Sophronitis - Revision history

Raffi at 02:03, 3 June 2010

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Murali.lalitha at 14:57, 2 June 2010

2010-06-02T14:57:38Z

Raffi at 18:29, 17 July 2009

2009-07-17T18:29:19Z

Murali.lalitha at 17:00, 15 July 2009

2009-07-15T17:00:42Z

Envoy at 11:38, 11 July 2007

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Sophronitis''
| image = Sophronitis-dayana.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Sophronitis dayana''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Epidendreae]]
| subtribus = [[Laeliinae]]
| alliance = Cattleya
| genus = '''''Sophronitis'''''
| genus_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]], 1828
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}

'''''Sophronitis''''' is a genus of small, [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] or [[lithophyte|lithophytic]] [[orchid]]s, growing in the damp montane forest of eastern [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]] and NE [[Argentina]]. Currently, 65 species are recognized.

''Sophronitis'' species are widely known for their red flowers, particularly ''Sophronitis coccinea'', and large flowered species ''Sophronitis purpurata''.

== Description ==
They have short, ovoid, often densely clustered, pseudobulbs along the [[rhizome]], in which grows a single, or rarely two, apical, erect, fleshy, gray green [[leaves]].

The leaf gives rise to a terminal [[inflorescence]] with one to eight [[flower]]s. Sometimes this inflorescence is subtended by a spathaceous bract, sometimes erroneously called [[spathe]] (spathe is a typical form in some other families such as [[Araceae]] and [[Arecaceae]]). The flowers have similarly shaped [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s, and can be yellow, pink, lavender, magenta, orange and red.

The trilobed [[labellum|lip]] has lateral lobes that partially encircle the [[column (botany)|column]]. The smaller midlobe has a yellow disc and the spur is adnate to the [[ovary (plants)|ovary]]. The lip often presents some lamellate calli.

Some species are yellow, and almost all species have some shades of orange due to natural variation within the species.

They are used extensively in [[hybrid|hybridization]] to influence the small size and the dark red color of the progeny, such as in the hybrid x ''Sophrolaeliocattleya'' (x''Slc''.)
''Sophronitis'' species are quite small, a characteristic that may be conferred to progeny such that they are more compact.

This new classification was created by Van den Berg & M.W.Chase in 2000. In addition to the traditional small, red species, it included all ''Laelia'' species from Brazil, based on DNA evidence. The Mexican species still are ''Laelia''.

==[[Synonymy]]==
'''''Brasilaelia''''' [[Campacci]], '''''Chironiella''''' [[Braem]], '''''Dungsia''''' [[Guy R. Chiron|Chiron]] & [[V.P.Castro]], '''''Hadrolaelia''''' [[Guy R. Chiron|Chiron]] & [[V.P.Castro]], '''''Hoffmannseggella''''' [[H.G.Jones]], '''''Lophoglottis''''' [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Raf.]], '''''Microlaelia''''' [[Guy R. Chiron|Chiron]] & [[V.P.Castro]], '''''Sophronia''''' [[John Lindley|Lindl.]] are synonyms of ''Sophronitis''.

== Species ==
Many of these species used to belong to the genus ''Laelia''.
*''1.[[Sophronitis acuensis]]'' Fowlie: '''Açu Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro).
*''2.[[Sophronitis alaorii]]'' (Brieger & Bicalho) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Alaor's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Bahia).
*''3.[[Sophronitis alagoensis]]'' V.P.Castro & Chiron: ''' (Brazil - Alagoas)
*''4.[[Sophronitis alvaroana]]'' (F.E.L.Miranda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro).
*''5.[[Sophronitis angereri]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Angerer's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''6.[[Sophronitis bahiensis]]'' (Schltr.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Bahian Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Bahia).
*''7.[[Sophronitis bicolor]]'' F.E.L.Miranda: '''Bicolored Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro).
*''8.[[Sophronitis blumenscheinii]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Blumenschein's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''9.[[Sophronitis bradei]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Brade's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''10.[[Sophronitis brevicaulis]]'' (H.G.Jones) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Short stemmed Sophronitis''' (Brazil).
*''11.[[Sophronitis brevipedunculata]]'' ([[Cogn.]]) Fowlie: '''Short-stalked Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''12.[[Sophronitis briegeri]]'' (Blumensch. ex Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Brieger's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''13.[[Sophronitis britoi]]'' (K.G.Lacerda & V.P.Castro) Campacci: '''Brito's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
*''14.[[Sophronitis caulescens]]'' (Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Caulescent Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''15.[[Sophronitis cernua]]'' (Lindl.) Hook.: '''Nodding Sophronitis''' (Brazil to NE. Argentina).
**''15.1.Sophronitis cernua '' var. ''alagoensis'' (Brazil - Alagoas). Pseudobulb epiphyte
**''15.2.Sophronitis cernua'' var. ''cernua'' (Brazil to NE. Argentina). Pseudobulb epiphyte
*''16.[[Sophronitis cinnabarina]]'' (Bateman ex Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Cinnabar Sophronitis''' (Brazil - S. Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro).
*''17.[[Sophronitis coccinea]]'' (Lindl.)Rchb.f.: '''Scarlet Sophronitis''' (Brazil to Argentina - Misiones).
*''18.[[Sophronitis colnagoi]]'' (Chiron & V.P.Castro) Campacci: '''Colnago's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''19.[[Sophronitis conceicionensis]]'' (V.P.Castro & Campacci) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Sophronitis of Conceição do Mato Dentro''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
*''20.[[Sophronitis crispa]]'' (Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Crisped Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil)
*''21.[[Sophronitis crispata]]'' (Thunb.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Cliff-dwelling Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''22.[[Sophronitis dayana]]'' (Rchb.f.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Day's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - S. Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro).
[[Image:Sophronitis-purpurata.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Sophronitis purpurata'']]
*''23.[[Sophronitis duveenii]]'' (Fowlie) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Duveen's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó).
*''24.[[Sophronitis endsfeldzii]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Endsfeldz's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''25.[[Sophronitis esalqueana]]'' (Blumensch. ex Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''ESALQ's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''26.[[Sophronitis fidelensis]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''São Fidélis Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro).
*''27.[[Sophronitis flavasulina]]'' (F.E.L.Miranda & K.G.Lacerda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Southern Yellow Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
*''28.[[Sophronitis fournieri]]'' (Cogn.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Fournier's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
*''29.[[Sophronitis ghillanyi]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Ghilany's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''30.[[Sophronitis gloedeniana]]'' (Hoehne) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Gloeden's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - São Paulo).
*''31.[[Sophronitis gracilis]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Graceful Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipó).
*''32.[[Sophronitis grandis]]'' (Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Grand Sophronitis''' (Brazil - SE. Bahia to N. Espírito Santo).
*''33.[[Sophronitis harpophylla]]'' (Rchb.f.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Sickle-leaf Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais to Espírito Santo).
*''34.[[Sophronitis hispidula]]'' (Pabst & A.F.Mello) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Finely Bristled Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''35.[[Sophronitis itambana]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Itambé Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''36.[[Sophronitis jongheana]]'' (Rchb.f.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Jonghe's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''37.[[Sophronitis kautskyana]]'' (V.P.Castro & Chiron) Baptista: '''Kaustsky's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Espírito Santo).
*''38.[[Sophronitis kautskyi]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Kautsky's Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil)
*''39.[[Sophronitis kettieana]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Kettie's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
*''40.[[Sophronitis liliputana]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Dwarf Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais: Serra do Ouro Branco).
*''41.[[Sophronitis lobata]]'' (Lindl) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Lobed Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil.
*''42.[[Sophronitis longipes]]'' (Rchb.f.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase : '''Long-column Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil - Serra do Cipó).
*''43.[[Sophronitis lundii]]'' (Rchb.f. & Warm.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase : '''Lund's Sophronitis''' (Bolivia to Argentina - Misiones, Salta).
**''43.1.Sophronitis lundii'' f. ''alba'' (L.C.Menezes) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase
*''44.[[Sophronitis marcaliana]]'' (Campacci & Chiron) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Marçal's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Bahia).
*''45.[[Sophronitis milleri]]'' (Blumensch. ex Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Miller's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
[[Image:Sophronitis-sincorana.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Sophronitis sincorana'']]
*''46.[[Sophronitis mixta]]'' (Hoehne) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Mixed Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Espírito Santo).
*''47.[[Sophronitis munchowiana]]'' (F.E.L.Miranda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Munchow's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Espírito Santo).
*''48.[[Sophronitis neomirandae]]'' Baptista: '''Miranda's other Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''49.[[Sophronitis pabstii]]'' (F.E.L.Miranda & K.G.Lacerda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Pabst's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
*''50.[[Sophronitis pendula]]'' (R.C.Mota, P.L.Viana & K.G.Lacerda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Hanging Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais)
*''51.[[Sophronitis perrinii]]'' (Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Perrin's Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil)
*''52.[[Sophronitis pfisteri]]'' (Pabst & Senghas) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Pfister's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Bahia).
*''53.[[Sophronitis praestans]]'' (Linden & Rchb.f.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Spectacular Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil)
*''54.[[Sophronitis presidentensis]]'' (Campacci) Campacci: '''Presidente's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''55.[[Sophronitis pumila]]'' (Hook.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Dwarf Sophronitis''' (SE. & S. Brazil)
*''56.[[Sophronitis purpurata]]'' (Lindl. & Paxton) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Purple-stained Sophronitis''' (SE. & S. Brazil)
*''57.[[Sophronitis pygmaea]]'' (Pabst) Withner (Brazil - Espírito Santo).
*''58.[[Sophronitis reginae]]'' (Pabst) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Regina's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''59.[[Sophronitis sanguiloba]]'' (Withner) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Red-lobed Sophronitis''' (Brazil – Bahia)
*''60.[[Sophronitis sincorana]]'' (Schltr) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Sincorá Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Bahia).
*''61.[[Sophronitis tenebrosa]]'' (Rolfe) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Dark Sophronitis''' (Brazil - SE. Bahia to Espírito Santo).
*''62.[[Sophronitis verboonenii]]'' (F.E.L.Miranda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Verboonen's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro).
*''63.[[Sophronitis virens]]'' (Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Green-flowered Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil)
*''64.[[Sophronitis wittigiana]]'' Barb. Rodr.: '''Wittig's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Espírito Santo).
**''64.1.Sophronitis wittigiana]]'' f. ''candida'' Roeth & O.Gruss (2005)
*''65.[[Sophronitis xanthina]]'' (Lindl.) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Yellow Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Bahia to Espírito Santo).

== Natural hybrids ==
[[Image:Sophronitis-tenebrosa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Sophronitis tenebrosa'']]
*''Sophronitis × carassana'' (S. lucasiana × S. mantiqueira) (Brazil)
*''Sophronitis × cipoensis'' (S. crispata × S. ghillanyi) (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
*''Sophronitis × espirito-santensis'' (S. pumila × S. xanthina) (SE. Brazil)
*''Sophronitis x feldmanniana'' (F.E.L.Miranda & K.G.Lacerda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase 2005
*''Sophronitis × gerhard-santosii'' (S. harpophylla × S. kautskyana) (SE. Brazil).
*''Sophronitis × lilacina'' (S. crispa × S. perrinii) (SE. Brazil).
*''Sophronitis × mucugense'' (S. bahiensis × S. pfisteri) (Brazil - Bahia).
*''Sophronitis x raganii'' (F.E.L.Miranda & K.G.Lacerda) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase 2005
*''Sophronitis × wyattiana'' (S. crispa × S. lobata) (SE. Brazil)
*''Sophronitis × zaslawskii'' (S. harpophylla × S. praestans) (SE. Brazil)

== Doubtful Species ==
*''[[Sophronitis mantiqueirae]]'' : '''Mantiqueira Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil).
**This species is most likely a synonym of ''[[S.caulescens]]'', based on the type locality. The species from the Mantiqueira range has been redescribed as ''[[S.pabstii]]'', as currently recognized.
*''[[Sophronitis pterocarpa]]'' Lindl. '''Wing Fruited Sophronitis''' (Brazil to Paraguay).
**The type of ''[[S.pterocarpa]]'' is from the city of Rio de Janeiro, where only ''[[S. cernua]]'' occurs. The belief that this species corresponds to the western portion of the range into Paraguay does not match herbarium information.
*''[[Sophronitis tereticaulis]]'' (Hoehne) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Twisted-stem Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
**This taxon is a variation of ''[[S. mirandae]]'' which occurs only within some populations, with no biological grounds for species recognition.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Sop_mixta.jpg|''Sophronitis mixta''
Image:Sop_longipes.jpg|''Sophronitis longipes''
Image:Sop_perrini.jpg|''Sophronitis perrini''


</gallery>

== External links ==
{{Commons|Sophronitis|''Sophronitis''}}

[[Category:Orchid genera]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:57, 2 June 2010
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		+	{{SPlantbox
		+	\|familia=Orchidaceae
		+	\|genus=Sophronitis
		+	\|habit=orchid
		+	\|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
		+	\|lifespan=perennial
		+	\|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
		+	\|Temp Metric=°F
		+	\|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
		+	\|image=Upload.png
		+	\|image_width=240
		+	}}
	__NOTOC__{{Plantbox		__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
	\| name = ''Sophronitis''		\| name = ''Sophronitis''

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:00, 15 July 2009
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		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Sophronitis (Greek, modest). Orchidaceae. Dwarf epiphytic orchids, cultivated on account of their neat habit and brilliantly colored flowers.
		+
		+	Pseudobulbs small, with 1 or rarely 2 small flat lvs.: fls. from the top of the pseudobulbs, brightly colored; sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; labellum with a broad middle lobe and small erect side lobes, the base leading into a cavity in the wall of the ovary; column short, the stigmatic surface covering 2 wing-like projections at its summit; pollinia 8.—About 6 species, closely related to Laelia, Cattleya, and the like; Brazil.
		+
		+	These plants, and also sophrocattleyas and sophrolaelias, thrive in the temperature of the cattleya house. In growing season, give a moderate supply of water and plenty of fresh air. Rest them at 50° to 55°, and water sufficiently to keep them from shriveling. Grow them in shallow pots with plenty of drainage, and a thin layer of fine turfy fern-root, using no sphagnum.
		+	}}
		+
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Inc|
 Sophronitis (Greek, modest). Orchidaceae. Dwarf epiphytic orchids, cultivated on account of their neat habit and brilliantly colored flowers.
@@ Line 5: / Line 36: @@
 These plants, and also sophrocattleyas and sophrolaelias, thrive in the temperature of the cattleya house. In growing season, give a moderate supply of water and plenty of fresh air. Rest them at 50° to 55°, and water sufficiently to keep them from shriveling. Grow them in shallow pots with plenty of drainage, and a thin layer of fine turfy fern-root, using no sphagnum.
 }}
-{{Taxobox
+==Cultivation==
-| color = lightgreen
+{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
-'''''Sophronitis''''' is a genus of small, [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] or [[lithophyte|lithophytic]]  [[orchid]]s, growing in the damp montane forest of eastern  [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]] and NE [[Argentina]]. Currently, 65 species are recognized.
+===Propagation===
-''Sophronitis'' species are widely known for their red flowers, particularly ''Sophronitis coccinea'', and large flowered species ''Sophronitis purpurata''.
+===Pests and diseases===
-== Description ==
+==Species==
-They have short, ovoid, often densely clustered, pseudobulbs along the [[rhizome]], in which grows a single, or rarely two, apical, erect, fleshy, gray green [[leaves]].
+Many of these species used to belong to the genus ''Laelia''{{wp}}.
 *''1.[[Sophronitis acuensis]]'' Fowlie: '''Açu Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Rio de Janeiro).
 *''2.[[Sophronitis alaorii]]'' (Brieger & Bicalho) Van den Berg & M.W.Chase: '''Alaor's Sophronitis''' (Brazil - Bahia).
@@ Line 126: / Line 124: @@
 == Natural hybrids ==
 [[Image:Sophronitis-tenebrosa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Sophronitis tenebrosa'']]
-*''Sophronitis × carassana'' (S. lucasiana × S. mantiqueira) (Brazil)
+*''Sophronitis × carassana'' (S. lucasiana × S. mantiqueira) (Brazil) {{wp}}
 *''Sophronitis × cipoensis'' (S. crispata × S. ghillanyi) (Brazil - Minas Gerais).
 *''Sophronitis × espirito-santensis'' (S. pumila × S. xanthina) (SE. Brazil)
@@ Line 138: / Line 136: @@
 == Doubtful Species ==
-*''[[Sophronitis mantiqueirae]]'' : '''Mantiqueira Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil).
+*''[[Sophronitis mantiqueirae]]'' : '''Mantiqueira Sophronitis''' (SE. Brazil).{{wp}}
 **This species is most likely a synonym of ''[[S.caulescens]]'', based on the type locality. The species from the Mantiqueira range has been redescribed as ''[[S.pabstii]]'', as currently recognized.
 *''[[Sophronitis pterocarpa]]'' Lindl. '''Wing Fruited Sophronitis''' (Brazil to Paraguay).
@@ Line 145: / Line 143: @@
 **This taxon is a variation of ''[[S. mirandae]]'' which occurs only within some populations, with no biological grounds for species recognition.
-== Gallery ==
+==Gallery==
 <gallery>
 Image:Sop_mixta.jpg|''Sophronitis mixta''
 Image:Sop_longipes.jpg|''Sophronitis longipes''
 Image:Sop_perrini.jpg|''Sophronitis perrini''
 </gallery>
-== External links ==
+==References==
-{{Commons|Sophronitis|''Sophronitis''}}
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
-[[Category:Orchid genera]]
+<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->