Sugar Maple - Revision history

Raffi at 01:51, 29 October 2010

2010-10-29T01:51:39Z

Raffi at 01:51, 29 October 2010

2010-10-29T01:51:04Z

Murali.lalitha at 14:10, 19 September 2010

2010-09-19T14:10:12Z

Raffi at 21:21, 22 June 2009

2009-06-22T21:21:31Z

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217.113.20.108 at 11:54, 28 April 2007

2007-04-28T11:54:33Z

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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Sugar Maple
| status = {{StatusSecure}}
| image = Acer saccharum foliage.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Sugar Maple leaves
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Aceraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Maple|Acer]]''
| species = '''''A. saccharum'''''
| binomial = ''Acer saccharum''
| binomial_authority = [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall]]
| range_map = Acer saccharum.PNG
| range_map_width = 200px
}}

The '''Sugar Maple''' ''Acer saccharum'' is a prominent [[tree]] in the hardwood forests of eastern [[North America]]. In addition, ''[[Acer barbatum]]'' Michx. (Southern Sugar Maple), ''[[Acer leucoderme]]'' Small, and ''[[Acer nigrum]]'' Michx. are also called Sugar Maple. <ref>[http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/magnoliopsida/aceraceae/acer/index.html ''Acer''] </ref>

This American [[maple]], reaches heights of 15 m (50 feet) to 24 m (80 feet) tall. <ref>[http://www.merrycoz.org/voices/bartlett/AMER13.HTM#s Bartlett, John Russell ''Dictionary of Americanisms'' (1848)]</ref>.

[[Image:SugarMaple.jpg|left|thumb|A farm with a Sugar Maple in the front yard]]
The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], 8-15 cm long and equally wide with five palmate lobes. The basal lobes are relatively small, while the upper lobes are larger and deeply notched. In contrast with the angular notching of the [[Silver Maple]], however, the notches tend to be rounded at their interior. The fall color is often spectacular, ranging from bright yellow through orange to fluorescent red-orange. The leaf buds are pointy and brown colored. The recent years growth twigs are green, and turn dark brown.

The [[flower]]s are in [[corymb]]s of 5-10 together, yellow-green and without petals; flowering occurs in early spring after 30-55 [[growing degree day]]s. The [[fruit]] is a double [[Samara (fruit)|samara]] with two winged [[seed]]s, the seeds are globose, 7-10 mm diameter, the wing 2-3 cm long. The seeds fall from the tree in autumn.

It is closely related to the [[Black Maple]], which is sometimes included in this species but sometimes separated as ''Acer nigrum''. The western American [[Bigtooth Maple]] (''Acer grandidentatum'') is also treated as a variety or subspecies of Sugar Maple by some botanists.

The Sugar Maple is also often confused with the [[Norway Maple]], though they are not closely related within the genus. The Sugar Maple is most easily identified by clear sap in the leaf [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] (the Norway Maple has white sap), brown sharp-tipped buds (the Norway Maple has blunt green or reddish purple buds), and shaggy bark on older trees (the Norway Maple bark has small grooves). Also, the leaf lobes of the Sugar Maple have a more triangular shape, in contrast to the squarish lobes of the Norway Maple.

=='''Ecology'''==
The Sugar Maple is an immensely important species to the ecology of many forests in North America. Pure stands are common, and it is a major component of many forest types. It often forms associations with the [[American Beech]], forming the beech-maple forest type, common in northern areas. Other associations include Sugar Maple-[[Yellow Birch]] (which is most important beyond the northern limit of beech), Sugar Maple-[[Tilia americana|American Basswood]], Sugar Maple-[[White Ash]] and Sugar Maple-[[Ostrya|Ironwood]]-[[Red Oak]]. Sugar Maples engage in [[hydraulic lift]], drawing water from lower soil layers and exuding that water into upper, drier soil layers. This not only benefits the tree itself but also many other plants growing around it.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1n685611216p3l0/ Hydraulic lift and its influence on the water content of the rhizosphere: an example from sugar maple, Acer saccharum]</ref>

[[Image:Sugar Maple Acer saccharum Trunk base 3264px.jpg|right|thumb|The bark of the Sugar Maple]]
Sugar Maple is among the most [[Shade tolerance|shade tolerant]] of large deciduous trees. Among North Am
erican maples its shade tolerance is exceeded only by the [[Striped Maple]], a smaller tree. Like other maples, its shade tolerance is manifested in its ability to germinate and persist under a closed canopy as an understory plant, and respond with rapid growth to the increased light formed by a gap in the canopy.

Human influences have contributed to the decline of the Sugar Maple in many regions. Its role as a species of mature forests has led it to be replaced by more opportunistic species in areas where forests are cut over. The Sugar maple also exhibits a greater susceptibility to pollution than other species of maple. [[Acid rain]] and [[soil acidification]] are some of the primary contributing factors to [[maple decline]]. Also, the increased use of salt over the last several decades on streets and roads has decimated the sugar maple's role as a "street-front" tree.

In some parts of Eastern North America, particularly near urbanized areas, the Sugar Maple is being displaced by the [[Norway Maple]]. The Norway Maple is also highly shade tolerant, but is considerably more tolerant of urban conditions than the Sugar Maple, making it a natural replacement in those areas heavily disturbed by human activities.

=='''Conservation'''==

[[Image:Acer saccharum NA conservation.PNG|thumb|200px|Conservation status by subnation]]

The sugar maple is secure in most of its range, but is considered "Vulnerable" in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and possibly has been [[Extirpation|extirpated]] from [[North Dakota]].

=='''Cultivation and uses'''==
The Sugar Maple is one of the most important [[Trees of Canada|Canadian trees]], being (with [[Black Maple]]) the major source of sap for making [[maple syrup]]; Sugar Maple being regarded as slightly better. Many maples can be used as a sap source for maple syrup, but none of the others are as good as these two.

The [[wood]] is one of the hardest of the maples, and is prized for furniture and flooring. [[Bowling]] alleys and bowling pins are both commonly manufactured from sugar maple. Trees with wavy wood grain, called "[[birdseye maple]]", are especially valued. Maple is also the wood used for basketball courts including the floors used by the NBA, and it is a popular wood for baseball bats, along with [[White Ash|white ash]].

The Sugar Maple is a favorite street and garden tree, because it is easy to propagate and transplant, is fairly fast-growing, and has beautiful fall color; however, its intolerance of pollution and compacted soils common to inner city conditions make it a frequent victim of [[maple decline]]. It also has some of the most dense shade to be found in shade trees. The shade and the shallow, fibrous [[root]]s may interfere with grass growing under the trees. Deep well-drained [[loam]] is the best rooting medium, although Sugar Maple can grow well on sandy soil which does not become excessively dry. Poorly drained areas are unsuitable and the species is especially short-lived on flood-prone clay flats. Its salt tolerance is low and it is very sensitive to [[boron]].
[[Image:Sugar Maple Acer saccharum Tree 2448px.jpg|right|thumb]]
;Cultivars
*'Apollo' - columnar.
*'Arrowhead' - pyramidal crown.
*'Astis' (<tt>Steeple</tt><sup>®</sup>) - heat-tolerant; good in southeastern USA. Oval crown.
*'Bonfire' - fast-growing.
*'Columnare'
*'Fall Fiesta' - tough-leaved, colorful in season.
*'Green Mountain' - durable foliage resists heat and drought.
*'Legacy' - tough, vigorous and popular.
*'Monumentale' - columnar.
*'Newton Sentry' - very narrow.
*'Sweet Shadow' - lacy foliage.
*'Temple's Upright' - columnar.
*'Unity' - very hardy [[Manitoba]] cultivar.

Sugar Maple is the [[List of U.S. state trees|State Tree]] of [[New York]], [[Vermont]], [[West Virginia]] and [[Wisconsin]].

== Footnote ==
{{Reflist}}

=='''References'''==
* Horton, J. L., & Hart, S.C. (1998). Hydraulic lift: a potentially important ecosystem process. ''Trends in Ecology and Evolution'' 13 (6): 232-235.
* Canham, C. D. (1989). Different Respones to Gaps Among Shade-Tollerant Tree Species. ''Ecol
ogy'' 70 (3): 548-550.
* Brisson, J., Bergeron, Y., Bouchard, A., & Leduc, A. (1994). Beech-maple dynamics in an old-growth forest in southern Quebec, Canada. ''Ecoscience'' (Sainte-Foy) 1 (1): 40-46.
* Duchesne, L., Ouimet, R., & Houle, D. (2002). Basal Area Growth of Sugar Maple in Relation to Acid Deposition, Stand Health, and Soil Nutrients. ''Journal of Environmental Quality'' 31: 1676-1683.
*[http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acer/saccharum.htm Godman, Yawney and Tubbs. Sugar Maple]
*[http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_harum.html Acer saccharum]
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/acsa3.htm ''Acer saccharum'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]

{{Commonscat|Acer saccharum}}

[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Sapindaceae|Maple, Sugar]]
[[Category:Trees of Canada|Maple, Sugar]]
[[Category:Crops|Maple, Sugar]]
[[Category:Symbols of Vermont]]
[[Category:Vermont culture]]
[[Category:National symbols of Canada]]

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 |lifespan=perennial
 |life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
-|exposure=sun
+|exposure=sun, part-sun, shade
 |sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
-|features=flowers
+|features=deciduous
 |flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring
 |flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 '''''Acer saccharum''''' ('''Sugar Maple''') is a species of [[maple]] native to the hardwood forests of northeastern [[North America]], from [[Nova Scotia]] west to [[Southern Ontario|southern]] [[Ontario]], and south to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Texas]].<ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?1227 ''Acer saccharum'']</ref>
-It is a [[deciduous]] [[tree]] normally reaching heights of 25–35 m (82–115&nbsp;ft) tall,<ref name=nopd>Northern Ontario Plant Database: [http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1000053 ''Acer saccharum'']</ref><ref name=obs>Oklahoma Biological Survey: [http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/acsa3.htm ''Acer saccharum'']</ref> and exceptionally up to 45 m (150&nbsp;feet).<ref>[http://www.nativetreesociety.org/fieldtrips/gsmnp/gsmnp_tall_trees.htm GSMNP tall trees<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  A 10-year-old tree is typically about 5&nbsp;m (15&nbsp;ft) tall.
+It is a [[deciduous]] [[tree]] normally reaching heights of 25–35 m (82–115 ft) tall,<ref name=nopd>Northern Ontario Plant Database: [http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1000053 ''Acer saccharum'']</ref><ref name=obs>Oklahoma Biological Survey: [http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/acsa3.htm ''Acer saccharum'']</ref> and exceptionally up to 45 m (150 feet).<ref>[http://www.nativetreesociety.org/fieldtrips/gsmnp/gsmnp_tall_trees.htm GSMNP tall trees<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  A 10-year-old tree is typically about 5 m (15 ft) tall.
-The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], 8–15&nbsp;cm long and equally wide with five palmate lobes. The basal lobes are relatively small, while the upper lobes are larger and deeply notched. In contrast with the angular notching of the [[Silver Maple]], however, the notches tend to be rounded at their interior. The fall color is often spectacular, ranging from bright yellow through orange to fluorescent red-orange. Sugar maples also have a tendency to color unevenly in fall.  In some trees, all colors above can be seen at the same time.  There is also a tendency, as there is also with [[Red Maple]]s, for certain parts of a mature tree to change color weeks ahead of or behind the remainder of the tree.  The leaf buds are pointy and brown colored. The recent years growth twigs are green, and turn dark brown.
+The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]], 8–15 cm long and equally wide with five palmate lobes. The basal lobes are relatively small, while the upper lobes are larger and deeply notched. In contrast with the angular notching of the [[Silver Maple]], however, the notches tend to be rounded at their interior. The fall color is often spectacular, ranging from bright yellow through orange to fluorescent red-orange. Sugar maples also have a tendency to color unevenly in fall.  In some trees, all colors above can be seen at the same time.  There is also a tendency, as there is also with [[Red Maple]]s, for certain parts of a mature tree to change color weeks ahead of or behind the remainder of the tree.  The leaf buds are pointy and brown colored. The recent years growth twigs are green, and turn dark brown.
-The [[flower]]s are in [[corymb]]s of 5-10 together, yellow-green and without petals; flowering occurs in early spring after 30-55 [[growing degree day]]s. The [[fruit]] is a double [[Samara (fruit)|samara]] with two winged [[seed]]s, the seeds are globose, 7–10&nbsp;mm diameter, the wing 2–3&nbsp;cm long. The seeds fall from the tree in autumn and remain viable for only a few days.<ref name="CopelandMcDonald2001">{{citation|author1=Lawrence O. Copeland|author2=M. B. McDonald|title=Principles of seed science and technology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cS6rfHocXg4C&pg=PA194|accessdate=25 September 2010|date=31 October 2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780792373223|pages=194–}}</ref>
+The [[flower]]s are in [[corymb]]s of 5-10 together, yellow-green and without petals; flowering occurs in early spring after 30-55 [[growing degree day]]s. The [[fruit]] is a double [[Samara (fruit)|samara]] with two winged [[seed]]s, the seeds are globose, 7–10 mm diameter, the wing 2–3 cm long. The seeds fall from the tree in autumn and remain viable for only a few days.<ref name="CopelandMcDonald2001">{{citation|author1=Lawrence O. Copeland|author2=M. B. McDonald|title=Principles of seed science and technology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cS6rfHocXg4C&pg=PA194|accessdate=25 September 2010|date=31 October 2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780792373223|pages=194–}}</ref>
 It is closely related to the [[Black Maple]], which is sometimes included in this species but sometimes separated as ''Acer nigrum''. The western American [[Bigtooth Maple]] (''Acer grandidentatum'') is also treated as a variety or subspecies of Sugar Maple by some botanists.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
 |familia=Aceraceae
 |genus=Acer
 |species=saccharum
 |common_name=Hard maple, Rock maple, Sugar maple
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 |usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 |max_zone=8
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Acer saccharum.jpg
-|image_width=240
+|image_width=200
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 {{Inc|
 [[Image:SugarMaple.jpg|left|thumb|A farm with a Sugar Maple in the front yard]]
 [[Image:Sugar Maple Acer saccharum Trunk base 3264px.jpg|right|thumb|The bark of the Sugar Maple]]
-Acer saccharum, Marsh. (A. saccharinum, Wang., not Linn. A. barbatum, Michx.). Sugar or Rock Maple. Fig. 98. Large tree, 120 ft., with gray bark: lvs. 3-5-lobed, cordate, 3-6 in. long, with narrow and deep sinuses; lobes acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glaucous and glabrous beneath: corymb hairy: fr. with slightly spreading wings, glabrous. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:90. Em. 558. H.T. 324. Gn. 65, p. 55 (habit). —An excellent street and shade tree of upright, dense growth, turning bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It does well in almost every soil. Var. Rugelii, Rehd. (A. Rugelii, Pax, A. saccharum var. barbatum, Trel.). Lvs. 3-lobed, generally broader than long, 2-5 in. across, pale green or glaucous beneath, and at length mostly glabrous, coriaceous; lobes nearly entire. Central states. S.S. 2:91 (as var. nigrum). Var. monumentale, Schwerin (A. nigrum var. monumentale, Rehd.). Of upright, columnar habit.{{SCH}}
+Acer saccharum, Marsh. (A. saccharinum, Wang., not Linn. A. barbatum, Michx.). Sugar or Rock Maple. Large tree, 120 ft., with gray bark: lvs. 3-5-lobed, cordate, 3-6 in. long, with narrow and deep sinuses; lobes acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glaucous and glabrous beneath: corymb hairy: fr. with slightly spreading wings, glabrous. E. N. Amer. —An excellent street and shade tree of upright, dense growth, turning bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It does well in almost every soil. Var. Rugelii, Rehd. (A. Rugelii, Pax, A. saccharum var. barbatum, Trel.). Lvs. 3-lobed, generally broader than long, 2-5 in. across, pale green or glaucous beneath, and at length mostly glabrous, coriaceous; lobes nearly entire. Central states. Var. monumentale, Schwerin (A. nigrum var. monumentale, Rehd.). Of upright, columnar habit.{{SCH}}
 }}
@@ Line 90: / Line 87: @@
 <gallery>
-Image:Upload.png| photo 1
+File:Acer saccharum JPG1L.jpg| photo 1
-Image:Upload.png| photo 2
+File:Sugar Maple Acer saccharum Trunk base 3264px.jpg| photo 2
-Image:Upload.png| photo 3
+File:Acer platanoides 1aJPG.jpg| photo 3
 </gallery>
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 {{stub}}
-[[Category:Categorize]]
+__NOTOC__

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:10, 19 September 2010
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		+	\|species=saccharum
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		+	\|exposure=sun
		+	\|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
		+	\|features=flowers
		+	\|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring
		+	\|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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