Prunus - Revision history

Raffi at 03:01, 14 January 2010

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Murali.lalitha at 11:45, 13 January 2010

2010-01-13T11:45:08Z

Kpdhage at 12:18, 21 September 2009

2009-09-21T12:18:33Z

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Envoy at 14:45, 11 April 2007

2007-04-11T14:45:34Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Prunus
| image = Prunus-domestica.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Plum (''Prunus domestica'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Prunoideae]]
| genus = '''''Prunus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
Include:
 ''[[Prunus alabamensis]]''
 ''[[Prunus africana]]''
 ''[[Prunus alleghaniensis]]''
 ''[[Prunus americana]]''
 ''[[Prunus andersonii]]''
 ''[[Prunus angustifolia]]''
 ''[[Prunus apetala]]''
 ''[[Prunus armeniaca]]''
 ''[[Prunus avium]]''
 ''[[Prunus buergeriana]]''
 ''[[Prunus caroliniana]]''
 ''[[Prunus cerasifera]]''
 ''[[Prunus cerasoides]]''
 ''[[Prunus cerasus]]''
 ''[[Prunus crassifolia]]''
 ''[[Prunus domestica]]''
 ''[[Prunus dulcis]]''
 ''[[Prunus emarginata]]''
 ''[[Prunus fasciculata]]''
 ''[[Prunus fremontii]]''
 ''[[Prunus fruticosa]]''
 ''[[Prunus geniculata]]''
 ''[[Prunus glandulosa]]''
 ''[[Prunus gracilis]]''
 ''[[Prunus grayana]]''
 ''[[Prunus havardii]]''
 ''[[Prunus hortulana]]''
 ''[[Prunus ilicifolia]]''
 ''[[Prunus japonica]]''
 ''[[Prunus laurocerasus]]''
 ''[[Prunus lusitanica]]''
 ''[[Prunus maackii]]''
 ''[[Prunus mahaleb]]''
 ''[[Prunus maritima]]''
 ''[[Prunus maximowiczii]]''
 ''[[Prunus mexicana]]''
 ''[[Prunus minutiflora]]''
 ''[[Ume|Prunus mume]]''
 ''[[Prunus munsoniana]]''
 ''[[Prunus murrayana]]''
 ''[[Prunus myrtifolia]]''
 ''[[Prunus nigra]]''
 ''[[Prunus occidentalis]]''
 ''[[Prunus padus]]''
 ''[[Prunus pensylvanica]]''
 ''[[Prunus persica]]''
 ''[[Prunus pleuradenia]]''
 ''[[Prunus pumula]]''
 ''[[Prunus rivularis]]''
 ''[[Prunus salicina]]''
 ''[[Prunus serotina]]''
 ''[[Prunus serrulata]]''
 ''[[Prunus spinosa]]''
 ''[[Prunus spinulosa]]''
 ''[[Prunus ssiori]]''
 ''[[Prunus subcordata]]''
 ''[[Prunus subhirtella]]''
 ''[[Prunus tenella]]''
 ''[[Prunus texana]]''
 ''[[Prunus tomentosa]]''
 ''[[Prunus triloba]]''
 ''[[Prunus umbellata]]''
 ''[[Prunus verecunda]]''
 ''[[Prunus virginiana]]''
 ''[[Prunus yedoensis]]''
 ''[[Prunus zippeliana]]''
}}

'''Prunus''' is a [[genus]] of [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, including the [[plum]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[peach]]es, [[apricot]]s and [[almond]]s. It is traditionally placed within the [[rose]] family [[Rosaceae]] as a [[subfamily]], the [[Prunoideae]] (or [[Amygdaloideae]]), but sometimes placed in its own family, the [[Prunaceae]] (or Amygdalaceae). There are several hundred species of ''Prunus'', spread throughout the northern temperate regions of the globe.

The flowers are usually white to pink, with five [[petal]]s and five [[sepal]]s. They are borne singly, or in [[umbel]]s of two to six or more on [[raceme]]s. The fruit of all ''Prunus'' species is a [[drupe]] with a relatively large "stone". Leaves are simple and usually [[leaf shape|lanceolate]], unlobed and toothed along the margin.

==Classification==
Some treatments break the genus up into several different genera, but this segregation is not widely recognised other than at the subgeneric rank. [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] recognises just the single Genus ''Prunus'', with the incomplete list of [[species]] as shown in the box on the right.
*'''''Prunus'' subgenera:'''
**Subgenus ''Amygdalus'': [[almond]]s and [[peach]]es. Axillary buds in threes (vegetative bud central, two flower buds to sides). Flowers in early spring, sessile or nearly so, not on leafed shoots. Fruit with a groove along one side; stone deeply grooved. Type species ''Prunus dulcis'' (Almond).
**Subgenus ''Prunus'': [[plum]]s and [[apricot]]s. Axillary buds solitary. Flowers in early spring stalked, not on leafed shoots. Fruit with a groove along one side; stone rough. Type species ''Prunus domestica'' (Plum).
**Subgenus ''Cerasus'': [[cherry|cherries]]. Axillary buds single. Flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Type species ''Prunus cerasus'' (Sour cherry).
**Subgenus ''Lithocerasus'': [[dwarf cherry|dwarf cherries]]. Axillary buds in threes. Flowers in early spring in corymbs, long-stalked, not on leafed shoots. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Type species ''Prunus pumila'' (Sand cherry).
**Subgenus ''Padus'': [[bird cherry|bird cherries]]. Axillary buds single. Flowers in late spring in racemes on leafy shoots, short-stalked. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Type species ''Prunus padus'' (European bird cherry).
**Subgenus ''Laurocerasus'': [[cherry-laurel]]s. Axillary buds single. Flowers in early spring in racemes, not on leafed shoots, short-stalked. Fruit not grooved; stone smooth. Mostly [[evergreen]] (all the other subgenera are [[deciduous]]). Type species ''Prunus laurocerasus'' (European cherry-laurel).

==Uses==
The genus ''Prunus'' includes the [[almond]], [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[peach]] and [[plum]], all of which have [[cultivar]]s developed for commercial [[fruit]] production. The edible part of the almond is the seed; the almond fruit is a drupe and not a "[[Nut (fruit)|nut]]". There are also a number of species, [[hybrid]]s, and [[cultivar]]s grown strictly as [[ornamental plant]]s, usually for their profusion of flowers, occasionally for leaves and bark. These ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called ''flowering cherries''.

[[Pygeum]] is a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of ''[[Prunus africana]]''. It is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients suffering from [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].

Because of their considerable value as both food and ornamental plants, many ''Prunus'' species have been [[introduced species|introduced]] to parts of the world to which they are not native. Many of the Old World species are grown for ornament or fruit, and have been planted throughout the world; and some have become naturalised beyond their native range.

''Prunus'' species are used as food plants for the [[larva]]e of a large number of [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus]].

==Selected species by continent==
Note: these lists are probably incomplete.

===Old World:===
*''Prunus africana'' - African Cherry, Red Stinkwood, [[Pygeum]]. [[Afromontane|Montane forests]] of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Madagascar]]. Over-harvesting of bark for herbal remedies has led to it becoming endangered it its natural habitats.
*''Prunus apetala'' - Japan.
*''Prunus armeniaca'' - [[Apricot]]. Central Asia to China.
*''Prunus avium'' - [[Wild Cherry]], also called the Gean, Mazzard, or Sweet Cherry, and the parent of most of the edible [[cherry|cherries]]. Europe to West Asia.
*''Prunus brigantina'' - Briançon Apricot. Southeast France.
*''Prunus buergeriana'' - Japan.
*''Prunus campanulata'' - Bell-flowered Cherry. Southern China, Taiwan.
*''Prunus canescens'' - Greyleaf Cherry. China.
*''Prunus cantabridgensis'' - Cambridge Cherry. Unknown origin, probably east Asia, possibly hybrid.
*''Prunus caspica''
*''Prunus cerasus'' - [[Sour Cherry]] or Morello Cherry. Europe and southwest Asia.
*''Prunus cerasifera'' - Myrobalan Plum or [[Cherry Plum]]. Southeast Europe and southwest Asia.
*''[[Prunus cerasoides]]''- Wild Himalayan cherry
*''Prunus cocomilia'' - Naples Plum. Southeast Europe (Italy, Balkans).
*''Prunus cornuta'' - Himalayan Bird Cherry. Himalaya.
*''Prunus crassifolia'' - One of only two ''Prunus'' species native to Africa.
*''Prunus dasycarpa'' - Black Apricot. Probably a hybrid ''P. armeniaca'' x ''P. cerasifera''.
*''Prunus davidiana'' - David's Peach. China.
*''Prunus divaricata''
*''Prunus domestica'' - [[Plum]]. Believed to be a hybrid, probably from West Asia and the Caucasus.
*''Prunus domestica'' var. ''insititia'' - [[Bullace]] and [[Damson]]
*''Prumus domestica'' var. ''italica'' - [[Greengage]]
*''Prunus domestica'' var. ''syriaca'' - [[Mirabelle]]
*''Prunus dulcis'' - [[Almond]]. Southeast Europe, southwest Asia.
*''Prunus fruticosa'' - Ground Cherry. Northeastern Europe, northern Asia.
*''Prunus grayana'' - Gray's Bird Cherry. Japan.
*''Prunus incana'' - Willow Cherry. Asia Minor, Caucasus.
*''Prunus incisa'' - Fuji Cherry. Japan.
*''Prunus insititia''
*''Prunus italica''
*''Prunus jacquemontii'' - Afghan Cherry. Northwest Himalaya in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
*''Prunus japonica'' - China, (cultivated in Japan).
*''Prunus laurocerasus'' - [[Cherry laurel|Cherry Laurel]], of the Balkans and West Asia.
*''Prunus lusitanica'' - Portugal Laurel. From Iberia.
*''Prunus maackii'' - [[Manchurian Cherry]]. Northeast Asia.
*''Prunus mahaleb'' - St Lucie Cherry, or Mahaleb Cherry. Europe.
*''Prunus maximowiczii'' - Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Russian far east.
*''Prunus mume'' - [[Ume]], aka Japanese apricot. China and Japan.
*''Prunus nipponica'' - Japanese Alpine Cherry. Japan.
*''Prunus padus'' - Bird Cherry. Northern Eurasia.
*''Prunus persica'' - [[Peach]], origin uncertain, probably West Asia.
*''Prunus prostrata'' - Mountain Cherry. Mediterranean region.
*''Prunus ramburii''
*''Prunus salicina'' - Japanese Plum. Japan, China.
*''Prunus sargentii'' - Sargent's Cherry. Northern Japan.
*''Prunus serrula'' - Tibetan Cherry. Western China to central Asia.
*''Prunus serrulata'' - Japanese Cherry ([[Sakura]]). Eastern Asia.[[Image:Japanese-Cherry.web.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Japanese Cherry (''Prunus serrulata'') in bloom]]
*''Prunus sibirica'' - Siberian Apricot. Northeastern Asia.
*''Prunus simonii'' - Apricot Plum. Northern China.
*''Prunus sogdiana''
*''Prunus speciosa'' - Oshima Cherry. Oshima & Izu Islands of Japan.
*''Prunus spinosa'' - [[Blackthorn]] or Sloe. Europe, North Africa, West Asia.
*''Prunus spinulosa'' - central and southern Japan.
*''Prunus ssiori'' - Japan, Manchuria, Russian far east.
*''Prunus subhirtella'' - origin uncertain, but probably East Asia.
*''Prunus tenella'' - Dwarf Russian Almond. Black Sea area.
*''Prunus tomentosa'' - Downy Cherry. Southwestern China, Himalaya.
*''Prunus ussuriensis''
*''Prunus ursina''
*''Prunus verecunda'' - Japan, Korea.
*''Prunus yedoensis'' - Yoshino Cherry. Japan, probably of cultivated hybrid origin.
*''Prunus zippeliana'' - central and southern Japan, Taiwan.

===North America:===
*''Prunus allegheniensis'' - Allegheny Plum. In the Appalachian belt.
*''Prunus americana'' - American Plum. Most of the U.S. east of the Great Plains and southernmost Canada.
*''Prunus andersonii'' - [[Prunus andersonii|Desert Peach]]. Western U.S.
*''Prunus angustifolia'' - Chickasaw Plum. Southeast U.S.
*''Prunus besseyi'' - Rocky Mountain Cherry. Great Plains & eastern Rocky Mts.
*''Prunus caroliniana'' - Carolina Cherry Laurel. Southeast U.S.
*''Prunus emarginata'' - [[Bitter Cherry]]. British Columbia to California.
*''Prunus hortulana'' - Hortulan Plum. Mostly Missouri and Illinois and surrounding areas.
*''Prunus ilicifolia''. [[Prunus ilicifolia|Hollyleaf Cherry]]. California.
*''Prunus maritima'' - [[Beach plum|Beach Plum]]. Northeast Atlantic coast.
*''Prunus mexicana'' - Bigtree Plum. Southeast Great Plains.
*''[[Prunus munsoniana]]'' - Wild-goose Plum. Mostly Missouri and eastern Kansas and surrounding areas.
*''Prunus nigra'' - Canada Plum. Southeasternmost Canada west to Manitoba and northeasternmost U.S.
*''Prunus pensylvanica'' - [[Pin cherry|Pin Cherry]]. Southern half of Canada and northernmost U.S.
*''Prunus pumila'' - [[Prunus pumula|Sand Cherry]]. Southeast and south-central Canada and northern U.S. west to Wyoming.
*''Prunus serotina'' - [[Black Cherry]]. Southeasternmost Canada and most of U.S. east of Great Plains, also found in Arizona and Guatemala.
*''Prunus subcordata'' - [[Prunus subcordata|Klamath Plum]]. Oregon, California.
*''Prunus virginiana'' - [[Chokecherry]]. Southern Canada and most of eastern U.S. except for deep south.

== See also ==
* [[blossom]]
* [[fruit tree]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9887 Partial ''Prunus'' species listing]: by National Genetics Resources Prog
ram



[[Category:Prunus]]
[[Category:Fruit]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Inc|
 Prunus (ancient Latin name of plum). Rosaceae. The Stone-fruits, as Plum. Cherry. Peach, Nectarine, Apricot, Almond. Pink-flowered and white-flowered shrubs and trees of wide distribution, grown for fruit, and also for ornamental foliage and flowers.
@@ Line 19: / Line 30: @@
 are on a wild stock called the Mazakura (P. Lannesiana) which grows easily from cuttings and according to experiments made by the Department of Agriculture is almost immune to the cherry leaf-spot. As the grafting is at the surface of the ground, and as the trunks of the trees are the parts winter-killed, it is yet an open ques-tion as to whether the substitution of a longer-lived hardier stock would produce hardier longer-lived trees. E. H. Wilson, of the Arnold Arboretum, who has made a critical study of the Japanese cherries both in the Orient and at the Arboretum, thinks it will, and has suggested the trial for this purpose of P. serrulata var.	sachalinensis. The Mazakura grows readily from cut- tings, but P. serrulata. var. sachalinensis does not. Budshave been successfully placed on the latter, and we shall be able to determine whether the stock transmits a greater longevity to them. With the tests being made by the Arnold Arboretum, the Department of Agricul-ture and in New York city, and the botanical studies of Wilson and Miyoshi, we should soon have a reliable planting of these very desirable oriental cherries. In anticipation of this, the names of many of the Japanese forms have been inserted in the following systematic account, although one may expect variations in the rendering of them into English.
-In very recent years, the knowledge of the genus has been greatly extended by explorations in China, whence many new species (particularly in the subgenera Cera- sus and Padus) have been derived that will probably find their way into cultivation. The taxonomy of the American native plums has also received much recent attention. Aside from the older writings of Bailey and Waugh on the native edible plums and cherries, see Hedrick,"The Plums of New York," 1911, and "The Cherries of New York," 1915 (also with similar accounts of all other pomological species), and Wight,"Varieties	of Plums Derived from Native American Species," Bulletin No. 172, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, 1915, and "Native American Species of Prunus," Bulletin No. 179 (1915). For the oriental Prunus, particularly those native in China, see the work by Koehne and others in "Plantae	Wilsonianae," vol. 1, 1911-1913, and Wilson's "Cherries	of Japan" (1916), published by the Arnold Arboretum,	Boston. As this writing is being closed in the printery, a paper on the Japanese cherries appears in Japan: Miyoshi, "Japanische Bergkirschen, in Journ. Coll.Sci. Tokyo, vol. 34, art. 1 (1916) with eighty-nine colored figures.
+In very recent years, the knowledge of the genus has been greatly extended by explorations in China, whence many new species (particularly in the subgenera Cera- sus and Padus) have been derived that will probably find their way into cultivation. The taxonomy of the American native plums has also received much recent attention. Aside from the older writings of Bailey and Waugh on the native edible plums and cherries, see Hedrick,&quot;The Plums of New York,&quot; 1911, and &quot;The Cherries of New York,&quot; 1915 (also with similar accounts of all other pomological species), and Wight,&quot;Varieties	of Plums Derived from Native American Species,&quot; Bulletin No. 172, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, 1915, and &quot;Native American Species of Prunus,&quot; Bulletin No. 179 (1915). For the oriental Prunus, particularly those native in China, see the work by Koehne and others in &quot;Plantae	Wilsonianae,&quot; vol. 1, 1911-1913, and Wilson's &quot;Cherries	of Japan&quot; (1916), published by the Arnold Arboretum,	Boston. As this writing is being closed in the printery, a paper on the Japanese cherries appears in Japan: Miyoshi, &quot;Japanische Bergkirschen, in Journ. Coll.Sci. Tokyo, vol. 34, art. 1 (1916) with eighty-nine colored figures.
 				Index.
@@ Line 258: / Line 269: @@
 '''Prunus''' is a [[genus]] of [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, including the [[plum]]s, [[cherry|cherries]], [[peach]]es, [[apricot]]s and [[almond]]s. It is traditionally placed within the [[rose]] family [[Rosaceae]] as a [[subfamily]], the [[Prunoideae]] (or [[Amygdaloideae]]), but sometimes placed in its own family, the [[Prunaceae]] (or Amygdalaceae). There are several hundred species of ''Prunus'', spread throughout the northern temperate regions of the globe.
-The flowers are usually white to pink, with five [[petal]]s and five [[sepal]]s. They are borne singly, or in [[umbel]]s of two to six or more on [[raceme]]s. The fruit of all ''Prunus'' species is a [[drupe]] with a relatively large "stone". Leaves are simple and usually [[leaf shape|lanceolate]], unlobed and toothed along the margin.
+The flowers are usually white to pink, with five [[petal]]s and five [[sepal]]s. They are borne singly, or in [[umbel]]s of two to six or more on [[raceme]]s. The fruit of all ''Prunus'' species is a [[drupe]] with a relatively large &quot;stone&quot;. Leaves are simple and usually [[leaf shape|lanceolate]], unlobed and toothed along the margin.
 ==Classification==
@@ Line 271: / Line 282: @@
 ==Uses==
-The genus ''Prunus'' includes the [[almond]], [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[peach]] and [[plum]], all of which have [[cultivar]]s developed for commercial [[fruit]] production. The edible part of the almond is the seed; the almond fruit is a drupe and not a "[[Nut (fruit)|nut]]". There are also a number of species, [[hybrid]]s, and [[cultivar]]s grown strictly as [[ornamental plant]]s, usually for their profusion of flowers, occasionally for leaves and bark. These ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called ''flowering cherries''.
+The genus ''Prunus'' includes the [[almond]], [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[peach]] and [[plum]], all of which have [[cultivar]]s developed for commercial [[fruit]] production. The edible part of the almond is the seed; the almond fruit is a drupe and not a &quot;[[Nut (fruit)|nut]]&quot;. There are also a number of species, [[hybrid]]s, and [[cultivar]]s grown strictly as [[ornamental plant]]s, usually for their profusion of flowers, occasionally for leaves and bark. These ornamentals include the group that may be collectively called ''flowering cherries''.
 [[Pygeum]] is a herbal remedy containing extracts from the bark of ''[[Prunus africana]]''. It is used as to alleviate some of the discomfort caused by inflammation in patients suffering from [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].