Envoy at 08:47, 16 October 2007

2007-10-16T08:47:54Z

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{{splitapart|Noni|Noni juice}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Great morinda, Noni
| image = P Morc D1252.JPG
| image_width = 230px
| image_caption = Leaves, flowers, and fruit of ''Morinda citrifolia''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Gentianales]]
| familia = [[Rubiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Morinda]]''
| species = '''''M. citrifolia'''''
| binomial = ''Morinda citrifolia''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Morinda citrifolia''''', commonly known as '''Great morinda''', '''Indian mulberry''', '''Beach mulberry''', '''Tahitian Noni''', or since recently: '''Noni''' (from [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]), '''Nono''' (in [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]]), '''Mengkudu''' (from [[Malay language|Malay]]), '''Nonu''' (in [[Tongan language|Tongan]]), and '''Ach''' (in [[Hindi]]), is a shrub or small tree in the family [[Rubiaceae]]. ''Morinda citrifolia'' is native to [[Southeast Asia]] but has been extensively spread by man throughout [[India]] and into the [[Pacific islands]] as far as the [[French Polynesia#Geography|islands of French Polynesia]], of which [[Tahiti]] is the most prominent. It can also be found in parts of the West Indies.

[[Image:Noni fruit dev.jpg|left|thumb|Flowers and unripe and ripe fruit of ''Morinda citrifolia'']]
Noni grows in shady forests as well as on open rocky or sandy shores. It reaches maturity in about 18 months and then yields between 4-8 kg of fruit every month throughout the year. It is tolerant of [[salinity|saline]] soils, drought conditions, and [[secondary soil]]s. It is therefore found in a wide variety of habitats: [[volcano|volcanic]] terrains, [[lava]]-strewn [[coast]]s, and clearings or [[limestone]] outcrops. It can grow up to 9 m tall, and has large, simple, dark green, shiny and deeply veined leaves.

The plant [[flower]]s and fruits all year round and prodces a small white flower. The fruit is a [[Fruit#Multiple fruit|multiple fruit]] that has a pungent odor when ripening, and is hence also known as ''cheese fruit'' or even ''vomit fruit''. It is oval and reaches 4-7 cm in size. At first green, the fruit turns yellow then almost white as it ripens. It contains many [[seed]]s. It is sometimes called starvation fruit. Despite its strong smell and bitter taste, the fruit is nevertheless eaten as a [[famine food]]<ref>{{cite book | author = Krauss, BH | title = Plants in Hawaiian Culture | date = 1993 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press|location = Honolulu}}</ref> and, in some [[Pacific islands]], even a staple food, either raw or cooked.<ref> {{cite journal | author = Morton, JF | title = The Ocean-Going Noni, or Indian Mulberry (Morinda citrifolia,
Rubiaceae) and Some of its "Colorful" Relatives | date = 1992 | journal = Economic Botony | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 241-256 | location = New York}}</ref> [[Southeast Asia]]ns and [[Australian Aborigine]]s consume the fruit raw with salt or cook it with [[curry]]. The seeds are edible when roasted.

The noni is especially attractive to [[weaver ant]]s, which make nests out of the leaves of the tree. These ants protect the plant from some plant-parasitic insects. The smell of the fruit also attracts [[fruit bat]]s, which aid in dispersing the seeds.

==Nutrients==

Nutritional information for noni fruit is reported by the College of Tropical Agriculture, [[University of Hawaii]] at [[Mānoa]] who published analyses of fruit powder and pure juice.

===Macronutrients===

Analyzed as a whole fruit powder<ref>http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/nutritional_analysis.asp University of Hawaii nutrient analysis on noni fruit powder</ref>, noni fruit has excellent levels of [[carbohydrates]] and [[dietary fiber]], providing 55% and 100% of the [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s, respectively, in a 100 g serving. A good source of [[protein]] (12% DRI), noni pulp is low in total [[fats]] (4% DRI).

These macronutrients evidently reside in the ''fruit pulp'', as noni ''juice'' has sparse amounts of macronutrients<ref>http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/nutritional_analysis_juice.asp University of Hawaii nutrient analysis on noni juice</ref>.

===Micronutrients===
The main micronutrient features of noni pulp powder include exceptional [[vitamin C]] content (10x DRI) and substantial amounts of [[niacin]] (vitamin B3), [[iron]] and [[potassium]]<ref>http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/nutritional_analysis.asp</ref>. [[Vitamin A]], [[calcium]] and [[sodium]] are present in moderate amounts.

When noni juice alone is analyzed and compared to pulp powder, only vitamin C is retained at a high level, 42% of DRI.

Nutrient analyses for a major brand of noni juice (Tahitian Noni Juice™, TNJ) were published in 2002 by the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission on Health and Consumer Protection (ECHCP) <ref>https://www.tahitiannoni.com/sfs/uc/36379684/english/Nutrient_Composition_of_TAHITIAN_NONI_Juice.pdf</ref> during a test for public safety of TNJ. TNJ ingredients include noni [[purée]] and juice concentrates from [[grapes]] and [[blueberries]].

For antimicrobial purposes, TNJ must be subjected to the high temperatures of [[pasteurization]] which essentially nullifies most of the nutrient contents of the natural purée.

As shown by the ECHCP analyses, excepting vitamin C content at 31% of DRI, TNJ bears no significant nutrition. Its macronutrient content provides just 8% of the DRI for carbohydrates, only traces of other macronutrients and low or trace levels of 10 essential vitamins, 7 essential [[dietary minerals]] and 18 [[amino acids]].

Although the most significant nutrient feature of noni pulp powder or juice is its high vitamin C content, this level in TNJ provides only about half the vitamin C of a raw [[navel orange]]<ref>http://whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrientprofile&dbid=31 World's Healthiest Foods, in-depth nutrient analysis of a raw orange</ref>. Sodium levels in TNJ (about 3% of DRI) are multiples of those in an orange. Although the potassium content appears relatively high for noni, this total is only about 3% of the [[Recommended Dietary Allowance]] and so would not be considered excessive. TNJ is otherwise similar in micronutrient content to a raw orange<ref>http://whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrientprofile&dbid=31</ref>.

===Phytochemicals===

The history of published medical research on noni [[phytochemicals]] numbers only around a total of 120 reports which began appearing in the 1950s. Just since 2000, about 105 publications on noni have been published in medical literature, defining a relatively young research field (August, 2007). Nearly all noni research is at a preliminary stage, still in the laboratory as [[in vitro]] or basic animal experiments.

Noni fruit contains phytochemicals for which there are no established DRI values. Examples:

* oligo- and [[polysaccharides]] – long-chain sugar molecules that serve a [[prebiotic]] function as [[dietary fiber]] fermentable by [[colon]]ic [[bacteria]], yielding [[short chain fatty acids]] with numerous potential health properties not yet defined by scientific research on noni
* [[glycosides]] – sugar-phenolic compounds including [[flavonoids]] such as rutin and asperulosidic acid, are common in several [[Rubiaceae]] plants; specifically named noni isolates called iridoides and morindoides have been reported, but are not well characterized to date
* trisaccharide fatty-acid [[esters]], "noniosides" - resulting from combination of an alcohol and an acid in noni fruit, noniosides are chemicals giving noni its noxious smell and taste
* scopoletin – may have antibiotic activities; research is preliminary
* [[beta-sitosterol]] – a plant [[sterol]] with potential for anti-[[cholesterol]] activity not yet proven in human research
* damnacanthal – an [[anthraquinone]] having potential as an inhibitor of [[HIV]] viral proteins
* [[alkaloids]] – naturally occurring amines from plants, often attributed to causing bitter tastes and so may contribute to the foul taste of noni. Some internet references mention xeronine or proxeronine as important noni constituents. However, as no reports on either of these substances exist in published medical literature, the terms are scientifically unrecognized.

Although there is evidence from in vitro studies and laboratory models for [[bioactivity]] of each of the above phytochemicals, the research remains at best preliminary and too early to conclude anything about human health benefits provided by noni or its juice. Furthermore, nearly all these compounds exist in many plant foods, so are not unique to noni.

==Uses==
Although noni has a reputation for uses in [[folk medicine]] extending over centuries<ref>{{cite journal | author = McClatchey, Will
| year = 2002 | title = From Polynesian Healers to Health Food Stores: Changing Perspectives of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) | journal = Integrative Cancer Therapies | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 110-120 | url = http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/Downloads/MorindaCitrifolia.pdf}}</ref>, no medical applications as those discussed below have been verified by modern science.

In [[China]], [[Samoa]], [[Japan]], and [[Tahiti]], various parts of the tree (leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, roots) serve as tonics and to contain [[fever]], to treat [[eye]] and [[skin]] problems, [[gingiva|gum]] and [[throat]] problems as well as [[constipation]], [[stomach]] pain, or [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] difficulties.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} In [[Malaysia]], heated noni leaves applied to the [[chest]] are believed to relieve [[cough]]s, [[nausea]], or [[colic]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

The noni fruit is taken, in [[Indochina]] especially, for [[asthma]], [[lumbago]], and [[dysentery]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}} As for external uses, unripe fruits can be pounded, then mixed with [[salt]] and applied to cut or broken [[bone]]s.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} In Hawaii, ripe fruits are applied to draw out [[pus]] from an infected boil. The green fruit, leaves and the root/rhizome have traditionally been used to treat menstrual cramps and irregularities, among other symptoms, while the root has also been used to treat urinary difficulties.<ref>{{cite journal | author = McClatchey, Will
| year = 2002 | title = From Polynesian Healers to Health Food Stores: Changing Perspectives of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) | journal = Integrative Cancer Therapies | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 110-120 | url = http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/Downloads/MorindaCitrifolia.pdf}}</ref>

The bark of the great morinda produces a brownish-purplish [[dye]] for [[batik]] making; on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Java (island)|Java]], the trees are cultivated for this purpose. In [[Hawaii]], yellowish dye is extracted from its root in order to dye cloth.<ref>{{cite book | author = Thompson, RH | title = Naturally Occurring Anthraquinones | date = 1971 | publisher = Academic Press|location = New York}}</ref> The fruit is used as a shampoo in Malaysia, where it is said to be helpful against [[head lice]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

There have been recent applications also for the use of oil from noni seeds.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Noni seed oil is abundant in [[linoleic acid]] that may have useful properties when applied topically on skin, e.g., anti-inflammation, acne reduction, moisture retention.<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Diezel W.E., Schulz E., Skanks M., Heise H. | year = 1993 | title = Plant oils: Topical application and anti-inflammatory effects (croton oil test) | journal = Dermatol. Monatsschr | volume = 179 | page = 173}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Letawe C, Boone M, Pierard GE | year = 1998 | month = March | title = Digital image analysis of the effect of topically applied linoleic acid on acne microcomedones | journal = Clinical & Experimental Dermatology | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 56-58| id = PMID: 9692305 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9692305&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=17&itool=pubmed_docsum}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | coauthors=Darmstadt GL, Mao-Qiang M, Chi E, Saha SK, Ziboh VA, Black RE, Santosham M, Elias PM |year=2002|title=Impact of topical oils on the skin barrier: possible implications for neonatal health in developing countries |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=546-554 |accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref>

In [[Surinam]] and different other countries, the tree serves as a wind-break, as support for [[vine]]s and as shade for [[coffee]] trees.

[[Image:Wild noni.jpg|right|thumb|Wild noni growing in [[List of places in Hawaii|Kuliouou Valley'']], Hawaii]]

==Noni juice==
===The noni juice market===
Sold in capsule form, pulp powder was the first noni product brought to the commercial market in Hawaii by Herbert Moniz of Herb's Herbs in 1992 after patenting a unique noni dehydrating method. ({{Cite patent|US|5288491}}) In 1995, David Marcus, of Hawaiian Herbal Blessings Inc., began marketing the first traditionally fermented noni juice from Maui, Hawaii.

There are now approximately 300 companies marketing noni juice in a global market estimated at more than $2 billion annually<ref>http://www.themanufacturer.com/us/detail.html?contents_id=2245</ref><ref>http://www.tahitiannoni.com/canada/canada_english/retail/company/entry.html</ref>. In 1996, Morinda Inc. (now Tahitian Noni International with headquarters in Orem, Utah) acquired noni from French Polynesia to manufacture juice, capsule and personal care products for the western market, achieving $1 billion in sales over the next seven years. Today, raw materials for noni juices on the world market mainly come from Polynesia but most manufacturers are in the United States.

===Regulatory warnings and safety testing===
In August 2004, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] issued a warning letter to Flora, Inc. for violating section 201(g)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) [21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)]. Flora made twelve unfounded health claims about the purported benefits of noni juice as a medical product, in effect causing the juice to be evaluated as a drug. Under the Act, this necessitates all safety and clinical trial evidence for the juice providing such effects in humans. <ref>{{cite web | last = Breen | first = Charles M. | year = [[August 26]], [[2004]] | url = http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/archive/g4958d.pdf | title = Warning letter from the FDA to Flora, Inc. | format = pdf}}</ref>

The FDA letter also cited 1) absent scientific evidence for health benefits of noni [[phytochemicals]], scopoletin and damnacanthal, neither of which has been confirmed with biological activity in humans, and 2) lack of scientific foundation for health claims made by two proponents of noni juice, Dr. Isabella Abbot and Dr. Ralph Heinicke<ref>{{cite web | last = Breen | first = Charles M. | year = [[August 26]], [[2004]] | url = http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/archive/g4958d.pdf | title = Warning letter from the FDA to Flora, Inc. | format = pdf}}</ref>.

Two other FDA letters have been issued for the same types of violations<ref>http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/cyber/2006/CL238e.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/cyber/2002/CFSANhawaiian.htm</ref>.

In the European Union, after safety testing on one particular brand of noni juice (Tahitian Noni), approval was granted in 2002 as a [[novel food]] by the [[Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection (European Commission)| European Commission for Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General]]. <ref>{{cite web | author = European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General|year = [[December 11]], [[2002]] | url = http://ec.europa.eu/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out151_en.pdf | title = Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Tahitian Noni® juice | format = pdf}}</ref> In their report, the European Commission's Scientific Committee made no endorsement of health claims.

No noni products have achieved sufficient scientific foundation for being licensed as medicines or therapies. Companies today must still apply to the European Commission for Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General to have their own brand of noni juice included as a novel food under the initial approval.

===Health and research issues===
In 2005, two scientific publications described incidents of acute hepatitis caused by ingesting noni. One study suggested the toxin to be [[anthraquinones]], found in roots, leaves and fruit of the noni,<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Pawlus AD, Su BN, Keller WJ, Kinghorn AD. | year = 2005 | month = December | title = An anthraquinone with potent quinone reductase-inducing activity and other constituents of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia (noni). | journal = J. Nat. Prod. | volume = 68 | issue = 12 | pages = 1720-2 | id = PMID: 16378361}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Millonig G, Stadlmann S, Vogel W | year = 2005 | month = April | title = Herbal hepatotoxicity: acute hepatitis caused by a Noni preparation (Morinda citrifolia) | journal = European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 445-7 | id = ISSN 0954-691X}}</ref>while the other named juice as the delivery method.<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Stadlbauer V, Fickert P, Lackner C, Schmerlaib J, Krisper P, Trauner M, Stauber RE | year = 2005 | month = August | title = Hepatotoxicity of noni juice: Report of two cases | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 11 | issue = 30 | pages = 4758-60 | id = ISSN 1007-9327 | url = http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/11/4758.asp}}</ref>

This was, however, followed by a publication <ref>http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/index.jsp</ref> showing that noni juice 1) was not toxic to the liver even when consumed in high doses, and 2) contained low quantities of anthraquinones which are potentially toxic to liver tissue.<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = West B, Jensen C J, Westendorf J | year = 2006 | month = June | title = Noni juice is not hepatoxic | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 12| issue = 22 | pages = 3616-3619 | id = ISSN 1007-9327 CN 14-1219/R | url = http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/12/3616.asp }}</ref>.

The potential for toxicity caused by noni juices remains under surveillance by the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA)<ref>http://www.efsa.eu.int/en/press_room/press_release/press_releases_2006/pr_nda_noni_juice.html</ref>, individual food safety authorities in France<ref>http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=63516</ref>, Finland<ref>http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/current_issues/?id=105</ref> and Ireland<ref>http://www.fsai.ie/news/press/pr_04/pr20040804.asp</ref>, and medical investigators in Germany<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Yuce B, Gulberg V, Diebold J, Gerbes AL. | year = 2006 | month = February | title = Hepatitis induced by Noni juice from Morinda citrifolia: a rare cause of hepatotoxicity or the tip of the iceberg?| journal = Digestion | volume = 73| issue = 2-3 | pages = 167-70 | id = PMID: 16837801 |}}</ref>.

The Physicians Desk Reference ("PDR") for Non-Prescription Drugs and Dietary Supplements lists only one particular commercial brand of noni juice, with no side-effects mentioned.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tahitian Noni Juice | author=Thomson Healthcare (Micromedex) | url=http://www.drugs.com/pdr/Tahitian_Noni_Liquid.html | date=November 25, 2006}}</ref>Consumers of noni juice are advised to carefully check labels for warnings which may say, "Not safe for pregnant women" or "Keep out of reach of children."

Some commercial brands of noni juice can be high in [[potassium]]{{Fact|date=August 2007}}. While potassium is a valuable nutrient in a normal diet, persons with advanced [[Chronic renal failure|kidney disease]] cannot excrete it properly and should avoid noni juice which has been known to cause [[hyperkalemia]].<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Mueller B, et al. | year = 2000 | month = February | title = Noni juice (''Morinda citrifolia''): Hidden potential for hyperkalemia? | journal = American Journal of Kidney Disease | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 310-312}}</ref>. Of related significance is a report showing high variability in mineral contents between various brands of noni juice.<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = West BJ, Tolson C, Vest R, Jensen S, Lundell T | year = 2006 | month = December | title = Mineral Variability Among 177 Commercial Noni Juices | journal = International Journal of Food Sciences | volume = 57 | pages = 556-558 | id = DOI:10.1080/09637480601066794 | url = http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(m4irqqycuh30ku45xga0d055)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=searcharticlesresults,1,4;}}</ref>

Athletes intending to use noni juice to supplement their diet should be aware that two brands of noni juice are listed on ConsumerLab.com's "Athletic Banned Substance Screening Program" as having been screened for substances on the [[World Anti-Doping Agency|World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List]].<ref>{{cite book | title=ConsumerLab.com Athletic Banned Substance Screening Program | author=ConsumerLab.com | url=http://www.consumerlab.com/results/bannedsub.asp | date=September 2005 | accessdate = 2007-01-12}}</ref>.

====Preliminary medical research====

Over the years since 1994, noni has increasingly stimulated the interest of medical science, with 114 papers published since then and 36 just in 2006-7<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez</ref> (search "noni"). Despite the large market for juice products and research developments, the nutrient and [[phytochemical]] profiles of noni have not been extensively studied.

Furthermore, 1) numerous health claims made in noni juice marketing are not supported by scientific research<ref>http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2007/018.html</ref><ref>http://www.fsai.ie/news/press/pr_04/pr20040804.asp</ref> and 2) in human clinical trials, only one cancer study completed under [[NIH]] [[peer-review]] in 2006 has been conducted, the results of which remain unpublished<ref>http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00033878</ref> as of August 2007.

Likewise, in a university-based clinical trial funded by the noni juice manufacturer, Tahitian Noni International, Inc., it was shown that noni juice consumption lowered blood [[cholesterol]] levels<ref>http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3038030</ref>. Completed in 2006, however, the results of this study have not been published under peer-review and have met critical judgment by experts<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/noni/AN01074</ref><ref>http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/news/20060302/noni-juice-can-lower-cholesterol</ref>.

Laboratory studies have investigated noni's effect on the growth of cancerous tissue in mice.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Furusawa E, Hirazumi A, Story S, Jensen J
| year = 2003 | month = December | title = Antitumour potential of a polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on sarcoma 180 ascites tumour in mice | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 1158-64 | id = ISSN 0951-418X | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/106568939/ABSTRACT}}</ref> One such study [[in vitro]] found that noni reduced growth of [[Angiogenesis#Tumor angiogenesis| capillary vessels sprouting from human breast tumor]] explants and, at increased concentrations, caused existing vessels to degenerate.<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Hornick CA, Myers A, Sadowska-Krowicka H, Anthony CT, Woltering EA | year = 2003 | month = January | title = Inhibition of angiogenic initiation and disruption of newly established human vascular networks by juice from Morinda citrifolia (noni) | journal = Angiogenesis | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 143-9 | id = ISSN 0969-6970}}</ref> It remains unknown whether such effects occur [[in vivo]] in other animal models or in cancer patients.

Another study showed noni juice to inhibit formation of cancer cells in rats (using detection methods of biochemical markers called [[DNA adduct]]s). It further showed a reduced number of DNA adducts in rats induced with a [[carcinogen]]. The same study showed effective [[antioxidant]] properties of noni juice compared with those of [[vitamin C]], [[grape seed extract|grape seed powder]], and [[pycnogenol]]. The results indicated reduced carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in this laboratory model and antioxidant activity that may be relevant to anti-cancer mechanisms.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wang MY, Su C| year = 2001 | month = December | title = Cancer preventive effect of Morinda citrifolia (Noni). | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 952 | pages = 161-8 | id=PMID: 11795436}}</ref> 

As such findings have neither been confirmed by other laboratory experiments nor demonstrated in expert-reviewed human clinical trials, no inference can be made about whether noni has anti-cancer properties.

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| coauthors = Scot C. Nelson, Craig R. Elevitch
| year = 2006
| month = August
| title = Noni: The Complete Guide for Consumers and Growers
| pages = 112
| id = ISBN 0-9702544-6-6
| publisher = Permanent Agriculture Resources
}}
*{{ cite website
| coauthors = University of Hawaii
| year = 2006
| title = The Noni Website
| url = http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/
}}
*{{cite journal
| coauthors = Levand O, Larson HO
| year = 1979
| month = June
| title = Some chemical constituents of Morinda citrifolia
| journal = Planta Medica
| volume = 36
| issue = 2
| pages = 186-7
| id = ISSN 0032-0943
}}
*{{cite journal
| coauthors = Kamiya K, Tanaka Y, Endang H, Umar M, Satake T
| year = 2004
| month = September
| title = Chemical constituents of Morinda citrifolia fruits inhibit copper-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 52
| issue = 19
| pages = 5843-8
| id = ISSN 0021-8561
}}
*{{cite journal
| author = Khurana H, Junkrut M, Punjanon T
| year = 2003
| title = Analgesic activity and genotoxicity of Morinda citrifolia
| journal = Thai J Pharmacol
| volume = 25
| issue = 1
| pages = 86
}}
*{{cite journal
| author = Wang MY, West B, Jensen J, Nowicki D, Su C, Palu A, Anderson G
| year = 2002
| title = Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A literature review and recent advances in noni research
| journal = Acta Pharmacol Sin
| volume = 23
| issue = 12
| pages = 1127
}}
*{{cite news
| author = Altonn, Helen
| date = [[March 3]], [[2006]]
| title = Noni juice might lower cholesterol in smokers
| url = http://starbulletin.com/2006/03/03/news/story07.html
| publisher = Honolulu Star Bulletin
}}
*{{cite web
| author = Thomas, Chris
| date = [[August 30]], [[2002]]
| title = Noni No Miracle Cure
| url = http://www.cancerpage.com/news/article.asp?id=4799
| publisher = Cancerpage.com
}}
*{{cite web
| author = Anthony, Mark
| title = Noni or NIMBY?
| url = http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2007/018.html
| publisher = Foodprocessing.com
}}

[[Category:Rubiaceae]]

Noni - Revision history

Envoy at 08:47, 16 October 2007