White Willow - Revision history

Raffi at 17:04, 18 August 2010

2010-08-18T17:04:48Z

Raffi at 16:26, 7 May 2010

2010-05-07T16:26:30Z

Murali.lalitha at 10:29, 6 May 2010

2010-05-06T10:29:45Z

Raffi at 21:54, 9 December 2009

2009-12-09T21:54:18Z

Murali.lalitha at 21:12, 6 December 2009

2009-12-06T21:12:42Z

Raffi at 20:59, 1 May 2009

2009-05-01T20:59:20Z

Murali.lalitha at 09:59, 1 May 2009

2009-05-01T09:59:23Z

Envoy at 08:15, 14 November 2007

2007-11-14T08:15:33Z

New page

:''See [[White Willow (band)]] for the Norwegian band.''
:''See [[Golden Willow (horse)|Golden Willow]] for information on the horse of that name.''
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = White Willow
| status = secure
| image = Salix alba leaves.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = White Willow foliage; note white undersides of leaves
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia = [[Salicaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Willow|Salix]]''
| species = '''''S. alba'''''
| binomial = ''Salix alba''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Salix alba''''', the '''White Willow''' is a [[willow]] native to [[Europe]], and western and central [[Asia]]. It is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] up to 20-30 m tall. The name derives from the leaves, which are paler than most other willows, due to a covering of very fine silky white hairs, particularly on the underside. The leaves are typically 5-10 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. The shoots in the typical species are grey-brown to green-brown. The [[plant sexuality|dioecious]] [[flower]]s are catkins, produced in early spring, and pollinated by bees.

==Cultivars and hybrids==
A number of [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid]]s of White Willow have been selected for [[forestry]] and [[horticulture]] use:
*The '''Cricket-bat Willow''' (''Salix alba'' 'Caerulea'), often referred to simply as '''English Willow''', is grown as a specialist [[timber]] crop in [[Great Britain|Britain]], mainly for the production of [[cricket]] [[cricket bat|bats]], but also for other uses where a tough, lightweight [[wood]] that does not splinter easily, is required. It is distinguished mainly by its growth form, very fast growing with a single straight stem, and also by its slightly larger leaves (10-11 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide) with a more blue-green colour. Its origin is unknown, but it may be a hybrid between White Willow and [[Crack Willow]] (''Salix fragilis'').
*The '''Weeping Willow''' (''Salix × sepulcralis'' 'Chrysocoma', [[synonymy|syn.]] ''Salix'' 'Tristis') is a hybrid between White Willow and [[Peking Willow]] (''Salix babylonica'', syn. ''Salix matsudana'').
[[Image:Salix alba11.jpg|left|thumb|Weeping Willows are a [[hybrid]] between White Willow and [[Peking Willow]]]]
*The '''Golden Willow''' (''Salix alba'' 'Vitellina') is a cultivar grown in gardens for its shoots, which are golden yellow for 1-2 years before turning brown. It is particularly decorative in winter; the best effect is achieved by [[coppicing]] it every 2-3 years to stimulate the production of longer young shoots with better colour. Two other similar cultivars, 'Britzensis' and 'Cardinal', have orange-red shoots.
*The '''White Willow''' is a fast-growing, but short-lived, cultivar being susceptible to several [[disease]]s, including watermark disease caused by the [[bacterium]] ''[[Brenneria salicis|Erwinia salicis]]'' (named because of the characteristic 'watermark' staining in the [[wood]]) and willow [[anthracnose]], caused by the [[fungus]] ''Marssonina salicicola''. These diseases can be a serious problem on trees grown for timber or ornament.
*The '''[[Crack Willow]]''' (''Salix fragilis'') is a medium-sized to large [[deciduous]] tree, which grows rapidly and can be up to 27 m tall. Its preferred habitat is beside rivers. The leaves are bright green, 9-15 cm long and 1.5-3 cm wide, with a finely serrated margin.

==Medicinal uses==
[[Hippocrates]] wrote in the 5th century BC about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This remedy is also mentioned in texts from [[ancient Egypt]], [[Sumer]], and [[Assyria]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

The active extract of the bark, called [[salicin]], after the Latin name for the White Willow (Salix alba), was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin, like [[aspirin]], is a chemical derivative of [[salicylic acid]].

<gallery>
Image:Illustration_Salix_alba0.jpg|White Willow illustration
Image:Salix alba(02).jpg|Catkins
Image:Salix alba(01).jpg
Image:Cricketbatparts.jpg|All Cricket bats are made from willow
Image:Salix Alba.jpg|White Willows in winter time
</gallery>

{{Commons|Salix alba}}
<br>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Salicaceae|Willow, White]]
[[Category:Flora of Armenia|Willow, White]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 |sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 |water=wet, moist
 |features=flowers
 |flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 |usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 |max_zone=10
 |image=Salix alba leaves.jpg
 |image_width=240
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 '''''Salix alba''''' ('''White Willow''') is a species of [[willow]] native to [[Europe]] and western and central [[Asia]].<ref name=rdm>Meikle, R. D. (1984). ''Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland''. BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref> The name derives from the white tone to the undersides of the leaves.
-It is a medium-sized to large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing up to 10&ndash;30 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter and an irregular, often leaning crown. The [[bark]] is grey-brown, deeply fissured in older trees. The shoots in the typical species are grey-brown to green-brown. The [[leaf|leaves]] are paler than most other willows, due to a covering of very fine silky white hairs, particularly on the underside; they are 5&ndash;10 cm long and 0.5&ndash;1.5 cm wide. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[catkin]]s in early spring, and pollinated by [[insect]]s. It is [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female catkins on separate trees; the male catkins are 4–5 cm long, the female catkins 3–4 cm long at pollination, lengthening as the fruit matures. When mature in mid summer, the female catkins comprise numerous small (4 mm) [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]] each containing numerous minute [[seed]]s embedded in white down which aids wind dispersal.<ref name=rdm/><ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6</ref>
+It is a medium-sized to large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing up to 10–30 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter and an irregular, often leaning crown. The [[bark]] is grey-brown, deeply fissured in older trees. The shoots in the typical species are grey-brown to green-brown. The [[leaf|leaves]] are paler than most other willows, due to a covering of very fine silky white hairs, particularly on the underside; they are 5–10 cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[catkin]]s in early spring, and pollinated by [[insect]]s. It is [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female catkins on separate trees; the male catkins are 4–5 cm long, the female catkins 3–4 cm long at pollination, lengthening as the fruit matures. When mature in mid summer, the female catkins comprise numerous small (4 mm) [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]] each containing numerous minute [[seed]]s embedded in white down which aids wind dispersal.<ref name=rdm/><ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6</ref>
 {{Inc|
@@ Line 47: / Line 49: @@
 ==Varieties==
 A number of [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s have been selected for [[forestry]] and [[horticulture|horticultural]] use:<ref name=rdm/><ref name=rushforth/>
-*''Salix alba'' 'Caerulea' ('''Cricket-bat Willow'''; syn. ''Salix alba'' var. ''caerulea'' (Sm.) Sm.; ''Salix caerulea'' Sm.) is grown as a specialist [[timber]] crop in [[Great Britain|Britain]], mainly for the production of [[cricket bat]]s, and for other uses where a tough, lightweight [[wood]] that does not splinter easily, is required. It is distinguished mainly by its growth form, very fast growing with a single straight stem, and also by its slightly larger leaves (10&ndash;11 cm long, 1.5&ndash;2 cm wide) with a more blue-green colour. Its origin is unknown; it may be a hybrid between White Willow and Crack Willow, but this is not confirmed.<ref name=rdm/>
+*''Salix alba'' 'Caerulea' ('''Cricket-bat Willow'''; syn. ''Salix alba'' var. ''caerulea'' (Sm.) Sm.; ''Salix caerulea'' Sm.) is grown as a specialist [[timber]] crop in [[Great Britain|Britain]], mainly for the production of [[cricket bat]]s, and for other uses where a tough, lightweight [[wood]] that does not splinter easily, is required. It is distinguished mainly by its growth form, very fast growing with a single straight stem, and also by its slightly larger leaves (10–11 cm long, 1.5–2 cm wide) with a more blue-green colour. Its origin is unknown; it may be a hybrid between White Willow and Crack Willow, but this is not confirmed.<ref name=rdm/>
-*''Salix alba'' 'Vitellina' ('''Golden Willow'''; syn. ''Salix alba'' var. ''vitellina'' (L.) Stokes) is a cultivar grown in gardens for its shoots, which are golden yellow for 1&ndash;2 years before turning brown. It is particularly decorative in winter; the best effect is achieved by [[coppicing]] it every 2&ndash;3 years to stimulate the production of longer young shoots with better colour. Other similar cultivars include 'Britzensis', 'Cardinal', and 'Chermesina', selected for even brighter orange-red shoots.
+*''Salix alba'' 'Vitellina' ('''Golden Willow'''; syn. ''Salix alba'' var. ''vitellina'' (L.) Stokes) is a cultivar grown in gardens for its shoots, which are golden yellow for 1–2 years before turning brown. It is particularly decorative in winter; the best effect is achieved by [[coppicing]] it every 2–3 years to stimulate the production of longer young shoots with better colour. Other similar cultivars include 'Britzensis', 'Cardinal', and 'Chermesina', selected for even brighter orange-red shoots.
 *''Salix alba'' 'Sericea' ('''Silver Willow''') is a cultivar where the white hairs on the leaves are particularly dense, giving it more strongly silvery-white foliage.
 *''Salix alba'' 'Vitellina-Tristis' ('''Golden Weeping Willow''', synonym 'Tristis') is a weeping cultivar with yellow branches that become reddish-orange in winter. It is now rare in cultivation and has been largely replaced by [[Salix Sepulcralis Group 'Chrysocoma']]. It is however still the best choise in very cold parts of the world like Canada, the Northern U.S.A. and Russia.

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 |image_caption=White Willow foliage; note white undersides of leaves
 }}
 {{Inc|
 Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. —Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from many other species. Var. calva, G. F. W. Mey. (S. alba var. caerulea, Smith). Of pyramidal habit: lvs. larger, at maturity glabrescent, more bluish green above and more glaucous below.
@@ Line 39: / Line 43: @@
 ===Pests and diseases===
-{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
+White Willows are fast-growing, but relatively short-lived, being susceptible to several [[disease]]s, including [[Brenneria salicis|watermark disease]] caused by the [[bacterium]] ''[[Brenneria salicis]]'' (named because of the characteristic 'watermark' staining in the [[wood]]; syn. ''Erwinia salicis'') and willow [[anthracnose]], caused by the [[fungus]] ''Marssonina salicicola''. These diseases can be a serious problem on trees grown for timber or ornament.
-==Species==
+It readily forms natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] with Crack Willow ''[[Salix fragilis]]'', the hybrid being named ''[[Salix × rubens]]'' Schrank.<ref name=rdm/>
 ==Gallery==
 <gallery>
 Image:Illustration_Salix_alba0.jpg|White Willow illustration
 Image:Salix alba(02).jpg|Catkins
 Image:Salix alba(01).jpg
 Image:Salix Alba.jpg|White Willows in winter time
 </gallery>

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |common_name=White Willow
 |habit=tree
-|Min ht metric=cm
+|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 |lifespan=perennial
 |exposure=sun
 |water=wet, moist
 |Temp Metric=°F
 |image=Salix alba leaves.jpg
 |image_width=240

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{SPlantbox
 |Min ht metric=cm
 |Temp Metric=°F
-|image=Upload.png
+|image=Salix alba leaves.jpg
 |image_width=240
-}}
+|image_caption=White Willow foliage; note white undersides of leaves
 }}
 {{Inc|
@@ Line 70: / Line 49: @@
 *{{wplink}}
-{{stub}}
+__NOTOC__

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__{{Plantbox
 | name = ''Salix alba''
@@ Line 30: / Line 36: @@
 }}
 {{Inc|
-Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. —Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from many other species.
+Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. —Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from many other species. Var. calva, G. F. W. Mey. (S. alba var. caerulea, Smith). Of pyramidal habit: lvs. larger, at maturity glabrescent, more bluish green above and more glaucous below.
 }}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Inc|
-Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Fig. 3527; also Figs. 3523-3525. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. Eu. Gn. 55, p. 87; 61, p. 7.—Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from the following species.
+Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. —Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from many other species.
 }}
-:''See [[White Willow (band)]] for the Norwegian band.''
+==Cultivation==
-:''See [[Golden Willow (horse)|Golden Willow]] for information on the horse of that name.''
+{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
-'''''Salix alba''''', the '''White Willow''' is a [[willow]] native to [[Europe]], and western and central [[Asia]]. It is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] up to 20-30 m tall. The name derives from the leaves, which are paler than most other willows, due to a covering of very fine silky white hairs, particularly on the underside. The leaves are typically 5-10 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. The shoots in the typical species are grey-brown to green-brown. The [[plant sexuality|dioecious]] [[flower]]s are catkins, produced in early spring, and pollinated by bees.
+===Propagation===
-==Cultivars and hybrids==
+===Pests and diseases===
-A number of [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid]]s of White Willow have been selected for [[forestry]] and [[horticulture]] use:
+{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
-==Medicinal uses==
+==Species==
-[[Hippocrates]] wrote in the 5th century BC about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This remedy is also mentioned in texts from [[ancient Egypt]], [[Sumer]], and [[Assyria]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
+<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
-The active extract of the bark, called [[salicin]], after the Latin name for the White Willow (Salix alba), was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin, like [[aspirin]], is a chemical derivative of [[salicylic acid]].
+==Gallery==
 <gallery>
@@ Line 47: / Line 55: @@
 </gallery>
-{{Commons|Salix alba}}
+==References==
-<br>
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
-==References==
+{{stub}}
-<!-- To add a reference or footnote here, please use an inline citation. See [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Footnotes]] and [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] for how to do this. Please do not edit this section directly. -->
+[[Category:Categorize]]
-[[Category:Salicaceae|Willow, White]]
+<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:59, 1 May 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{Inc\|
		+	Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Fig. 3527; also Figs. 3523-3525. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. Eu. Gn. 55, p. 87; 61, p. 7.—Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from the following species.
		+	}}
		+
	:''See [[White Willow (band)]] for the Norwegian band.''		:''See [[White Willow (band)]] for the Norwegian band.''
	:''See [[Golden Willow (horse)\|Golden Willow]] for information on the horse of that name.''		:''See [[Golden Willow (horse)\|Golden Willow]] for information on the horse of that name.''