Vaccinium - Revision history

Raffi at 17:27, 13 October 2009

2009-10-13T17:27:00Z

90.219.194.240 at 14:27, 13 October 2009

2009-10-13T14:27:26Z

Raffi: incorporate template

2009-03-12T00:37:19Z

incorporate template

Raffi: SCH text - needs to be incorporated into page

2009-03-12T00:09:08Z

SCH text - needs to be incorporated into page

Raffi: flora

2009-03-11T20:54:31Z

flora

Envoy at 15:26, 7 October 2007

2007-10-07T15:26:42Z

New page

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Vaccinium''
| image = Vaccinium corymbosum(01).jpg
| image_width = 245px
| image_caption = ''Vaccinium corymbosum''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ericales]]
| familia = [[Ericaceae]]
| genus = '''''Vaccinium'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''''Vaccinium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s in the plant Family [[Ericaceae]] including the [[cranberry]], [[blueberry]], [[bilberry]] or whortleberry, [[cowberry]] or lingonberry, and [[huckleberry]]. The genus contains about 450 species, which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], although there are tropical species from as widely separated areas as Madagascar and Hawai'i. The plants prefer [[heath (habitat)|heath]] landscapes, as well as open forests. The name ''Vaccinium'' was used for a type of berry (probably the [[bilberry]] ''V. myrtillus'') in classical Latin, but its ultimate derivation is obscure; it has nothing to do with ''vaccinum'' "of or pertaining to [[cow]]s", but may be a corruption of Latin ''bacca'', [[berry]] ([[OED]]).

The [[fruit]] develops from an inferior ovary, and is a [[berry]].

''Vaccinium'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of a number of [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Vaccinium]].

The taxonomy is complex, and still under investigation; there are two subgenera, and several sections:
;Subgenus '''''Oxycoccus''''': The [[cranberry|cranberries]], with slender, trailing, wiry non-woody shoots and strongly reflexed flower petals. Some botanists treat ''Oxycoccus'' as a distinct genus.
*Sect. ''Oxycoccus''
**''[[Cranberry|Vaccinium macrocarpon]]'' (American Cranberry)
**''[[Cranberry|Vaccinium microcarpum]]'' (Small Cranberry)
**''[[Cranberry|Vaccinium oxycoccus]]'' (Common Cranberry)
*Sect. ''Oxycoccoides''
**''[[Southern Mountain Cranberry|Vaccinium erythrocarpum]]'' (Southern Mountain Cranberry)
;Subgenus '''''Vaccinium''''': All the other species, with thicker, upright woody shoots and bell-shaped flowers.
*Sect. ''Batodendron''
**''[[Vaccinium arboreum]]'' (Sparkleberry) ([http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/vaar.htm images])
**''[[Creeping blueberry|Vaccinium crassifolium]]'' (Creeping blueberry)
*Sect. ''Brachyceratium''
**''[[Vaccinium dependens]]''
*Sect. ''Bracteata''
**''[[Vaccinium acrobracteatum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium barandanum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium bracteatum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium coriaceum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium cornigerum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium cruentum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium hooglandii]]''
**''[[Vaccinium horizontale]]''
**''[[Vaccinium laurifolium]]''
**''[[Vaccinium lucidum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium myrtoides]]''
**''[[Vaccinium phillyreoides]]''
**''[[Vaccinium reticulatovenosum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium sparsum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium varingifolium]]''
*Sect. ''Ciliata''
**''[[Vaccinium ciliatum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium oldhamii]]''
*Sect. ''Cinctosandra''
**''[[Vaccinium exul]]''
*Sect. ''Conchophyllum''
**''[[Vaccinium corymbodendron]]''
**''[[Vaccinium delavayi]]''
**''[[Vaccinium emarginatum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium griffithianum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium meridionale]]''
**''[[Vaccinium moupinense]]'' (Himalayan Blueberry)
**''[[Vaccinium neilgherrense]]''
**''[[Vaccinium nummularia]]''
**''[[Vaccinium retusum]]''
*Sect. ''Cyanococcus'' ([[blueberry|blueberries]])
**''[[Vaccinium angustifolium]]'' (Lowbush Blueberry)
**''[[Vaccinium boreale]]'' (Northern Blueberry)
**''[[Vaccinium caesariense]]'' (New Jersey Blueberry)
**''[[Vaccinium corymbosum]]'' (Highbush Blueberry)
**''[[Vaccinium darrowii]]''
**''[[Vaccinium elliottii]]''
**''[[Vaccinium formosum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium fuscatum]]'' (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. ''V. atrococcum'')
**''[[Vaccinium hirsutum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium koreanum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium myrsinites]]'' (Evergreen Blueberry)
**''[[Vaccinium myrtilloides]]'' (Canadian Blueberry)
**''[[Vaccinium pallidum]]'' (Dryland Blueberry) ([http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/vapa4.htm images])
**''[[Vaccinium simulatum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium tenellum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium virgatum]]'' (Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. ''V. ashei'')
*Sect. ''Eococcus''
**''[[Vaccinium fragile]]''
*Sect. ''Epigynium''
**''[[Vaccinium vacciniaceum]]''
*Sect. ''Galeopetalum''
**''[[Vaccinium chunii]]''
**''[[Vaccinium dunalianum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium glaucoalbum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium urceolatum]]''
*Sect. ''Hemimyrtillus''
**''[[Vaccinium arctostaphylos]]''
**''[[Vaccinium cylindraceum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium hirtum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium padifolium]]''
**''[[Vaccinium smallii]]''
*Sect. ''Myrtillus''
**''[[Vaccinium calycinum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium cespitosum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium deliciosum]]'' (Cascade Bilberry)
**''[[Vaccinium dentatum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium membranaceum]]''
**''[[Bilberry|Vaccinium myrtillus]]'' (Bilberry)
**''[[Vaccinium ovalifolium]]'' (Alaska Blueberry; syn. ''V. alaskaense'')
**''[[Vaccinium parvifolium]]'' (Red Huckleberry)
**''[[Vaccinium praestans]]''
**''[[Vaccinium reticulatum]]'' (ohelo 'ai)
**''[[Vaccinium scoparium]]'' (Grouse Whortleberry)
*Sect. ''Neurodesia''
**''[[Vaccinium crenatum]]''
*Sect. ''Oarianthe''
**''[[Vaccinium ambyandrum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium cyclopense]]''
*Sect. ''Oreades''
**''[[Vaccinium poasanum]]''
*Sect. ''Pachyanthum''
**''[[Vaccinium fissiflorum]]''
*Sect. ''Polycodium''
**''[[Vaccinium stamineum]]'' (Deerberry; syn. ''V. caesium'') ([http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/vast.htm images])
*Sect. ''Pyxothamnus''
**''[[Vaccinium consanguineum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium floribundum]]''
**''[[Vaccinium ovatum]]'' (California Huckleberry)
*Sect. ''Vaccinium''
**''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]'' (Northern (or Bog) Bilberry; syn. ''V. occidentale'')
*Sect. ''Vitis-idaea''
**''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]'' (Cowberry, Lingonberry)

==References and external links==
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12610 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Vaccinium'']

[[Category:Ericaceae]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
 |Min ht metric=cm
 |Temp Metric=°F
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Vaccinium corymbosum(01).jpg
-|image_width=240
+|image_width=200
 }}
 {{Inc|
@@ Line 19: / Line 25: @@
 }}
-Leaves alternate, evergreen or deciduous, coriaceous or herbaceous: fls. solitary, axillary or terminal or in racemes; sepals 4-5 or obsolete; corolla gamopetalous, urceolate, cylindrical, campanulate, or rotate, 4-5- toothed or -parted, white or pink; stamens 8-10; anthers dehiscing by pores at the tips of long slender terminal tubes, epigynous: carpels 4-5; ovary inferior. 4-5-celled, or 8-10-celled by intrusion of the midrib of each carpel: fr. a many- seeded berry capped by the persistent calyx.—The genus extends from the Arctic Circle to the higher mountains of the tropics. They are most common in North America and the Himalayas. The genus is almost without representation in the southern hemisphere.
+The genus includes about 450 species of shrubs, small trees and vines which may be evergreen and deciduous.  Genus includes blueberries, cranberries, and huckleberries. Most species have small and often colorful fruits, some of which are edible.  Flowers can be attractive, tend to be small, face downward, have an urn-shape, and can come individually or in clusters.  Most have simple leaves which are oval to lance-shaped.  The tips of the leaves are frequently pointed, and the edges sometimes have serration.
 ==Cultivation==
 ''Vaccinium'' like moist, cool, well-drained soil that is rich in humus and acidic.  They need protection from very hot summer sun. Conditions suitable to rhododendrons and camellias also tend to keep Vaccinium happy. Rather shrubby species ought to be shaped by pruning: after flowering when fruit is not needed, or else at harvest.
@@ Line 215: / Line 166: @@
 {{stub}}
-[[Category:Categorize]]
+__NOTOC__

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:27, 13 October 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{SPlantbox
		+	\|Min ht metric=cm
		+	\|Temp Metric=°F
		+	\|image=Upload.png
		+	\|image_width=240
		+	}}
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Vaccinium (ancient Latin name of the blueberry). Ericaceae. Blueberries, Bilberries, Deerberries, and Cranberries. Erect or creeping shrubs, often with green speckled twigs, well known in this country as the source of excellent wild berries; sometimes planted for ornament.
		+
		+	Leaves alternate, evergreen or deciduous, coriaceous or herbaceous: fls. solitary, axillary or terminal or in racemes; sepals 4-5 or obsolete; corolla gamopetalous, urceolate, cylindrical, campanulate, or rotate, 4-5-toothed or -parted, white or pink; stamens 8-10; anthers dehiscing by pores at the tips of long slender terminal tubes, epigynous: carpels 4-5; ovary inferior, 4-5-celled, or 8-10-celled by intrusion of the midrib of each carpel: fr. a many-seeded berry capped by the persistent calyx.—The genus consists of about 130 species of wide geographic distribution, extending from the Arctic Circle to the higher mountains of the tropics. They are most common in North America and the Himalayas. The genus is almost without representation in the southern hemisphere.
		+
		+	The well-known confusion in the popular names applied to Vaccinium is stated by Munson as follows: "The terms 'bilberry' and 'whortleberry' usually mentioned as 'common names' by American writers are seldom or never heard among the common people in this country; while 'huckleberry' is often used indiscriminately for plants of this genus and for the Gaylussacias. In the central states the term 'huckleberry' is usually applied to V. corymbosum, while 'blueberry' is given to the low-growing species, like V. canadensis and V. pennsylvanicum. In New England, 'huckleberry' is reserved for species of Gaylussacia, while 'blueberry' is applied to the lower-growing species as above, and 'high-bush blueberry’ to V. corymbosum. The red-berried species are, in general, referred to as 'cranberries.'"
		+
		+	Among the plants that lend tone to the landscape in October and November by reason of their bright foliage, many of the species of Vaccinium may be included—the brilliant red, crimson, and orange colors often persisting much longer than the bright-hued leaves of a large number of other plants. Of the ornamental species none is more strikingly beautiful late in the autumn than the common high-bush blueberry, V. corymbosum. When well grown it is a stout, thick, spreading bush 8 to 10 feet high. The plant is beautiful when in flower; the fruit is attractive and of the best quality, and the bright scarlet and crimson effects in late autumn, rivaling the sumach in brilliancy, are unsurpassed. As an ornamental plant the species deserves a place in every garden. V. pennsylvanicum also brightens waste places for a short time, but drops its foliage too early to be worthy of planting as an undershrub. The same is true of V. canadense, which is in many respects similar. V. stamineum, though early deciduous, is attractive when in bloom and throughout the summer by reason of its graceful habit. It is particularly adapted for sterile sandy or gravelly situations, and it is one of the very few ornamental shrubs specially suited for densely shaded situations. It has the peculiarity of never forming a true flower- bud, the blossom being open from the first. V. arboreum forms an irregular shrub too diffuse and straggling to be of value except when planted in masses at the South. V. hirsutum is as beautiful in its autumn coloring as is V. corymbosum and, like that species, retains its foliage late in the season. V. Vitis-Idaea and V. uliginosum, with their shining box-like foliage, can be used very effectively as edging for the shrubbery border.
		+
		+	For the most part, vacciniums are plants of peaty or sandy acid soil, and will not thrive in soils of a richer nature. Many species are very sensitive to the presence of lime, and they require special attention as to soil. See Blueberry.
		+
		+	Quoted statements in the specific descriptions in the following treatment are from the original article on this genus by the late W. M. Munson in the "Cyclopedia of American Horticulture;" that article also gives an interesting account of the native production of the fruit.
		+	}}
		+
	__NOTOC__{{Plantbox		__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
	\| name = ''Vaccinium''		\| name = ''Vaccinium''

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 The genus includes about 450 species of shrubs, small trees and vines which may be evergreen and deciduous.  Genus includes blueberries, cranberries, and huckleberries. Most species have small and often colorful fruits, some of which are edible.  Flowers can be attractive, tend to be small, face downward, have an urn-shape, and can come individually or in clusters.  Most have simple leaves which are oval to lance-shaped.  The tips of the leaves are frequently pointed, and the edges sometimes have serration.
-===Incorporate this text===
+{{inc|
 VACCINIUM (ancient Latin name of the blueberry). Ericacex. Blueberries, Bilberries, Deerberries, and Cranberries. Erect or creeping shrubs, often with green speckled twigs, well known in this country as the source of excellent wild berries; sometimes planted for ornament.
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 Among the plants that lend tone to the landscape in October and November by reason of their bright foliage, many of the species of Vaccinium may be included—the brilliant red, crimson, and orange colors often persisting much longer than the bright-hued leaves of a large number of other plants. Of the ornamental species none is more strikingly beautiful late in the autumn than the common high-bush blueberry, V. corymbosum. When well grown it is a stout, thick, spreading bush 8 to 10 feet high. The plant is beautiful when in flower; the fruit is attractive and of the best quality, and the bright scarlet and crimson effects in late autumn, rivaling the sumach in brilliancy, are unsurpassed. As an ornamental plant the species deserves a place in every garden. V. j>ennsylvanicum also brightens waste places for a short time, but drops its foliage too early to be worthy of planting as an undershrub. The same is true of V. canodense, which is in many respects similar. V. stamineum, though early deciduous, is attractive when in bloom and throughput the summer by reason of its graceful habit. It is particularly adapted for sterile sandy or gravelly situations, and it is one of the very few ornamental shrubs specially suited for densely shaded situations. It has the peculiarity of never forming a true flower- bud, the blossom being open from the first. V". arbareum forms an irregular shrub too diffuse and straggling to be of value except when planted in masses at the South. V. hirsutum is as beautiful in its autumn coloring as is V. corymbosum and, like that species, retains its foliage late in the season. V. Vitis-Idsra and V. uliginosum, with their shining box-like foliage, can be used very effectively as edging for the shrubbery border. (W. M. Munson.)
-For the most part, vacciniums are plants of peaty or sandy acid soil, and will not thrive in soils of a richer nature. Many species are very sensitive to the presence of lime, and they require special attention as to soil. See Blueberry.
+For the most part, vacciniums are plants of peaty or sandy acid soil, and will not thrive in soils of a richer nature. Many species are very sensitive to the presence of lime, and they require special attention as to soil. See Blueberry.}}
 ==Cultivation==

@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 }}
 The genus includes about 450 species of shrubs, small trees and vines which may be evergreen and deciduous.  Genus includes blueberries, cranberries, and huckleberries. Most species have small and often colorful fruits, some of which are edible.  Flowers can be attractive, tend to be small, face downward, have an urn-shape, and can come individually or in clusters.  Most have simple leaves which are oval to lance-shaped.  The tips of the leaves are frequently pointed, and the edges sometimes have serration.
 ==Cultivation==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Taxobox
+__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
-| color = lightgreen
+| name = ''Vaccinium''
-| name = ''Vaccinium''
+| common_names =  Incl: blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries, lingonberries
 | image = Vaccinium corymbosum(01).jpg
-| image_width = 245px
+| image_width = 200px
 | image_caption = ''Vaccinium corymbosum''
-| regnum = [[Plantae]]
+| regnum = Plantae
-| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
+| divisio = Magnoliophyta
-| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
+| unranked_classis = eudicots
-| ordo = [[Ericales]]
+| ordo = Ericales
-| familia = [[Ericaceae]]
+| familia = Ericaceae
-| genus = '''''Vaccinium'''''
+| subfamilia = Vaccinioideae
-| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
+| tribus = Vaccinieae
-| subdivision_ranks = Species
+| genus = Vaccinium
 }}
-'''''Vaccinium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[shrub]]s in the plant Family [[Ericaceae]] including the [[cranberry]], [[blueberry]], [[bilberry]] or whortleberry, [[cowberry]] or lingonberry, and [[huckleberry]]. The genus contains about 450 species, which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], although there are tropical species from as widely separated areas as Madagascar and Hawai'i. The plants prefer [[heath (habitat)|heath]] landscapes, as well as open forests. The name ''Vaccinium'' was used for a type of berry (probably the [[bilberry]] ''V. myrtillus'') in classical Latin, but its ultimate derivation is obscure; it has nothing to do with ''vaccinum'' "of or pertaining to [[cow]]s", but may be a corruption of Latin ''bacca'', [[berry]] ([[OED]]).
+==Cultivation==
-The [[fruit]] develops from an inferior ovary, and is a [[berry]].
+===Propagation===
-''Vaccinium'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of a number of [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Vaccinium]].
+===Pests and diseases===
-The taxonomy is complex, and still under investigation; there are two subgenera, and several sections:
+==Species==
 ;Subgenus '''''Oxycoccus''''': The [[cranberry|cranberries]], with slender, trailing, wiry non-woody shoots and strongly reflexed flower petals. Some botanists treat ''Oxycoccus'' as a distinct genus.
 *Sect. ''Oxycoccus''
@@ Line 72: / Line 107: @@
 **''[[Vaccinium caesariense]]'' (New Jersey Blueberry)
 **''[[Vaccinium corymbosum]]'' (Highbush Blueberry)
-**''[[Vaccinium darrowii]]''
+**''[[Vaccinium darrowii]]'' (Evergreen Blueberry)
-**''[[Vaccinium elliottii]]''
+**''[[Vaccinium elliottii]]'' (Elliott's Blueberry)
 **''[[Vaccinium formosum]]''
 **''[[Vaccinium fuscatum]]'' (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. ''V. atrococcum'')
@@ Line 100: / Line 135: @@
 **''[[Vaccinium smallii]]''
 *Sect. ''Myrtillus''
-**''[[Vaccinium calycinum]]''
+**''[[Vaccinium calycinum]]'' (Ōhelo kau la{{okina}}au)
-**''[[Vaccinium cespitosum]]''
+**''[[Vaccinium cespitosum]]'' (Dwarf bilberry)
 **''[[Vaccinium deliciosum]]'' (Cascade Bilberry)
-**''[[Vaccinium dentatum]]''
+**''[[Vaccinium dentatum]]'' (Ōhelo)
 **''[[Vaccinium membranaceum]]''
 **''[[Bilberry|Vaccinium myrtillus]]'' (Bilberry)
 **''[[Vaccinium ovalifolium]]'' (Alaska Blueberry; syn. ''V. alaskaense'')
 **''[[Vaccinium parvifolium]]'' (Red Huckleberry)
-**''[[Vaccinium praestans]]''
+**''[[Vaccinium praestans]]'' - ''Krasnika'' in Russian ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Красника|Красника]]}})
-**''[[Vaccinium reticulatum]]'' (ohelo 'ai)
+**''[[Vaccinium reticulatum]]'' (Ōhelo {{okina}}ai)
 **''[[Vaccinium scoparium]]'' (Grouse Whortleberry)
 *Sect. ''Neurodesia''
@@ Line 131: / Line 166: @@
 **''[[Vaccinium vitis-idaea]]'' (Cowberry, Lingonberry)
-==References and external links==
+==Gallery==
-*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12610 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Vaccinium'']
+{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
-[[Category:Ericaceae]]
+<gallery>