View source for Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Mimosoideae]]
| genus = [[Anadenanthera]]
| species = ''[[Anadenanthera colubrina|A. colubrina]]''
| trinomial = ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' ([[Vell.]]) [[John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan|Brenan]] var. ''cebil''
| trinomial_authority = ([[Griseb.]]) [[Altschul]]
| range_map = 
| range_map_width = 240px
| range_map_caption = Range of ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil''
| synonyms =
*''Acacia cebil'' [[Griseb.]]
*''Anadenanthera macrocarpa'' ([[Benth.]]) [[Brenan]]
*''Piptadenia cebil'' (Griseb.) Griseb.
*''Piptadenia hassleriana'' [[Chodat]]
*''Piptadenia hassleriana'' Chodat [[var.]] ''fruticosa'' Chodat & [[Hass]]
*''Piptadenia macrocarpa'' Benth.
*''Piptadenia macrocarpa'' Benth. var. ''cebil'' (Griseb.) Chodat & Hass
*''Piptadenia macrocarpa'' Benth. var. ''genuina'' Chodat & Hass
*''Piptadenia macrocarpa'' Benth. var. ''plurifoliata'' [[Hoehne]]
*''Piptadenia macrocarpa'' Benth. var. ''vestita'' Chodat & Hass
*''Piptadenia microphylla'' Benth.<ref name="ildis">[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~15575&genus~Acacia&species~cebil ILDIS LegumeWeb]</ref> 
}}

==Description==
'''''Anadenanthera colubrina''''' ([[Vell.]]) [[John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan|Brenan]] [[var.]] '''''cebil''''' ([[Griseb.]]) [[Altschul]] is a [[mimosa]]-like timber tree native to [[Caatinga]] and [[Cerrado]] [[vegetation]] in [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Peru]].  It has also be introduced to [[Mauritius]].  It grows up to 25m tall, with a trunk diameter of 60-90cm.<ref name="ildis">Text</ref><ref name="usda">[http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/Techsheets/Chudnoff/TropAmerican/html_files/anaden2.html USDA Forest Service]</ref>  The tree's mimosa-like leaves range in length from about 7-20 cm.  The flowers are cream-colored and arrive in the spring.  The seed pods are fairly straight and contain about 8 to 15 seeds each.  The seeds are flat, [[average]] each about 1.5 cm in diameter and have an average [[mass]] of about 0.125 g each.  The tree's wood has a density of about 0.840 kg/dm<sup>3</sup><ref name="herbo">[http://www.herbotecnia.com.ar/aut-curupay.html Herbotechnica (Spanish)]</ref>

== Uses ==
===Gum===
Gum from the tree can be used in the same way as [[gum arabic]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cMSFT5K3C9wC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Anadenanthera+peregrina+falcata&ots=YxsJ1pJmIc&sig=cz-JSXhgUDeHieDOmCq2gseSQ3w#PPA98,M1 ''Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America'' By Constantino Manuel Torres, David B. Repke, p. 98]</ref>

=== Honey ===
This tree used as a [[honey plant]].<ref name="usda">.</ref> 

=== Medicine ===
The tree is a [[medicinal plant]].<ref name="usda">.</ref>  The bark is the most-used part of the tree for this.  An extract of grated bark is taken for [[liver]] problems.  A syrup of the bark and [[resin]] is used to treat [[upper respiratory infection]]s and ''[[angina pectoris]]''.  Bark extract is taken for treating [[gonorrhea]].  Small amounts of roasted, powdered seeds are snuffed for [[headache]]s and colds.<ref name="herbo">.</ref>

=== Ornamental tree ===
The tree is an [[ornamental plant]], and it is especially useful as an urban tree.<ref name="usda">.</ref>

=== Tannin ===
The tree's bark contains 15.38% [[tannin]].  The seed pods contain 3% tannin and the heartwood contains 1.8%.<ref name="usda">.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=cMSFT5K3C9wC&pg=PA75&ots=YxrR7rDmPa&dq=%22anadenanthera+peregrina%22&sig=q5kJzixY03o-gr8tp9fikXovnqY#PPA96,M1 Google Books] ''Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America'' By Constantino Manuel Torres, David B. Repke p. 96</ref>

=== Wood ===
The wood is very hard and it dulls [[cutting tools]].  The [[heartwood]] is quite durable.  The tree's wood is used for outdoor construction, marine applications, [[railroad tie]]s and implement handles.<ref name="usda">.</ref>

== Alkaloids ==
[[Bufotenin]] and [[Dimethyltryptamine]] have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, [[5-MeO-DMT]] from the bark of the stems.<ref name="herbo">.</ref>  The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/archive/sonoran_desert_toad/ott.htm Erowid]</ref>

== Conservation ==
''A. colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' is very much sought for its wood and bark (for medicinal purposes) and so it is being destructively cut down by industry.  Since the tree is beautiful and useful, calls are being made to plant trees near communities that use them, so that sustainable harvesting of the tree can be accomplished.<ref>[http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-33062005000100004&script=sci_arttext Acta Botanica Brasilica]
Print ISSN 0102-3306
Acta Bot. Bras. vol.19 no.1  São Paulo Jan./Mar. 2005
Use of plant resources in a seasonal dry forest (Northeastern Brazil)</ref>  

== Propagation ==
The seeds can be placed between a folded damp paper towel in a sealable plastic sandwich bag for a few days until the seeds sprout.  They can then be planted 1cm deep in well-drained containers.<ref>[http://www.plot55.com/growing/a.colubrina.html Growing Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil Plot55]</ref>  Once watered, is important to let the growing medium dry out well, before watering again.<ref>[http://www.lila.info/document_view.phtml?document_id=89 Lila]</ref>

== References ==
<References/>

==See also==
*''[[Anadenanthera colubrina]]''
*[[List of honey plants]]
*[[List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil]]
*[[List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil]]

==External links==
*[http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/vrrc/med/FABA-anad-macr-bra-2082419.jpg ''Anandenanthera macrocarpa'' Click on Image (www.fieldmuseum.org)]
*[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~15575&genus~Anadenanthera&species~macrocarpa ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' (ILDIS)]
*{{pt icon}} [http://www.ipef.br/identificacao/nativas/detalhes.asp?codigo=10 ''Anadenanthera macrocarpa'']
* [http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&ie=ISO-8859-1&oe=ISO-8859-1&q=cebil&btnG=Search+Images&gbv=1 ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' Photos -- Google Images]
* [http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?w3till=MOA-02456_001.jpg ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' Photo]
*[http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast Current Specimen List for ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil''] 


[[Category:Anadenanthera]]
[[Category:Trees of Argentina]]
[[Category:Trees of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Trees of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Trees of Peru]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]