Envoy at 16:03, 20 October 2007

2007-10-20T16:03:45Z

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{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
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{{otheruses}}

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Wasabi
| image = wasabi_crop_2006-07-29.JPG
| image_width = 220px
| image_caption = Wasabi crop growing on Japan's Izu peninsula
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Brassicales]]
| familia = [[Brassicaceae]]
| genus = '''''Wasabia'''''
| species = '''''W. japonica'''''
| binomial = ''Wasabia japonica''
| binomial_authority = [[Jinzô Matsumura|Matsum.]]
}}
'''Wasabi''' ({{lang-ja|わさび}}, {{lang|ja|山葵}} (originally written {{lang|ja|和佐比}})) ; ''Wasabia japonica'', ''Cochlearia wasabi'', or ''Eutrema japonica'') is a member of the [[cabbage]] family. Known as [[Japan]]ese [[horseradish]], its root is used as a [[spice]] and has an extremely strong flavor. Its hotness is more akin to that of a hot [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] than the [[capsaicin]] in a [[chili pepper]], producing vapors that irritate the [[nose|nasal passages]] more than the [[tongue]]. The plant grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan. There are also other species used, such as ''W. koreana'', and ''W. tetsuigi''. The two main [[cultivar]]s in the marketplace are ''W. japonica'' var. ''Duruma'' and ''Mazuma'', but there are many others.

==Uses==
Wasabi is generally sold either in the form of a [[root]] (real wasabi), which must be very finely grated before use, or as a ready-to-use paste (horseradish, mustard and food coloring), usually in tubes approximately the size and shape of travel [[toothpaste]] tubes. Once the paste is prepared it should remain covered until served to protect the flavor from evaporation. For this reason, [[sushi]] chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the [[rice]].

Fresh leaves of wasabi can also be eaten and have some of the hot flavor of wasabi roots. They can be eaten as wasabi salad by pickling overnight with a salt and vinegar based dressing, or by quickly boiling them with a little [[soy sauce]]. Additionally, the leaves can be battered and [[deep-fried]] into [[French fried potatoes|chips]].

For those who mistakenly consume too much of this condiment, the burning sensations it can induce are short-lived compared to the effects of [[chili pepper]]s, especially when [[water]] is used to remove the spicy flavor.

Wasabi is often served with [[sushi]] or [[sashimi]], usually accompanied with soy sauce. The two are sometimes mixed to form a single dipping sauce known as Wasabi-joyu. [[Legume]]s (or [[peas]]) may be roasted or fried, then coated with a wasabi-like mixture (usually [[#Wasabi and imitations|an imitation]]); these are then eaten as an eye-watering "in the hand" snack.

Wasabi Ice Cream is a recent but increasingly popular innovation.

==Other Uses==
Wasabi can also be used as a raw ingredient to make powerful explosives.{{dubious|Wasabi as an explosive ingredient?}} Even though it may not{{vague|May not? Does it need permission?}} combust by itself, isothiocyanates in wasabi are powerful oxidizing agents (which also explains its antimicrobial properties) that can create highly exothermic reactions when combined with certain organic fuels. During the early 20th century, the Japanese military researched the use of wasabi to make "bunker buster" type explosive devices. However wasabi-based explosives were later substituted for C4 and other synthetic explosives.{{dubious|Wasabi as an explosive}}{{Fact|date=October 2007}}

==Wasabi and imitations==
[[Image:Wasabi tube.jpg|thumb|A tube of imitation wasabi]]
Almost all sushi bars in America and Japan serve imitation (''seiyō'') wasabi (see Etymology section, below) because authentic wasabi is extremely expensive. Few people, even in Japan, realize that the wasabi that they consume is in fact an imitation. Although very hard to find, real wasabi powder (from ''Wasabia japonica'' plant) is a convenient way to experience true wasabi's remarkable flavor, but most commercially available "wasabi" powders contain no true wasabi at all. Most utilize a powdered imitation made from [[horseradish]], mustard seed, and green food coloring (sometimes [[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|Spirulina]]). Whether real or imitation the powder is mixed with an equal amount of water to make a paste.

To distinguish between the true variety of wasabi and the imitation product, real wasabi is known in Japan as ''hon-wasabi'' ({{lang|ja|本山葵}}), meaning original, or true wasabi Local Sushi chefs usually substitute horseradish in US resturants.

==Chemistry==
The chemicals in wasabi that provide its unique flavor are the [[isothiocyanate]]s, including:

* 6-methylthiohexyl isothiocyanate,
* 7-methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate and
* 8-methylthiooctyl isothiocyanate.

Research has shown that isothiocyanates have beneficial effects such as inhibiting [[microbe]] growth. This may partially explain why wasabi is traditionally served with [[seafood]], which spoils quickly. However, if the quality of seafood is questionable, it should not be eaten raw, with or without wasabi. It is not a treatment for [[food poisoning]].

==Cultivation==
[[Image:Wasabi, Iwasaki Kanen 1828.jpg|thumb|240px|A drawing of a wasabi plant, published in 1828 by Iwasaki Kanen.]]

Few places are suitable for large-scale wasabi cultivation, and cultivation is difficult even in ideal conditions. In Japan, wasabi is cultivated mainly in these regions:

* [[Izu peninsula]], located in [[Shizuoka prefecture]]
* [[Nagano prefecture]]
* [[Shimane prefecture]]
* [[Yamanashi prefecture]]
* [[Iwate prefecture]]

There are also numerous artificially cultivated facilities as far north as [[Hokkaidō]] and as far south as [[Kyūshū]]. The demand for real wasabi is very high. Japan has to import a large amount of it from:

* [[Mainland China]],
* [[Alishan|Ali Mountain]] of [[Taiwan]], and
* [[New Zealand]].

In North America, a handful of companies and small farmers are successfully pursuing the trend by cultivating ''Wasabia japonica''. While only the [[Pacific Northwest]] and parts of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] provide the right balance of climate and water for natural cultivation of sawa (water grown) wasabi, the use of hydroponics and greenhouses has extended the range.

* [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
* [[Oregon]], [[United States]]
* [[North Carolina]], United States

While the finest sawa wasabi is grown in pure, constantly flowing water, without pesticides or fertilizers, some growers push growth with [[fertilizer]] such as [[chicken]] [[manure]], which can be a source of downstream pollution if not properly managed.

==Preparation==
[[Image:WasabiOnOroshigane.jpg|thumb|220px|Wasabi on metal [[oroshigane]]]]
Wasabi is often grated with a metal [[oroshigane]], but some prefer to use a more traditional tool made of dried [[shark]]skin ({{lang|ja|鮫皮}}) with fine skin on one side and coarse skin on the other. A hand-made grater with irregular teeth can also be used. If a shark-skin grater is unavailable, ceramic is usually preferred.

==Etymology==
The two [[kanji]] characters "{{lang|ja|山}}" and "{{lang|ja|葵}}" do not correspond to their pronunciation: as such it is an example of [[Kanji#Other readings|gikun]]. The two characters actually refer to the ''mountain hollyhock'', as the plant's leaves resemble those of a member of the [[Malvaceae]] family, in addition to its ability to grow on shady hillsides. The word, in the form {{lang|ja|和佐比}}, first appeared in [[918]] in ''The Japanese Names of Medical Herbs'' ({{lang|ja|本草和名}} ''Honzō Wamyō''). Spelled in this way, the particular [[kanji]] are used for their phonetic values only.

In Japanese, [[horseradish]] is known as {{nihongo|''seiyō wasabi''|西洋わさび}} ("Western wasabi").

==See also==
*[[Aquatic plants]]

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{cookbook}}
{{Commonscat}}
*http://www.mangajin.com/mangajin/samplemj/Wasabi/wasabi.htm
*http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-051.html#Wasabi
*[http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Wasa_jap.html Technical information about wasabi]
*"Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori" Shin IS, Masuda H, Naohide K. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004 Aug 1;94(3):255–61.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15246236]

{{Herbs & spices}}
[[Category:Brassicaceae]]
[[Category:Japanese ingredients]]
[[Category:Japanese words and phrases]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Sushi]]
[[Category:Condiments]]

Wasabi - Revision history

Envoy at 16:03, 20 October 2007