Envoy at 09:11, 30 October 2007

2007-10-30T09:11:49Z

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{{Taxobox | color = lightblue
| name = ''Panaeolus''
| image = Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg
| image_width = 220px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Homobasidiomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| familia = [[Bolbitiaceae]]
| genus = '''''Panaeolus'''''
| genus_authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]]) [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = [[List of Panaeolus species]]
| type_species = ''[[Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus]]''
}}

'''''Panaeolus''''' is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic [[agarics]]. The word ''Panaeolus'' is Greek for "all [[variegated]]", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced.

== Characteristics ==

These fungi are mostly dung and grassland species, some of which are quite common in Europe and North America. The [[gills]] of ''Panaeolus'' do not [[wikt:deliquesce|deliquesce]] as do the members of the related [[genus]] ''[[Coprinus]]''. Members of ''Panaeolus'' can also be mistaken for ''[[Psathyrella]]'', however the later genus are usually found growing on wood.

The gills of these mushrooms are black or grey and have a spotty, speckled or cloudy appearance, caused by the way that the dark spores ripen together in tiny patches on the gill surface; different patches darken at different times. Another character of the genus is that the spores are smooth. <ref>Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant: ''Keys to Agarics and Boleti'' (Roger Phillips 1983) ISBN 0-9508486-0-3</ref>

The closely related genus ''[[Panaeolina]]'' shares the spotted gills but they are dark brown (not black) and the spores are ornamented. This genus is sometimes treated as part of ''Panaeolus''. <ref>See [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/panaeolus_foenisecii.html Mushroom expert page on ''Panaeolus foenisecii''], which gives further references using both naming choices.</ref>

== Edibility ==

No members of ''Panaeolus'' are used for food, though some are used as a recreational drug. Thirteen [http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf] species of ''Panaeolus'' contain the hallucinogen [[psilocybin]] including ''[[Panaeolus cyanescens]]'' and ''[[Panaeolus subbalteatus]]''. The bluing hallucinogenic members of this genus are sometimes segregated into a separate genus, ''Copelandia''.

Several members of this genus are known to contain [[psilocin]] and [[psilocybin]] and it is suspected that a number of other members of this genus contain unidentified psychoactive compounds. [http://www.svims.ca/council/Panaeo.htm] All members of this [[genus]] contain [[serotonin]], [[urea]], and [[tryptophan]]. <ref name="Stamets">{{cite book |author=Paul Stamets |year=1996 |title=Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Ten Speed Press |pages=245|chapter=8}}</ref>

== Notable species ==
*''[[Panaeolus acuminatus]]''
*''[[Panaeolus africanus]]''
*''[[Panaeolus bispora]]''
*''[[Panaeolus cambodginiensis]]''
*''[[Panaeolus castaneifolius]]''
*''[[Panaeolus cyanescens]]''
*''[[Panaeolus fimicola]]''
*''Panaeolus foenisecii'' (= ''[[Panaeolina foenisecii]]'')
*''[[Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus]]''
*''[[Panaeolus papilionaceus var. parvisporus]]''
*''[[Panaeolus semiovatus var. phalaenarum]]'' (= ''Panaeolus antillarum'')
*''[[Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus]]''
*''[[Panaeolus subbalteatus]]''
*''[[Panaeolus tropicalis]]''

== External links ==
* [http://www.svims.ca/council/Panaeo.htm Key to Panaeolus in the Pacific Northwest]
* [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/T3104.HTM Panaeolus - A Genus of Toadstools]
* [http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi]
* [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panaeolus Wikispecies - Panaeolus]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Basidiomycota]]

Panaeolus - Revision history

Envoy at 09:11, 30 October 2007