Strawberry - Revision history

Raffi: still need to edit varieties and incorporate others

2010-04-17T00:14:42Z

still need to edit varieties and incorporate others

Raffi at 21:45, 16 April 2010

2010-04-16T21:45:34Z

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Raffi at 00:18, 19 August 2009

2009-08-19T00:18:00Z

Christi at 05:45, 18 August 2009

2009-08-18T05:45:20Z

Raffi at 18:12, 6 August 2009

2009-08-06T18:12:49Z

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90.193.194.143 at 08:28, 2 August 2009

2009-08-02T08:28:18Z

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Raffi at 05:00, 14 April 2007

2007-04-14T05:00:24Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Strawberry
| image = StrawberryWatercolor.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]]
| genus = '''''Fragaria'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''20+ species; see text''
}}
The '''strawberry''' (''Fragaria'') is a genus of [[plant]]s in the family ''[[Rosaceae]]'', and the [[fruit]] of these plants. There are more than 20 named [[species]] and many hybrids and [[cultivar]]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the [[Garden strawberry]], ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''. Strawberries are a valuable source of [[vitamin C]]. See [[Garden Strawberry]] for information about the fruit as a food.

==Morphology==
The strawberry is an [[accessory fruit]]; that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries which are the "seeds" (actually [[achene]]s) but from the peg at the bottom of the [[hypanthium]] that held the ovaries. So from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. It is Whitish-Green as it develops and in most species turns red when ripe.

==History==
The typical modern strawberry, of species fragaria, comes from the [[Americas]], and is a hybrid of both north and south american varieties. Ironically, the crossbreeding was done in Europe to correct a mistake; the European [[horticulturist]]s had only brought female South American plants, and were forced to cross them with the North American variety in order to get fruit and seeds.

Fragaria comes from "fragans", meaning odorous, an allusion to the perfumed flesh of the fruit. Madam [[Thérésa Tallien|Tallien]], a great figure of the [[French Revolution]], who was nicknamed Our Lady of [[Thermidorian Reaction|Thermidor]], used to take baths full of strawberries to keep the full radiance of her skin.
[[Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle|Fontenelle]], centenarian writer and gourmet of the 18th century, considered his long life was due to the strawberries he used to eat.

==Classification==
There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. Key to the classification of strawberry species is recognizing that they vary in the number of [[chromosomes]]. There are seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different [[polyploidy]]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).

;Diploid species
[[Image:Fragaria_vesca_2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Woodland Strawberry]], ''Fragaria vesca'']]
*''[[Fragaria daltoniana]]''
*''[[Fragaria iinumae]]''
*''[[Fragaria nilgerrensis]]''
*''[[Fragaria nipponica]]''
*''[[Fragaria nubicola]]''
*[[Woodland Strawberry|''Fragaria vesca'']] (Woodland Strawberry)
*''[[Fragaria viridis]]''
*''[[Fragaria yezoensis]]''

;Tetraploid species
*''[[Fragaria moupinensis]]''
*''[[Fragaria orientalis]]''

;Hexaploid species
*[[Musk Strawberry|''Fragaria moschata'']] (Musk Strawberry)

;Octoploid species and hybrids
*[[Garden Strawberry|''Fragaria x ananassa'']] (Garden Strawberry)
*[[Beach Strawberry|''Fragaria chiloensis'']] (Beach Strawberry)
*[[Iturup Strawberry|''Fragaria iturupensis'']] (Iturup Strawberry)
*[[Virginia Strawberry|''Fragaria virginiana'']] (Virginia Strawberry)

;Decaploid species and hybrids
*[[Fragaria × Potentilla hybrids]]
*''[[Fragaria × vescana]]''

Numerous other species have been proposed. Some are now recognized as subspecies of one of the above species (see GRIN taxonomy database).

The [[Mock Strawberry]] and [[Barren Strawberry]], which both bear resemblance to ''Fragaria'', are closely related species in the genus ''[[Potentilla]]''. The [[Strawberry tree]] is an unrelated species.

==Pests==
A number of species of [[Lepidoptera]] feed on strawberry plants; for details see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Strawberry plants|this list]].

===Diseases===
{{Main|List of strawberry diseases}}

==Etymology==

The name is derived from [[Old English language|Old English]] ''[[wiktionary:streawberige|strēawberiġe]]'' which is a compound of ''streaw'' meaning "straw" and ''berige'' meaning "berry". The reason for this is unclear. It may derive from the strawlike appearance of the runners, or from an obsolete denotation of straw, meaning "chaff", referring to the scattered appearance of the achenes.

Interestingly, in other Germanic countries there is a tradition of collecting wild strawberries by threading them on straws. In those countries people find ''straw-berry'' to be an easy word to learn considering their association with straws.

There is an alternative theory that the name derives from the Anglo-Saxon verb for "strew" (meaning to spread around) which was streabergen (Strea means "strew" and Bergen means "berry" or "fruit") and thence to streberie, straiberie, strauberie, straubery, strauberry, and finally, "strawberry", the word which we use today. The name might have come from the fact that the fruit and various runners appear "strewn" along the ground.

[[Popular etymology]] has it that it comes from gardeners' practice of [[mulch|mulching]] strawberries with [[straw]] to protect the fruits from rot (a pseudoetymology that can be found in non-linguistic sources such as the [[Old Farmer's Almanac]] 2005). However, there is no evidence that the Anglo-Saxons ever grew strawberries, and even less that they knew of this practice.

==Gallery==
<center><gallery>
Image:Strawberry surface closeup.jpg|Closeup of the surface of a strawberry
Image:Strawberry flower.jpg|Strawberry flowers and developing fruit
Image:Strawberries picked.jpg|Harvested strawberries
Image:Whole_wild_strawberry_plant_UK_2006.JPG|A wild strawberry plant, showing characteristic shape
Image:Strawberrypollination2102.JPG|Strawberry farms generally add hives of [[Western honey bee|honeybees]] to [[pollination management|improve pollination]]
Image:Giant_strawberry.JPG|A large strawberry.
Image:ChocolateCoveredStrawberries.jpg|Assorted chocolate strawberries
Image:Strawberry farm in DaHu Taiwan.JPG|Strawberry farm in DaHu, [[Taiwan]]
</gallery>
</center>

==Trivia==

*The Norwegian municipalities of [[Norddal]] and [[Kvæfjord]] have strawberries in their coat-of-arms.
*The strawberry is the state fruit of [[Louisiana]].
*Strawberry Music is a retailer of music in the United States
*Strawberry is a clothing store in The Mall at the World Trade Center that survived the collapse, the store was next to New Balance and Tie Rack, and across Casual Corner
*Strawberry was one of the fruits offered for bonus points in the game [[PacMan]].

==See also==
{{commons|Strawberry}}
*[[Garden Strawberry]]
*[[Epigynous berry]]
<br clear="both" />

==References and external links==

<div class="references-small">
*Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. [http://www.nalusda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm Available online].
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cor/fragaria/frainfo.html List of Fragaria resources, USDA]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Fragaria GRIN Fragaria Taxonomy Database] Listing of ''Fragaria'' species, also from a USDA website
*[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?ti
tle=Fragraria_vesca Medicinal uses of strawberries in Armenia]
*[http://www.chilebosque.cl/herb/fchilo.html ''Fragaria chiloensis'' pictures from ''Chilebosque'']
*[[b:A Wikimanual of Gardening Volume 4/Strawberry|A wikimanual of Gardening: Strawberry]]
*[http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.strawberry.html Strawberry pest management guidelines]
*[http://physics.bu.edu/~larcy/Fragaria/index.html Crossing of cv. 'Mieze Schindler' with cv. 'Elsanta']
<references />
</div>
{{citations missing|date=February 2007}}

[[Category:Fragaria| ]]
[[Category:Accessory fruit]]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 |features=edible, fruit, ground cover
 |Temp Metric=°F
 |image=Strawberries picked.jpg
 |image_width=240
 |image_caption=Harvested strawberries
 }}
 '''''Fragaria''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[rose]] family, [[Rosaceae]], commonly known as '''strawberries''' for their edible [[fruit]]s. Originally straw was used as a [[mulch]] in cultivating the plants, which may have led to its name.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/strawberry Wiktionary entry for "strawberry"]</ref> There are more than 20 described [[species]] and many [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars  of the [[Garden strawberry]] (''Fragaria ×ananassa''). Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.
 ==Cultivation==
 {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
 ===Propagation===
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 ===Pests and diseases===
 {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
 ==Species==
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 ==References==
 *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 <!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 <!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->

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 __NOTOC__{{Plantbox
 | name = ''Fragaria''
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 {{SCH}}
 }}

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:45, 18 August 2009
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		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Fragaria (Latin, fragrance, from the smell of the fruit). Rosaceae. Strawberry. Low perennial creeping herbs grown for the excellent fruit, and one or two species for ornament.
		+
		+	Plant stemless, with scaly rootstock or crown, and rooting runners: lvs. palmately 3-foliolate and toothed, all from the crown: fls. white or reddish, in corymbose racemes on slender, leafless scapes, sometimes lacking stamens; calyx deeply 5-lobcd and reinforced by 5 sepal-like bracts; petals 5, obovate, elliptic or orbicular; stamens many, short; pistils many, on a conical receptacle, becoming small and hard achenes and persisting on the enlarging receptacle, which becomes pulpy and edible.—The fragarias are exceedingly variable. About 150 specific names have been applied to them, but Bentham and Hooker would reduce them all to 3 or 4 species, and Focke (in Engler & Prantl) to about 8. Rydberg, however, accepts 27 N. American species (N. Amer. Flora, XXII, part 4. 1908). Of the true fragarias, about 4 species-types are interesting to the horticulturist as the parents of the garden strawberries:—F. chiloensis, the probable original of the ordinary cultivated strawberries of Amer.; F. virginiana, which was early domesticated, and of which some trace still remains in cult, varieties; F. moschata, the Hautbois, and F. vesca, the alpine and perpetual strawberries, which are little cult, in this country. The classical work on strawberries is Duchesne's "Histoire Naturelle des Fraisiers," 1766. See Strawberry. For Fragaria indica, see Duchesnea.
		+	}}
	__NOTOC__{{Plantbox		__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
	\| name = ''Fragaria''		\| name = ''Fragaria''