Passiflora edulis - Revision history

Raffi at 19:17, 14 April 2011

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Raffi at 05:50, 23 June 2009

2009-06-23T05:50:56Z

Kpdhage at 14:22, 22 June 2009

2009-06-22T14:22:49Z

Raffi at 15:27, 7 May 2009

2009-05-07T15:27:26Z

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2009-03-14T15:30:53Z

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Envoy at 11:32, 10 November 2007

2007-11-10T11:32:11Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Passion fruit
| image = Maracuyá.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Ripe yellow passion fruit, or "maracuyá"
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia = [[Passifloraceae]]
| genus = [[Passiflora]]
| species = '''''P. edulis'''''
| binomial = ''Passiflora edulis''
| binomial_authority = [[John Sims|Sims]]
}}
:''For the German pop group, see [[Passion Fruit (band)]].''
'''''Passiflora edulis''''' or '''passion fruit''' is cultivated commercially for its [[fruit]] in northwestern [[South America]], [[India]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Brazil]], southern [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], [[Australia]], [[East Africa]], [[Israel]] and [[South Africa]] (where it is known as a [[grenadilla]] or [[granadilla]]). The passion fruit is round to oval, yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds. The fruit can be grown to eat or for its juice, which is often added to other fruit juices to enhance aroma.

The two types of passion fruit have greatly different exterior appearances. The bright yellow variety of passion fruit, which is also known as the Golden Passionfruit, can grow up to the size of a [[grapefruit]], has a smooth, glossy, light and airy rind, and has been used as a [[rootstock]] for the purple passion fruit in Australia.<ref name="garden">{{cite news
| last = Reynhardt
| first = Debbie
| title = Gardening with Debbie Reynhardt
| work = Dispatch Online
| publisher = Dispatch Media (Pty) Ltd
| date = 8 February 2003
| url = http://www.dispatch.co.za/2003/02/08/features/GARDEN.HTM
| accessdate = 2006-11-20 }}</ref> The dark purple passion fruit (for example, in Kenya) is smaller than a [[lemon]], with a dry, wrinkled rind at maturity.

The purple varieties of the fruit reportedly have traces of [[cyanogenic]] [[glycoside]]s in the skin, and hence are mildly poisonous. However, the thick, hard skin is hardly edible, and if boiled (to make [[jam]]), the [[cyanide]] molecules are destroyed at high temperatures.

==Names==
*In the [[Dominican Republic]] the fruit is knowm as '''Chinola'''
*In [[Brazil]] and [[Portugal]] the fruit is known as '''maracujá'''.
*In [[Colombia]], it is known as '''maracuyá''' (yellow variety) or '''gulupa''' (purple variety).
*In [[Jamaica]] it is called '''sweet cup'''.
*In [[Nicaragua]] it is known as '''calala''', a sweet-tasting [[juice]] is made when the fruit is cut in half and boiled in water.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Nicaraguan Fruits: Passion Fruit | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.vianica.com/go/specials/14-nicaraguan-fruits.html | work =ViaNica | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-13 | language = }}</ref>
*In [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], [[Ecuador]], [[Mexico]], [[Honduras]] and [[Peru]], it is called '''Maracuyá'''.
*In [[Puerto Rico]], the fruit is called '''parcha'''.
*In [[South Africa]] the purple variety is called a '''granadilla''' whereas the golden/yellow variety is called '''guavadilla'''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/conservation/scientific/ff/alien_biota/layout.pdf|title = Alien invasive plants in the Kruger National Park|format = PDF|pages = 28}}</ref>
*In [[Venezuela]], it is called '''parchita'''.

The distinctive flower of the passion fruit plant is called [[Passion flower]] or Passionflower, and is noted for its unusual visual characteristics. The leaves and roots of the plant have medicinal uses and are also called [[Passion flower]].

Early European explorers gave the plant its common name because the flower's complex structure and pattern reminded them of symbols associated with the [[Passion (Christianity)|passion of Christ]]. It was said that the flower contained the lashes received by Christ, the crown of thorns, the column, the five wounds and the three nails.<ref> {{cite book| last = Coe| first = Sophie D.| title = America's first cuisines| year = 1994| isbn = 0-292-71159-X| pages = p. 187}}</ref>

==Uses==
[[Image:Passionfruitjuice2.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A glass of passion fruit juice]]
*In Australia, passion fruit is the most common topping for the [[Pavlova (food)|pavlova]] (a [[meringue]] cake) and the vanilla slice. It is also used to flavour soft drinks such as [[Passiona]].

*In Puerto Rico, it is widely believed to lower [[blood pressure]].

*In Brazil passion fruit mousse is a common dessert, and passion fruit seeds are routinely used to decorate the tops of certain cakes. Passion fruit juice is also very common.

*In the [[Dominican Republic]] it is commonly used as an ingredient in a fruit drink containing strained passionfruit juice, sugar and water. It is also eaten fresh and used to flavor things from hard candies to popsicles.

*In [[Indonesia]] it is eaten straight as a fruit. Nevertheless, it is common to strain the passionfruit for its juice and cook it with sugar to make some sort of thick syrup. It is then mixed with water and ice to be drunk.

*In [[Hawaii]] it is normally eaten raw. Lilikoi flavored syrup is a popular topping for [[shave ice]]. [[Ice cream]] and [[mochi]] are also flavored with lilikoi, as well as many other desserts. Lilikoi fruits are not widely available in stores, so most of the fruit eaten comes from backyard gardens or wild groves.

==See also==
*[[Giant granadilla]]
*[[Sweet granadilla]]
*[[Granadilla]]
*[[Grenadilla]]

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
{{commons|Passiflora edulis}}
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/passionfruit.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Passionfruit]
* [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Passion Fruit Fruit Facts]
* [http://www.passiflora.org/ Passiflora Society International]
* [http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/passionfruit.htm Australian Passionfruit Varieties]
* [http://www.phytochemicals.info/passion-fruit.php Phytochemicals in Passion Fruit]
* [http://www.passionflow.co.uk/ Passiflora Online]

<gallery>
Image:Purple passionfruit.jpg|Purple passion fruit, which in [[Colombia]] is called "gulupa", to distinguish it from the yellow maracuyá
Image:Passion fruit 700.jpg|Ripe purple passion fruit
Image:Maracuyá stand.jpg|Yellow passion fruits for sale
Image:Passiflora edulis dsc07776.jpg|Passion fruits on sale
Image:Passionfruit comparision.jpg|Yellow and purple passion fruits, side by side
Image:Passionfruitvine.jpg|Passion fruit still on the vine

</gallery>

[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Passifloraceae]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Flora of the Maldives]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
+{{SPlantbox
-| name = ''Passiflora ''
+|familia=Passifloraceae
-| common_names =     <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+|genus=Passiflora
-| growth_habit = vine
+|species=edulis
-| high =     <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
+|common_name=Passionfruit, Passion fruit, Granadilla
-| wide =     <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
+|habit=vine-climber
-| origin = Brazil to Paraguay to N Argentina
+|origin=Brazil to Paraguay to N Argentina
-| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
+|lifespan=perennial
-| lifespan = perennial
+|exposure=sun
-| exposure = full sun
+|water=moist, moderate
-| water = regular to moderate
+|features=evergreen, flowers, edible, fruit
-| features = flowers, fruit
+|Temp Metric=°F
-| hardiness =     <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5[[Celsius|°C]], etc -->
+|sunset_zones=15-17, 21-25, 27
-| bloom =     <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
+|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
-| usda_zones =     <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
+|image=Maracuyá.jpg
-| sunset_zones = 15-17, 21-25, 27
+|image_width=240
-| color = IndianRed
+|image_caption=Ripe yellow passion fruit, or "maracuyá"
 }}
 Adaptation: The purple passion fruit is subtropical and prefers a frost-free climate. However, there are cultivars that can take temperatures into the upper 20's (°F) without serious damage. The plant is widely grown in California as far north as San Jose, the Monterey Bay Area and the San Franciso Bay Area. The vines may lose some of their leaves in cool winters. The roots often resprout even if the top is killed. The plant does not grow well in intense summer heat. The yellow passion fruit is tropical or near-tropical and is much more intolerant of frost. Both forms need protection from the wind. Generally, annual rainfall should be at least 35 inches. Passion fruit vines make good container specimens but require maintenance. They perform well indoors.
@@ Line 122: / Line 111: @@
 * [http://www.passionflow.co.uk/ Passiflora Online]
-[[Category:Categorize]]
+__NOTOC__

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__{{Plantbox
 | name = ''Passiflora ''
@@ Line 41: / Line 29: @@
 | cultivar =
 }}
 Adaptation: The purple passion fruit is subtropical and prefers a frost-free climate. However, there are cultivars that can take temperatures into the upper 20's (°F) without serious damage. The plant is widely grown in California as far north as San Jose, the Monterey Bay Area and the San Franciso Bay Area. The vines may lose some of their leaves in cool winters. The roots often resprout even if the top is killed. The plant does not grow well in intense summer heat. The yellow passion fruit is tropical or near-tropical and is much more intolerant of frost. Both forms need protection from the wind. Generally, annual rainfall should be at least 35 inches. Passion fruit vines make good container specimens but require maintenance. They perform well indoors.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 22 June 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Passiflora edulis, Sims. Fig. 2771. More woody and stronger: lvs.
		+	large, deeply 3-lobed and serrate: fl. white, often tinted with
		+	purple, the rays nearly as long as the envelopes, white for the upper
		+	half but purple at the base: fr. globular-oblong, thickly
		+	purple-dotted when ripe, the rind hard. Brazil. B.M. 1989. R.H. 1857,
		+	p. 224; 1883, p. 489. Gn. 50:414; 62, p. 259. G.C. 111.23:101. A.G.
		+	13:120.—Runs into several forms. The fr. is fragrant and edible, but
		+	there is little pulp, the seeds occupying most of the interior.
		+	Readily grown from seeds. Naturalized in tropical countries.
		+	}}
		+
	__NOTOC__{{Plantbox		__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
	\| name = ''Passiflora ''		\| name = ''Passiflora ''

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | high =     <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
 | wide =     <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
-| origin =     <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
+| origin = Brazil to Paraguay to N Argentina
 | poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
 | lifespan = perennial
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 | familia = Passifloraceae
 | genus = Passiflora
-| species =
+| species = edulis
 | subspecies =
 | cultivar =
 }}
-{{edit-desc}}<!--- Type GENERAL genus/plant description below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+Adaptation: The purple passion fruit is subtropical and prefers a frost-free climate. However, there are cultivars that can take temperatures into the upper 20's (°F) without serious damage. The plant is widely grown in California as far north as San Jose, the Monterey Bay Area and the San Franciso Bay Area. The vines may lose some of their leaves in cool winters. The roots often resprout even if the top is killed. The plant does not grow well in intense summer heat. The yellow passion fruit is tropical or near-tropical and is much more intolerant of frost. Both forms need protection from the wind. Generally, annual rainfall should be at least 35 inches. Passion fruit vines make good container specimens but require maintenance. They perform well indoors.
-:''More information about this species can be found on the [[Passiflora|genus page]].''
+Foliage: The evergreen leaves of passion fruit are alternate, deeply 3-lobed when mature and finely toothed. They are 3 to 8 inches long, deep green and glossy above, paler and dull beneath and, like the young stems and tendrils, tinged with red or purple, specially in the yellow form.
 ==Cultivation==
-{{monthbox
+Location: Plant passion fruit vines in full sun except in very hot areas where partial shade is preferable. The vine can be rather rampant, so it is important to plant it next to a chain link fence or install a strong trellis before planting. The plants can also be trained into an attractive arbor.
-| color = IndianRed
-| name = <!--- type name of plant just to the right of the equal sign on the left -->
+Soil: Passion fruit vines grow on many soil types but light to heavy sandy loams with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 are the most suitable. Excellent drainage is absolutely necessary. Also, the soil should be rich in organic matter and low in salts. If the soil is too acid, lime must be applied. Because the vines are shallow-rooted, they will benefit from a thick layer of organic mulch.
-| jan =
-| feb =
+Irrigation: Regular watering will keep a vine flowering and fruiting almost continuously. Water requirement is high when fruits are approaching maturity. If the soil is dry, fruits may shrivel and fall prematurely.
-| mar =
-| apr =
+Fertilization: Passion fruit vines are vigorous growers and require regular fertilizing. A good choice is 10-5-20 NPK applied at the rate of 3 pounds per plant 4 times a year. Too much nitrogen results in vigorous foliage growth at the expense of flowering. Passion fruit vines should always be watched for deficiencies, particularly in potassium and calcium, and of less importance, magnesium. Plants that have been damaged by frost should receive a generous fertilizing after the weather has warmed
-| may =
-| jun =
+Pruning: Pruning is necessary to keep the vines within bounds, to make harvest easier and to keep the plants productive by maintaining vigorous growth. In warm winter climates prune immediately after harvest. In areas with cool winters prune in early spring. As a a general rule remove all weak growth and cut back vigorous growth by at least one third. In very hot climates allow a thick canopy of foliage to grow around the fruit to prevent sunburn.
-| jul =
-| aug =
+Frost Protection: Because of their mass, passion fruit vines are difficult to cover when freezes threaten, but the layers of leaves help protect the inner branches from frost damage. The plant will also usually come back even when frozen to the ground. The best strategy is to grow the vines against a wall or deck or in a patio. Any kind of overhead protection provides additional benefits.
-| sep =
-| oct =
+Harvest: The fruit will quickly turn from green to deep purple (or yellow) when ripe and then fall to the ground within a few days. They can either be picked when they change color or gathered from the ground each day. To store passion fruit, wash and dry them gently and place them in bags. They should last 2 to 3 weeks at 50° F. The fruit is sweetest when slightly shriveled. Both the fruit and the juice freeze well. The flavor of passion fruit blends well with citrus and many other fruit flavors, and is quickly appreciated by many people as they become familiar with it.
 ===Propagation===
-{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+Passion fruit vines are usually grown from seeds. With the yellow form seedling variation provides cross-pollination and helps overcome the problem of self-sterility. Seed planted soon after removal from the fruit will germinate in 10 to 20 days. Cleaned and stored seeds have a lower and slower rate of germination. Seeds should be planted 1/2 to 1 inch deep in beds, and seedlings may be transplanted when 10 inches high. If taller (up to 3 feet), the tops should be cut back and the plants heavily watered.
 ===Pests and diseases===
-{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+In tropical areas passion fruit vines are attacked by a host of pests and diseases. In these areas the purple passion fruit is particularly susceptible to nematodes, while the yellow passion fruit is more nematode resistant. In California the problems are much less severe, although the plants can be afflicted with nematodes and viruses as well as Fusarium and other diseases that thrive in cool soils. Nematodes are partially responsible for the short life of many passion fruit vines. Snails can also be a serious problem in California, often completely stripping a vine of leaves and bark, killing young plants or predisposing them to disease.
 ==Cultivars==
-*'Nancy Garrison' - hardier version
 ==Gallery==
@@ Line 77: / Line 94: @@
 ==References==
 <!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 <!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
@@ Line 89: / Line 107: @@
 *{{wplink}}
 * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/passionfruit.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Passionfruit]
 * [http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/passionfruit.htm Australian Passionfruit Varieties]
 * [http://www.passionflow.co.uk/ Passiflora Online]
 [[Category:Categorize]]
 <!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->