Thelymitra - Revision history

Raffi at 22:25, 26 April 2010

2010-04-26T22:25:13Z

Murali.lalitha at 08:14, 19 April 2010

2010-04-19T08:14:10Z

Raffi at 05:40, 21 August 2009

2009-08-21T05:40:45Z

Show changes

Murali.lalitha at 05:13, 21 August 2009

2009-08-21T05:13:47Z

Envoy at 10:42, 11 July 2007

2007-07-11T10:42:22Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Sun Orchids
| image = Thelymitra rubra 220404.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Salmon Sun orchid (''Thelymitra rubra'')<br />clearly showing the mitra
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Orchidoideae]]
| tribus = Diuridiae
| subtribus = Thelymitrinae
| genus = '''''Thelymitra'''''
| genus_authority = J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., 1775
| type_species = ''Thelymitra longifolia''
| type_species_authority = J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl.: 49 (1775).
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}

'''Thelymitra''' is a genus of [[orchid]]s known as 'sun orchids' in reference to their habit of only opening in warm weather.

== Description ==
They are about 100 species distributed in higher rainfall areas across [[Australia]] (with 50 or so species), [[New Zealand]] (10+ endemic species), [[New Caledonia]] (2), [[Timor]], [[Java (island)|Java]], and the [[Philippines]].

The [[type species]] is ''Thelymitra longifolia'' J.& G. Forst. 1775 from the South Island of New Zealand. The scientific name Thelymitra was given by J. R. and G. Forster, [[botanist]]s on [[Captain Cook]]'s second voyage. The genus name is derived from the Greek words ''thely'' (woman) and ''mitra'' (mitre hat), referring to elaborate shape of the staminodal (staminode = sterile [[stamen]]) structure at the top of the [[column (botany)|column]], called a mitra.

These terrestrial orchids are only above ground during [[Spring (season)|spring]] and early [[summer]], usually with a single [[leaf]], growing up from two underground [[tuber]]s. It is elongated or linear-lanceolate and glabrous. The Custard Orchid (''T. villosa'') is the only species with a hairy leaf. The leaves of ''T. spiralis'' and ''T. variegata'' are spirally twisted.

The [[flower]] stalk is usually a bluish-green colour. The flower stem usually carries 4 to 10 flowers (even up to 20 flowers in the Plain Sun Orchid, ''T. holmesii''), often opening all at once, though some species have only one flower each year. The flower size is between 1 and 6 cm. These flowers only open in bright sunlight (in combination with warmth and humidity), close at night and during cold or cloudy weather.

Sun orchids exhibit a particular characteristic : their [[labellum|lip]] shows, except in a few species such as ''T. variegata'', almost the same shape, colour, colour pattern or size as the other petals and sepals. This gives a symmetrical shape to the [[tepal|perianth]]. Furthermore the lip lacks ornamentation. In other orchid genera, the lip has a distinctive shape and colour. The particular shape and color of the sun orchids mimics the flowers of lily family (Liliaceae) and the family Goodeniaceae, aiming by deceit for the same insect [[pollinator]]s. The Slender Sun Orchid (''T.pauciflora'') only opens for a short time (or not at all) and is self-pollinating. This self-pollination is a successful strategy followed by several other species such as and ''T. circumsepta'', ''T. graminea'', ''T. holmesii'' and ''T. mucida''.

Once the weather dries out the leaf shrivels away and the orchid lies as a single spherical tuber.

Sun orchids come in most colours, including purple, deep blue (''T. pauciflora''), white, pink, magenta, maroon, yellow (''T. antennifera'') and red (''T. x macmillanii''). Most are a single colour or have spots, a few have stronger variation and are multi-coloured. The deep blue colour, found in about 75% of the sun orchids, is of a rare kind, found only in 5 other orchid genera.

Several species are considered by the [[IUCN]] as endangered (''T. epipactoides'') or critically endangered (''T. gregaria'', ''T. hiemalis'' and ''T. x mackibbinii''. A number of conservation measures are underway in South Australia.

Until shortly, the taxonomy of the genus was outmoded and understudied. Jeffrey A Jeanes of the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne has recently (2004) done a taxonomic revision, resolved several species complexes and described a considerable number of new species (see ''Muelleria'' 19; 2004)

[[Image:Thelymitra.PLateI.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Several Thelymitra species :2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
==Species==
* ''[[Thelymitra aemula]]'' Cheeseman 1919
* ''[[Thelymitra aggericola]]'' D.L.Jones 1999
* ''[[Thelymitra albiflora]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra angustifolia]]'' R.Br. 1810
* ''[[Thelymitra antennifera]]'' (Lindl.) Hook.f. 1858 : Rabbit-eared Sun Orchid, Lemon-scented Orchid, Vanilla Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra apiculata]]'' ([[Alex George|A.S.George]]) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1989 : Fine Point [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra arenaria]]'' Lindl. 1840
* ''[[Thelymitra aristata]]'' Lindl. 1840 : Giant Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra atronitida]]'' Jeanes 2000
* ''[[Thelymitra azurea]]'' R.S.Rogers 1917 : Azure Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra basaltica]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra batesii]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra benthamiana]]'' Rchb.f. 1871 : Bentham's [[Thelymitra, Leopard Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra bracteata]]'' J.Z.Weber ex Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra brevifolia]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra campanulata]]'' Lindl. 1840 : Bell-shaped [[Thelymitra, Shirt Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra canaliculata]]'' R.Br. 1810
* ''[[Thelymitra carnea]]'' R.Br. 1810 : Flesh-red [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra circumsepta]]'' Fitzg. 1878
* ''[[Thelymitra colensoi]]'' Hook.f. 1864
* ''[[Thelymitra cornicina]]'' Rchb.f. 1871 : Horn-shaped [[Thelymitra, Lilac Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra cornuta]]'' Colenso 1887 (publ. 1888).
* ''[[Thelymitra crinita]]'' Lindl. 1840 : Long-haired [[Thelymitra, Blue Lady orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra cucullata]]'' Rupp 1946 : Cowl-carrying [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra cyanapicata]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra cyanea]]'' (Lindl.) Benth. 1873
* ''[[Thelymitra decora]]'' Cheeseman 1906
* ''[[Thelymitra dentata]]'' L.B.Moore 1968
* ''[[Thelymitra epipactoides]]'' F.Muell. 1866
* ''[[Thelymitra erosa]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra exigua]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra flexuosa]]'' Endl. 1839 : Bent [[Thelymitra, Twisted Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra forbesii]]'' Ridl. in H.O.Forbes 1885
* ''[[Thelymitra formosa]]'' Colenso 1884
* ''[[Thelymitra fragrans]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1988
* ''[[Thelymitra frenchii]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra fuscolutea]]'' R.Br. 1810 : Brown-yellow [[Thelymitra, Chestnut Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra graminea]]'' Lindl. 1840
* ''[[Thelymitra granitora]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra gregaria]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra hatchii]]'' L.B.Moore 1968
* ''[[Thelymitra hiemalis]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra holmesii]]'' Nicholls 1932 : PLain Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra imbricata]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra improcera]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra inflata]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra intermedia]]'' Berggr. 1877
* ''[[Thelymitra irregularis]]'' Nicholls 1946
* ''[[Thelymitra ixioides]]'' Sw., 1800 : Spotted Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra javanica]]'' Blume 1825
* ''[[Thelymitra jonesii]]'' Jeanes 2001
* ''[[Thelymitra juncifolia]]'' Lindl. 1840
* ''[[Thelymitra latiloba]]'' Jeanes (2001
* ''[[Thelymitra longifolia]]'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. 1775
* ''[[Thelymitra longiloba]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.1998
* ''[[Thelymitra lucida]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra luteocilium]]'' Fitzg. 1882
* ''[[Thelymitra macrophylla]]'' Lindl. 1840 : Large-leafed [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra malvina]]'' M.A.Clem., D.L.Jones & Molloy 1989
* ''[[Thelymitra matthewsii]]'' Cheeseman 1910 (publ. 1911)
* ''[[Thelymitra media]]'' R.Br. 1810
** ''Thelymitra media'' var. ''carneolutea'' Nicholls 1943
** ''Thelymitra media'' var. ''media''.
* ''[[Thelymitra megacalyptra]]'' Fitzg. 1879 : Large-capped [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra merraniae]]'' Nicholls 1929
* ''[[Thelymitra mucida]]'' Fitzg. 1882
* ''[[Thelymitra nuda]]'' R.Br. 1810 : Naked [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra occidentalis]]'' Jeanes 2001
* ''[[Thelymitra pallidiflora]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra papuana]]'' J.J.Sm. 1934 : Papua [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra pauciflora]]'' R.Br. 1810 : Slender Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra peniculata]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra planicola]]'' Jeanes 2000
* ''[[Thelymitra polychroma]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra psammophila]]'' C.R.P.Andrews 1905
* ''[[Thelymitra pulchella]]'' Hook.f. 1853
* ''[[Thelymitra purpurata]]'' Rupp 1946
* ''[[Thelymitra rubra]]'' Fitzg. 1882 : Salmon Sun Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra sanscilia]]'' H.S.Irwin ex Hatch (1952
* ''[[Thelymitra sarasiniana]]'' Kraenzl. in F.Sarasin & J.Roux 1914
* ''[[Thelymitra sargentii]]'' R.S.Rogers 1930 : Sargent's [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra silena]]'' D.L.Jones 1999
* ''[[Thelymitra simulata]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra spadicea]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra sparsa]]'' D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1998
* ''[[Thelymitra spiralis]]'' (Lindl.) F.Muell. 1865 : Spiral [[Thelymitra, Curly Locks
** ''Thelymitra spiralis'' var. ''pulchella'' Nicholls 1949
** ''Thelymitra spirali''s var. ''spiralis''
* ''[[Thelymitra stellata]]'' Lindl. 1840 : Star-shaped [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra tholiformis]]'' Molloy & Hatch 1990
* ''[[Thelymitra tigrina]]'' R.Br. 1810 : Tiger-like Striped [[Thelymitra
* ''[[Thelymitra variegata]]'' (Lindl.) P.J.Müll. 1865 : Irregularily Spotted [[Thelymitra, (''Austr''.) The Queen of Sheba Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra venosa]]'' R.Br. 1810
* ''[[Thelymitra villosa]]'' Lindl. 1840 : Hirsute [[Thelymitra, Custard Orchid
* ''[[Thelymitra viridis]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra vulgaris]]'' Jeanes 2004
* ''[[Thelymitra xanthotricha]]'' Jeanes 2004

==Natural hybrids==
* ''Thelymitra × chasmogama'' R.S.Rogers 1927 (''T. luteocilium'' × ''T. nuda'')
* ''Thelymitra × mackibbinii'' F.Muell. 1881 (''T. × macmillanii'' × ''T. nuda'')
* ''Thelymitra × macmillanii'' F.Muell. 1865 (''T. antennifera'' × ''T. luteocilium'')
* ''Thelymitra × truncata'' R.S.Rogers 1917

==Intergeneric hybrid==
* x''Calomitra'' (''Calochilus'' x ''Thelymitra'') (unplaced name)

==Cultivation==

Thelymitras can be grown in a freely draining, dense mixture with partially composted organic matter. A suitable mixture is an equal mix of 7 mm road screenings, year old composted wood chips and commercial potting mix. It is good practice to cover the surface in pine or she-oak needles to control water loss and to feed the mychorizal fungi that support the orchid.

Due to the flowers only opening in warm weather, it is common practice for showing them, to use a bank of strong incandescent lights to simulate the warm sun.

Some work has gone into growing hybrids for better growing and more colour. The most popular hybrid is probably Th. x "Kay Nesbitt" with its strongly coloured red-ish pink flowers.

== References ==
*{{cite journal | author = Pamela Burns-Balogh and Peter Bernhardt | title = Floral evolution and phylogeny in the tribeThelymitreae (Orchidaceae: Neottioideae)| journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution| volume = 159| year = 1988}}
*{{cite journal | author = Breiner, E. and Breiner, R. | title = ''Thelymitra, die sun orchids: eine bemerkenswerte Orchideen-Gattung aus Australien.'' | journal = Orchidee | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 350-351 | year = 2003}} (in German)
* {{cite journal | author = Jeans, J. A. | title = A revision of the Thelymitra pauciflora R.Br. (Orchidaceae) complex in Australia | journal = Muelleria | volume = 19 | pages = 19-79 | year = 2004}}

[[Category:Orchids of Australia]]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
[[Category:Orchids of New Zealand]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |genus=Thelymitra
 |common_name=Sun orchid
 |Temp Metric=°F
 |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Thelymitra rubra 220404.jpg
 |image_width=240
 }}
-__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
+'''Thelymitra''' is a genus of [[orchid]]s known as 'sun orchids' in reference to their habit of only opening in warm weather.
-| name = ''Thelymitra''
-| common_names = Sun Orchids
+They are about 100 species distributed in higher rainfall areas across [[Australia]] (with 50 or so species), [[New Zealand]] (10+ endemic species), [[New Caledonia]] (2), [[Timor]], [[Java (island)|Java]], and the [[Philippines]].
-| growth_habit = ?   <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
-| high = ?   <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
+The [[type species]] is ''Thelymitra longifolia'' J.& G. Forst. 1775 from the South Island of New Zealand. The scientific name Thelymitra was given by  J. R. and G. Forster, [[botanist]]s on [[Captain Cook]]'s second voyage. The genus name is derived from the Greek words ''thely'' (woman) and ''mitra'' (mitre hat), referring to elaborate shape of the staminodal (staminode = sterile [[stamen]]) structure at the top of the [[column (botany)|column]], called a mitra.
-| wide =     <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
-| origin = ?   <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
+These terrestrial orchids are only above ground during spring and early summer, usually with a single [[leaf]], growing up from two underground [[tuber]]s. It is elongated or linear-lanceolate and glabrous. The Custard Orchid (''T. villosa'') is the only species with a hairy leaf. The leaves of  ''T. spiralis'' and ''T. variegata'' are spirally twisted.
-| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
-| lifespan =     <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
+The [[flower]] stalk  is usually  a bluish-green colour.  The flower stem usually carries 4 to 10 flowers (even up to 20 flowers in the Plain Sun Orchid, ''T. holmesii''), often opening all at once, though some species have only one flower each year. The flower size is between 1 and 6 cm. These flowers only open in bright sunlight (in combination with warmth and humidity), close at night and during cold or cloudy weather.
-| exposure = ?   <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
-| water = ?   <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
+Sun orchids exhibit a particular characteristic : their [[labellum|lip]] shows, except in a few species such as ''T. variegata'', almost the same shape, colour, colour pattern or size as the other petals and sepals. This gives a symmetrical shape to the [[tepal|perianth]]. Furthermore the lip lacks ornamentation. In other orchid genera, the lip has a distinctive shape and colour. The particular shape and color of the sun orchids mimics the flowers of lily family (Liliaceae) and the family Goodeniaceae, aiming by deceit for the same insect [[pollinator]]s. The Slender Sun Orchid (''T.pauciflora'') only opens for a short time (or not at all) and is self-pollinating. This self-pollination is a successful strategy followed by several other species such as and ''T. circumsepta'', ''T. graminea'', ''T. holmesii'' and ''T. mucida''.
-| features =     <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
-| hardiness =     <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
+Once the weather dries out the leaf shrivels away and the orchid lies as a single spherical tuber.
-| bloom =     <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
-| usda_zones = ?   <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
+Sun orchids come in most colours, including purple, deep blue (''T. pauciflora''), white, pink, magenta, maroon, yellow (''T. antennifera'') and red (''T. x macmillanii'').  Most are a single colour or have spots, a few have stronger variation and are multi-coloured. The deep blue colour, found in about 75% of the sun orchids, is of a rare kind, found only in 5 other orchid genera.
-| sunset_zones =     <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
 {{Inc|
 Thelymitra (Greek, woman and cap, alluding to the hood-shaped column). Orchidaceae. Terrestrial herbs with ovoid tubers, occasionally grown in the greenhouse. Lf. solitary, usually with a rather long sheath, linear, lanceolate or rarely nearly ovate: fls. usually several in a terminal raceme, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2, blue, purple, red, or yellow, occasionally with white varieties; sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; labellum similar; column erect, broadly winged, the wings variable, sometimes extended into a broad lobed hood over the anther, lateral lobes often penicillate or crested: caps. erect, obovoid or oblong, beakless. About 30 species, Austral., New Zeal., New Caledonia, and Malaya. Cult. similar to that of bletia. None of the species is in common cult., but a number of them are of interest to orchid fanciers.
@@ Line 182: / Line 173: @@
 *{{wplink}}
-{{stub}}
+__NOTOC__

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:14, 19 April 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{SPlantbox
		+	\|familia=Orchidaceae
		+	\|genus=Thelymitra
		+	\|common_name=Sun orchid
		+	\|Temp Metric=°F
		+	\|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
		+	\|image=Upload.png
		+	\|image_width=240
		+	}}
	__NOTOC__{{Plantbox		__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
	\| name = ''Thelymitra''		\| name = ''Thelymitra''

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:13, 21 August 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Thelymitra (Greek, woman and cap, alluding to the hood-shaped column). Orchidaceae. Terrestrial herbs with ovoid tubers, occasionally grown in the greenhouse. Lf. solitary, usually with a rather long sheath, linear, lanceolate or rarely nearly ovate: fls. usually several in a terminal raceme, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2, blue, purple, red, or yellow, occasionally with white varieties; sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; labellum similar; column erect, broadly winged, the wings variable, sometimes extended into a broad lobed hood over the anther, lateral lobes often penicillate or crested: caps. erect, obovoid or oblong, beakless. About 30 species, Austral., New Zeal., New Caledonia, and Malaya. Cult. similar to that of bletia. None of the species is in common cult., but a number of them are of interest to orchid fanciers.
		+
		+	T. carnea, R. Br. St. slender, often flexuous, 6-12 in. high: lvs. narrow-linear: fls. 1-3, pink, sepals and petals oval-elliptic, oblong or obtuse, about 4 lines long. Austral.—T. ixioides, Sw. St. usually more than 1 ft. high: lvs. long-linear or linear-lanceolate, flat or channeled, with 1 or 2 shorter ones: fls. blue, pedicellate, usually forming a raceme 4-6 in. long: sepals, petals, and lip elliptic-oblong, 9-10 lines long. Austral.—T. longifolia, Forst. (T. Forsteri, Sw., T. graminea, Lindl. T. pauciflora, R. Br.). Usually about 1 ft. high: lvs. long and narrow: fls. blue, lilac, or pink, rather large, several to a raceme, column produced into a broad hood, usually conspicuous from its dark color. Austral.—T. variegata, Lindl. St. not very stout, 1 ft. or more high: lvs. with a villous sheath, blade linear, glabrous, with a much dilated base: fls. 2-4, purple, large; sepals and petals lanceolate, shortly acuminate or acute, 3/4 - 1 in. long, variegated. Austral.—T. venosa, R. Br. St. 1-2 ft. high: lvs. long and narrow: fls. blue, 6-10; sepals and petals 1/2 – 3/4 in. long; column broadly winged. Austral.
		+	}}
		+
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\| color = lightgreen		\| color = lightgreen