush-leaved ''[[Narcissus jonquilla]]'' and cultivars derived from it.

The name Daffodil is derived from an earlier "Affodell", a variant of [[Asphodel]]. The reason for the introduction of the initial "d" is not known, although a probable source is an etymological merging from the Dutch article "de," as in "De affodil". From at least the sixteenth century "Daffadown Dilly" or "daffadown dilly" has appeared as a playful synonym of the name.

Paper whites refer to the species ''[[Narcissus papyraceus]]''.

==Description==
All ''Narcissus'' species have a central trumpet-shaped [[corona (disambiguation)|corona]] surrounded by a ring of [[petal]]s. The traditional daffodil has a golden yellow color all over, but the corona may often feature a contrasting color such as that of a slice of lime. Breeders have developed some daffodils with a double or triple row of petals, making them resemble a small golden ball. Other cultivars have frilled petals, or an elongated or compressed central corona.

Daffodils are poisonous, and if eaten could result in death.<ref>[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/n/narcis01.html The poisonous qualities of daffodils]</ref>

== Species ==
{{Expand|date=January 2007}}
*''[[Narcissus bulbocodium]]''
*''[[Narcissus cyclamineus]]''
*''[[Narcissus minor]]''
*''[[Narcissus papyraceus]]''
*''[[Narcissus poeticus]]''
*''[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]]''
*''[[Narcissus tazetta]]''
*''[[Narcissus triandrus]]''

==Popular culture==
The daffodil serves as the national flower of [[Wales]]. One species, ''[[Narcissus obvallaris]]'', grows only in a small area around [[Tenby]]. In [[Wales]] it is traditional to wear a daffodil on [[Saint David's Day]] ([[March 1]]).

In some countries the yellow variation is associated with easter.

The flower is a common decoration flower during Chinese New Year.

[[William Wordsworth]]'s short poem "[[I wandered lonely as a cloud]]" has often become linked in the popular mind with the daffodils which form its main image.

In the movie [[Big Fish]], Edward Bloom plants a field of Daffodils outside of Sandra Templeton's window in order to win her heart.

Various Cancer Societies around the world use the Daffodil as fundraising symbol. "Daffodil Days" are organised to raise funds
by offering the flowers in return for a donation.
*[http://www.cancer.org/daffo
dils [[American Cancer Society]] Daffodil Day]
*[http://www.daffodilday.org.nz/ [[New Zealand Cancer Society]] Daffodil Day]
*[http://www.daffodilday.com.au/ [[The Cancer Council Australia]] Daffodil Day]

[[Image:Jonquil flowers05.jpg|thumb|300px||Jonquil flowers.]]

The horticultural divisions include:
*Trumpet daffodils
*Large-cupped daffodils
*Small-cupped daffodils
*Double daffodils
*Triandrus daffodils
*Cyclamineus daffodils
*Jonquilla daffodils
*Tazetta (Poetaz or Bunch-flowered) daffodils
*Poeticus (Poet's) daffodils
*Bulbocodium daffodils
*Split-corona daffodils
*Other daffodils which don't fit the above divisions
*Species and wild hybrids
*Miniature daffodils are found in all divisions.
<br clear=all />

<gallery>
Image:Jonquil flowers06.jpg|White Jonquil
Image:Jonquil flowers08.jpg|White Jonquil
Image:Jonquil flowers07.jpg|White Jonquil
Image:Jonquil flowers02.jpg|White Jonquil
Image:Narcissus pseudonarcissus0.jpg|''Narcissus pseudonarcissus''
Image:Narcissi.jpg|''Narcissus tazetta''
Image:Narcissus bulbocodium bulbocodium0.jpg|''Narcissus bulbocodium'' ssp. ''bulbocodium''
Image:Narcissus poeticus actaea0.jpg|''Narcissus poeticus'' 'Actaea'
Image:Jonquil flowers.jpg|Jonquil Flowers
Image:Narcis geel vdg.jpg|''Narcissus'' 'Tahiti'
Image:Yellow Narcissus.JPG|Narcissus (yellow)
Image:IMG_2525.JPG
Image:OrangeWhite&Yellow Daffodils 4-14-06.jpg|Narcissus (orange and white)
Image:WhiteYellow_Daffodil_Island.jpg|White and yellow Narcissus
Image:Yellow w-orange Daffodil4-10-06.jpg|Yellow Daffodil
Image:Paperwhite_flowers.jpg|''[[Narcissus papyraceus]]'' 'Paperwhite'
Image:Daffodil Narcissus.jpg|''Daffodil Narcissus'' on [[Vancouver Island]]
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/alamance/gardening/2002/mar/3.html Difference between daffodil and narcissus], see first paragraph
*[http://www.keesbevaart.nl/historicaldaffodils Historical Daffodils]
*[[I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud]] by William Wordsworth

{{Commons|Narcissus}}

[[Category:Asparagales]]
[[Category:Flowers]]
[[Category:Liliales]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]

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	Growing bulbs in water on pebbles.— Recently much interest has been taken in growing narcissus bulbs in vessels containing water and pebbles. The culture is simple, and such bulbs may be readily grown under dwelling-house conditions. The bulbs should be placed in shallow jardinieres or saucers with clean white pebbles arranged around them to keep them in position and to hold them up. The jardinieres should be kept supplied with water sufficient to keep the roots submerged. Narcissus Tazetta var. papyraceus (paper- white narcissus) and N. Tazetta var. orientalis (Chinese sacred lily) are the most popular and useful for this purpose.		Growing bulbs in water on pebbles.— Recently much interest has been taken in growing narcissus bulbs in vessels containing water and pebbles. The culture is simple, and such bulbs may be readily grown under dwelling-house conditions. The bulbs should be placed in shallow jardinieres or saucers with clean white pebbles arranged around them to keep them in position and to hold them up. The jardinieres should be kept supplied with water sufficient to keep the roots submerged. Narcissus Tazetta var. papyraceus (paper- white narcissus) and N. Tazetta var. orientalis (Chinese sacred lily) are the most popular and useful for this purpose.
		+
		+	N.abscissus Schult .-N. Pseudo-Narcissus var. muticus.— Ajax is an old generic name for N. Pseudo-Narcissus; this species is now sometimes called the Ajax narcissus.—N. Backhousei, Hort. (N. Pseudo-Narcissus X incomparabilis; or N. Pseudo-Narcissus X Tazetta, or N. bicolor X poeticus) has single horizontal sulfur- yellow fls. with tube about half equaling the segms., the latter about 1-1 ¼ in- long; crown lemon-yellow, nearly equaling segms., erect, deeply lobed and plicate.—N. Barrii, Hort. (N. poeticus X Pseudo- Narcissus or N. incomparabilis X poeticus), of the medium-crowned section, has yellow horizontal fls. with long, slender neck; "covers a series of forms intermediate between incomparabilis and poeticus, nearer the former than the latter" (Baker); Fig. 2446. G.M. 51:644. Gn. 73, p. 599; 78, p. 458 (all as N. Barrii conspicuus). A popular form (sec p. 2106).—N. Bernardii. Hen., is like N. Macleaii, but with a more plicate and deeper-colored corona, which is orange or lemon-yellow, and half as long as the spreading white segms. Pyrenees, said to occur where N. Pseudo-Narcissus var. muticus and N. poeticus grow together.—Bunch-flowered daffodils are N. Tazetta.—N. Broussonetii, Lag. Lvs. linear, about 4 to a st.: scape 1 ft., 2-edged: fls. many in an umbel, the cylindrical tube whitish, the oblong obtuse segms. : ½in. long and pure white; crown rudimentary; anthers exserted. Morocco.—-N. Burbidgei, Hort. (probably N. incomparabilis X poeticus, in a series of forms), short-crowned: it has the habit of N. poeticus, with a solitary drooping fl. with white horizontal or somewhat reflexed segms. and a very short corona with a yellow base and red rim.—Cambricus is an early bicolor form of N. Pseudo-Narcissus: segms. sulfur-white; crown or trumpet yellow.—Capax plenus is an old double form, lemon-yellow.—N. Cooksoniae, Hort., is a creamy-white variety of the Leedsii type. G.C. III. 47:336.— Corbularia narcissi are the N. Bulbocodium forms. Corbularia is an old generio name for this species.—Daffodil. The word daffodil is variously used. In this country it means usually the full double forms of N. Pseudo-Narcissus, plants that are very common in old gardens. Modern named varieties of this daffodil type are Van Sion and Rip Van Winkle. In England, however, daffodil is a more general term, used for most species except the Poet's narcissus (N. poeticus).— N. elegans: . Spach (N. autumnalis, Link). Autumn-flowering: bulb globose, ½in. diam.: lvs. 1-4, appearing with the fls., very narrow, subterete: scape stiff and erect: fls. 2-6, on erect pedicels; perianth-tube cylindrical, whitish, about ½in. long; segms. spreading, lanceolate, pure white; crown very short, saucer-like, yellow, Italy, Algeria.—.N Engleheartii Hort. Hybrids of N. incomparabilis and N. poeticus, the name of recent origin: much like N. Burbidgei but the flat crown or cup is ruffled or fluted. This comprises the relatively new section of "flat-eyes" or "flat-crowns," although the cup may take the form of a shallow wide-mouthed funnel.—N Fosteri Lynch. Garden hybrid between N. Bulbocodium var. citrinus and N. triandrus, the latter probably the male parent: scapes 2-fld.: fls. have the Bulbocodium character in size and shape of perianth, lanceolate segms. and declinate stamens: lvs. much like those of N. triandrus; crown and segms. pale yellow, tube greenish. G.C. III. 47:342.—Flat-leaved narcissi are the various forms of N. Pseudo-Narcissus.—Ganymedes is an old generic name for N. triandrus and its forms.—Giganteus- Sir Watkin.—Grandiflors is applied to a large-fld. white form of N. Tazetta.—N. Humei. Hort., has a single nodding medium-crowned yellow fl. with long, straight cup about 1 in. long (often equaling the segms., but variable in size); segms. oblong, somewhat ascending, 1 ½_ in. long: fls. said to have "a deformed clipt-off appearance." Ascribed to N. Pseudo-Narcissus and N. poculiformis.—Incognita, one of the Engleheartii forms, or by some referred to N. Barrii. Gn. 71, p. vii, Nov. 30 (1907); 73, p. 301. G.M. 54:300.—N. Leedsii, Hort.. has horizontal or drooping fls. with white segms. and yellow to whitish medium corona; described by Baker as having perianthtube subcylindrical, ' ¾ n. long; segms. spreading, oblong, acute, milk-white, to 1 ¼in. long and to ¾in. broad; crown cup-shaped. ½in. long, sulfur-yellow, erect and irregularly crenate-plicate; style overtopping anthers and reaching nearly to throat of crown: intermediate between N. poculiformis and incomparabilis, but said by some to be produced by crossing white N. Pseudo-Narcissus varieties with N. poeticus. (See p. 2106.)—Lent Lily-N. Pseudo- Narcissus. Lobularius is a confused name, usually applied to the deep yellow double daffodil, N. Pseudo-Narcissus.—Lusitanicus is a name for a bicolor N. Pseudo-Narcissus.—N Macleaii, Lindl., is a 1-fld. plant of small growth, bearing horizontal short-tubed fls. with milk-white segms. and medium-sized yellow crenate corona half or more the length of the lobes; segms, much imbricated, about ¾ in long, crown about 1/2 in long, minutely crenulate; style included. Of doubtful origin, several species having been suggested as parents. B.M. 2588. B.R. 987. Gn.69.p. 103.—N. Mastersianus is a hybrid of N. Tazetta and N. poculiformis.—N. Milneri, hybrid of N. incomparabilis and N. Pseudo-Narcissus var. moschatus.—N. minicyda, Hort. A garden hybrid between N. cyclamineus and N. minimus.— N montanus, Ker-N. poculiformis.—N. Nelsonii, Hort., a subtype of N. Macleaii, very robust, and fls. larger (2-3 in. across), the lemon-yellow corona more than half as long as the segms.—N. pallidus, a whitish form of N. Pseudo-Narcissus.—Pallidus praecox is a pale sulfur-colored early form. Gn. 60, p. 320; 65. p. 271. G. 30: 215.—Peerless narcissi are the forms of N. incomparabilis.—N. poculiformis, Salisb. (N. montanus, Her; B.R. 123) has 1 or 2 nodding medium-crowned white fls. and a cup-shaped corona about half the length of the segms.; origin doubtful: by some regarded as a hybrid and by others as a native of the Pyrenees.—Princeps, sulfur-yellow and yellow-crowned, a form of the N. Pseudo-Narcissus type. G.C. III. 29:182.— Queltia is an old generic name to distinguish the group comprising N. incomparabilis.—Rip Van Winkle is a double variety of N. Pseudo-Narcissus.—Roman narcissus is a name for double-fld. N. Tazetta, white with orange cup. —Rugilobus, large-fld. variety of N. Pseudo-Narcissus, with primrose perianth and yellow trumpet. G. 16:89.—Salmonetta, raised by Engleheart: perianth clear white; cup salmon-orange; fl. star-like. Gn. 63, p. 393.—Scoticus, N. Pseudo-Narcissus with deep yellow corona and whitish segms.; known as Scotch garland lily. There is also a double form.—N. serotinus. Linn. Autumnal: bulb globose, 1 in. or less in diam.: lvs. appearing after the fls., very slender: scape very slender and jointed low down: fls. 1 or 2; tube subcylindrical, greenish; segins. oblanceolate, obtuse, spreading, pure white, about ½in- long; crown very short, 6-lobed, lemon- yellow. Medit. region.—Sir Watkin or giganteus is a very large-fld. form of N. incomparabilis.—N. Sprengeri vomerensis is a garden hybrid between N. Pseudo-Narcissus and N. Tazetta. Carl Sprenger, Naples.—Spurius, a yellow N. Pseudo-Narcissus, a sub form of var. major.—Stella, one of the star-narcissi of the N. incomparabilis group; now represented by Stella Superba, about twice the size, with long white spreading segms. and cup clear yellow. J.H. III. 43:269.—Telamonius plenus is the common sulfur-yellow double daffodil, N. Pseudo-Narcissus. Gn. 73, p. 227.—Tortuosus has twisted segms.: a form of N. Pseudo-Narcissus.—Tridymus is like N. Nelsoni, but has 2-3 smaller fls., with tube usually obconic (N. Pseudo-Narcissus X Tazetta).— Van Sion is a large pure yellow and very double form of N. Pseudo-Narcissus of the Telamonius set; much used for forcing. There is also a single Van Sion. —-Variiformis is a form of N. Pseudo-Narcissus with canary- yellow corona and white segms., the fls. variable.—.N. viridiflorus, Schousb. Autumnal: bulb globose, 1 in. diam.: lvs. 1 or 2 to st., subterete, not appearing with the bloom: fls. 2—4, on a slender fragile scape, green in all parts; perianth-tube cylindrical and slender, about ½in. long; segms. lanceolate, reflecting, short; crown very short, 6-lobed; anthers barely exserted. Gibralter, Morocco; very late. B.M. 1687. G.C. III. 40:375.
	}}		}}