View source for Clematis

__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''Clematis''
| common_names = Clematis
| growth_habit = vines
| high = ?   <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
| wide =     <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
| origin = ?   <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
| lifespan = perennial{{SSN}}
| exposure = vines in sun, roots cool{{SSN}}
| water = regular{{SSN}}
| features = flowers{{SSN}}
| hardiness =     <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
| bloom =     <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
| usda_zones = ?   <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
| sunset_zones = vary by species{{SSN}}
| color = IndianRed
| image = Clematis hybrid.jpg
| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = Clematis hybrid
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio = Magnoliophyta
| classis = Magnoliopsida
| ordo = Ranunculales
| familia = Ranunculaceae
| genus = Clematis
}}
{{Inc|
[[Image:Clematis2.jpg|right|thumb|Purple clematis]]
[[Image:Clematis Montana 02.jpg|thumb|''Clematis montana'']]
Clematis (Greek name of a climbing plant). Ranunculaceae. Familiar garden plants, prized for their handsome and often very showy flowers followed in many species by attractive feathery-tailed fruits.

Climbing vines, or erect or ascending perennial herbs, more or less woody: lvs. opposite, mostly slender petioled, usually pinnately compound, lobed, or in some species entire and rarely sessile: sepals usually 4 or 5, sometimes more, valvate in the bud, rarely imbricate, petaloid; petals none (or small in Atragene section, usually considered as petaloid staminodes); stamens many; pistils many: achenes in a head, 1-seeded; style persistent, long, plumose, silky or naked. Fig. 983.—About 150 species of very wide geographical distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. About 20 species found native in N. Amer. and about 80 in E. Asia. Les Clematites, Alphonse Lavallee, Paris, 1884; referred to below by "Lav."—The Clematis as a Garden Flower, Thomas Moore and George Jackman, London, 1872; referred to below by "M. & J."—Clematises, Dr. Jules le Belc, in Bull, de la Societe d'Hort. De la Sarthe; republished in The Garden (vol. 53), June-Oct., 1898.—O. Kuntze, Monogr. der Gattung Clematis in Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885).—A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1:4-9, 1895.—Finet & Gagnepain, Contrib. Fl. As. Orient 1:1-42 (1905).

The kinds of clematis

The hybrid varieties of Clematis, commonly known as the large-flowering sorts, are, when successfully grown, among the most beautiful of hardy climbing plants. The commercial propagation and growing of most of the large-flowering varieties, however, is attended with so many difficulties and disappointments that it has never been very generally attempted by nurserymen or florists in this country. At the present time there are scarcely half a dozen houses on this continent who attempt the propagation of clematis to any considerable extent, and it is only within the past thirty years that clematises have been commercially grown even by this limited number. Prior to that, practically all of the large-flowering clematises planted in this country were imported from Europe, the major part being supplied by Holland, whose moist atmosphere and black soil produces large, vigorous plants, out whose climatic conditions are so entirely different from those usually found in this country that the plants often failed to adapt themselves to their new surroundings, and did not thrive to the extent that their good size and vigorous condition seemed to give promise.

Clematises hybridize so readily that the number of varieties resultant from various crosses forms a long list. But while so many have been dignified with names and places in the catalogues of nurserymen, yet the varieties of large-flowering clematis that have proved so valuable as to secure permanent places for themselves in popular demand can almost be counted upon one's fingers. There are many varieties possessing most beautiful shades and variations of coloring that fail to attain popularity, chiefly on account of deficiency in two essential characteristics—vigorous habit of growth and abundance of bloom. Clematis Jackmanii, purple, originated in 1862, by Mr. George Jackman, was one of the first hybrid clematises introduced, and still stands as the most popular, and, of its color, the most valuable variety yet known. The variety, Madame Edouard Andre, a deep rich crimson, is distinct and novel, being at this time about the best large-flowering sort of a truly crimson shade. It is not quite so vigorous habit as the Jackmanii, but its flowers are similarly massed, though not produced in quite such profusion. Clematis Madame Baron Veillard is a distinct variety. It is of exceedingly vigorous habit, and the flowers are quite freely produced, though, being more dispersed over the plant, they do not make so much of a show as do varieties whose flowers are closely massed. The flowers are of very large size and of a light rose-color, shaded with lilac. Of white varieties, Henryi, Mrs. George Jackman and Lanuginosa Candida, all of them introduced long ago, still remain about the most desirable ones known. Ramona, deep sky-blue, is a variety which originated some twenty- five years ago. It is of extra-large size often 9 to 10 inches across, of very vigorous habit and free- flowering.

Of double-flowered varieties, Duchess of Edinburgh, white, is the best known in this country, and about the most desirable. John Gould Veitch is a double sort with flowers of lavender-blue, but has seemed a shy bloomer and of weak habit. Mme. Grange (purplish violet), Star of India (purple), Velutina Purpurea (purple), and Viticella Venosa (reddish purple), are all desirable varieties.

Although they are in reality slightly less hardy than the Florida and Patens types, varieties of the Lanuginosa, Viticella and Jackmanii types, which produce their flowers from young growing wood, are recommended for northern localities. Plants of these types, even if frozen back to the ground, will still produce a good show of flowers, since, as stated, they bloom from the recent vigorous wood, even if the old tops are killed. Indeed, they need to be pruned back considerably anyway to induce a free growth of young vigorous blooming wood. With plants of the Patens and Florida types, however, which blossom from year-old wood, a severe freezing back of the plants would destroy the crop of flowers for the year.

Of the small-flowering varieties, Clematis paniculata (white), introduced from Japan, has proved to be a wonderfully valuable acquisition in this country, and has become exceedingly popular. It is of remarkably vigorous habit, often making a growth of 20 to 25 feet in a season. It seems thus far to be entirely free from disease, is delightfully fragrant, and so floriferous that the blossoms form a dense sheet of bloom, remaining in full beauty for several weeks. The foliage is very thick and heavy, thus making it very desirable for covering porches and arbors.

Crispa (blue) and texensis (red) are species with very pretty, bell-shaped flowers. They are easily grown and do well in almost all situations.

The perennial, non-climbing varieties of clematis are most pleasing border plants, succeeding well in all ordinary soils and making a rich show of bloom at their flowering season. Davidiana (blue) and recta (white) are about the best known and most desirable varieties of this class.
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==Cultivation==
{{Inc|
To grow clematis most successfully, they should be given a good depth of loamy soil, with a fair supply of well-rotted manure spaded in and thoroughly distributed through the soil. In hot, dry weather, the plants should be regularly watered in order to obtain the greatest number of flowers possible, for the plants are very susceptible to injury by drought. A point of great importance, especially in caring for newly set plants, is to provide a firm support for them to climb upon. A solid wooden or metal trellis is preferable, for the reason that it prevents the plants from being whipped about by the winds, which often results in breaking the stalks just above the ground or else in cracking the outer bark of the stalks and rendering them more liable to the attacks of insects and fungous diseases. Training the vines upon strings, or a pliable support of any kind, is not to be advised for this reason. Propagation of the hybrid varieties is effected both by cuttings and by grafts. All of the type varieties grow readily from seed.

The culture of clematises.

A rich soil of a light, loamy character is the best for clematises, and a little mixture of lime will make it better. The soil must be well drained, and must be kept rich by at least annual applications of horse- or cow-manure. On dry, hot soils cow-manure is best, while on heavy soils a thorough dressing of rich leaf- mold would best serve the purpose. Mulching with half-rotted manure on the approach of winter tends to increase the strength of the plants and the size of the flowers. In dry seasons, spraying is always helpful during the growing period.

Clematises belonging to the Montana, Patens, Florida, and Lanuginosa types should be pruned in February or March, by cutting away all weak, straggling and overcrowded branches. The first three mentioned flower from the ripened wood; it is essential, therefore, that in order to secure blossoms, enough of the strong one-year-old wood should be retained, viticella, Jackmanii and Lanuginosa should be vigorously cut back, say in November; they blossom from the new shoots. Those of the Patens type should be pruned very little, soon after the flowers have disappeared, by simply trimming off useless branches and seed-bearing peduncles.

Clematises of the vigorous climbing varieties are used in many places to cover walls, root-fences, mounds, arbors, balconies, trellises, small buildings, and, in fact, many other places the ingenious gardener will think of. For pot culture in the greenhouse, and for conservatory walls, the less vigorous species are best suited. All the many varieties and hybrids of the Patens and Lanuginosa types, including Henryi and the forms of Jackmanii, are well adapted to this use, as well as for outdoor purposes. The dwarfer and more bushy species are used in greenhouses to some extent, but are found principally in borders or on large rockeries. Of the latter J. B. Keller says: "Their flowers are not so large as we see them in most of the climbers, yet they are indispensable in the flower-garden, being prolific bloomers and free growers in ordinarily rich, deep garden soil. There is room for improvement in this class, however, and specialists, who hitherto have done so much for the cumbers, ought to direct their efforts now to the long-neglected bush clematises. A noble beginning has been made, resulting in the large- flowering C. Durandii, but we expect more of them in the future." Sec special notes on culture and hybrid forming qualities after the descriptions of some of the species and varieties.

C. acutangula. Hook. f, & Thoms. Allied to C. lasiandra. Sts. deeply grooved: lvs. bipinnate, with ovate or ovate-lanceolate crenate lfts. : fls. axillary, brownish yellow, with the sepals winged on the back. Sept., Oct. Himalayas. Not hardy N. — C. Addisonii, Brit. Allied to C. Viorna. Upright herb; glabrous: lower lvs. simple, upper pinnate: fls. purplish. May, June. Va. and N. C. G.F. 9:325.-C. angustifolia, Jacq. Allied to C. recta. Lvs. pinnate with simple or 3-parted linear lfts. : fls. solitary or in 3's with 4-8 sepals.S. Eu. R.F.G. 4:62 (4665). — C. aristata, R. Br. Allied to C. indivisa. Evergreen: lvs. ternate, with ovate to ovate-lanceolate, cordate lfts.: fls. dioecious, white, in few-fld. axillary corymbs, 2 in. across, fragrant. Austral. B.R. 3:238 and L. B.C. 7:620 (pistillate plant). G.C. III. 32:55 (staminate plant). Var. Dennisae, Guilf. (C. Sanderi, Wats.). Fls. with salmon-red filaments. B.M. 8367. Tender. — C. barbellata, Edgew. Allied to C. montana. Lfts. ovate-lanceolate, toothed: fls. solitary, large, dull purple: achenes glabrous. Himalaya. R.H. 1858, p. 407. B.M. 4794. F.S. 9:956. — C. Benthamiana, Hemsl. (C. terniflora, Benth. not DC.). Allied to C. Meyeniana and C. chinensis. Lfts. 5, broadly ovate, subcordate, sparingly pubescent. 1½-2 in. long: fls. in axillary and terminal panicles, white, ½ in. across. China. — Of no particular ornamental value.— C. brachiata. Thunb. Climbing; pubescent: lvs. bipinnate or the upper pinnate; lfts. ovate, coarsely toothed : fls. greenish white, in axillary' panicles, fragrant, 1-1½ in. across; sepals spreading obtuse; filaments hairy at the base. S. Afr. B.R. 2:97. G.C. III. 30:367. Tender.— C. brachyura, Maxim. Similar to C. recta. Herbaceous, upright: lvs. pinnate with 3-5 ovate, 3-nerved lfts.: fls. axillary, solitary, white; sepals glabrous except at the margin: achenes few with short pubescent style. Korea. — C. Buchananiana, DC. Allied to C. nutans. Large climber, hairy: lvs. pinnate; lfts. broadly ovate, serrate or lobed: fls. in panicles, tubular; sepals ribbed. Himalaya. See also C. nutans var. thyrsoidea. — C. chinensis, Retz. Allied to C. Meyeniana. Lfts. 5, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, ¾-1½ in. long: fls. in axillary and terminal panicles. China. — C. chrysocoma, Franch. Allied to C. montana. Upright shrub: Lfts. obovate with few coarse teeth, ¾-1¾ in. long, yellowish silky-pubescent beneath: fls. axillary, 1-3, 2 in. across; sepals white with pink margin. China. B.M. 8395.— C. connata, DC. Allied to C. nutans. Large climber; glabrous: Lfts. 3-7, broadly ovate, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous, cordate at base, coarsely serrate, often 3-lobed, 2-4 in. long: fls. ¾-1 in. long, in many-fld. panicles. Himalayas. G.F. 4:235. — C. Delavayi, Franch. Allied to C. recta. Upright shrub: lvs. pinnate; Lfts. 9-11, ovate, entire, silvery white beneath, ⅓-½ in. long: fls. white, slender-stalked, 3-5, terminal, about 1 in. across. W. China. Very distinct, but apparently not hardy N. — C. Gebleriana. Bong.=C. songarica var. Gebleriana. — C. Gouriana, Roxbg. Allied to C. grata. Tall climber; usually glabrous: Lvs. pinnate or bipinnate; Lfts. ovate-oblong, glabrous above, pubescent or sometimes glabrous beneath: fls. ⅓-½ in. across, white, in large panicles. Himalayas. S. Asia., Philippine Isls. Wight. Icon. 933-4.-C. grewiaeflora, DC. Allied to C. nutans. Tall woody climber; densely tomentose: Lfts. 3-5, broadly ovate, cordate, serrate, usually deeply 5-lobed, 3—4 in. long: fls. 1½ in. long, tubular-campanulate, tawny yellow. Himalayas. B.M. 6369. — Very distinct, but only for warmer regions. — C. hexapetala, Forst. (C. hexasepala, DC.). Allied to C. indivisa. Lvs. ternate; Lfts. coarsely dentate or lobed: fls. dioecious, in axillary cymes, greenish white, fragrant, 1 in. across. New Zeal. B.R. 32:44.-C. koreana, Komarov. Allied to C. alpina. Lvs. ternate or biternate; Lfts. ovate, cordate, coarsely toothed: fls. yellow or violet; sepals about 1 in. long; staminode. spatulate, narrow. Korea. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22 : 6. — C. macropetala, Ledeb. Allied to C. alpina. Lvs. ternate or biternate; Lfts. coarsely serrate or nearly entire: fls. large, violet: petaloid staminodes lanceolate, little shorter than sepals. N. China. Gt. 19:651. — C. mendocina, Phil. Allied to C. ligusticifolia. Lower Lfts. 3-parted or 3-lobed, segms. lanceolate: fls. monoecious, white, in panicles; sepals sparingly hairy inside: tails of achenes very long. Sept., Oct. Chile. Tender. — C. Pierotii, Miq. Allied to C. brevicaudata. Slender climber: Lvs. biternate; Lfts. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, 1½- 2½ in. long: fls. white, ¼in. across, solitary, or in 3-fld., rarely many-fld. cymes: achenes glabrous, with rather short plumose tails. Aug. Japan. — C. quinquefoliolata, Hutchinson (C. Meyeniana var. heterophylla, Gagnep.). Allied to C. Meyeniana. Lfts. 5. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 3 in. long: cymes few-fld., shorter than the Lvs.: tails of fr. fulvous. Cent. China. V.F. 3.— C. Sanderi, Wats.=C. aristata var. Dennissae.—C. smilacifolia, Wall. Tall woody climber: Lvs. simple, ovate usually cordate, entire, 3-10 in. long, rarely ternate: fls. 1-1½ in. across, brownish tomentose outside, purple inside, in axillary panicles: achenes with long feathery toil. B.M. 4259. F.S. 2, pt. 12:3. G.C. III. 30:466. —C- songarica, Bunge. Allied to C. recta. Shrubby, upright: Lvs. simple, thickish, grayish green, usually lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate: fls. yellowish white, in terminal and axillary cymes; sepals glabrous inside. Turkestan, Mongolia. Var. Gebleriana, Kuntze (C. Gebleriana, Bong.). Lvs. thinner, more serrate, green. —C. Sukadorfii, Robins. Allied to C. ligusticifolia. Lfts. 5, ovate, to ovate-oblong, 1-1½ in. long: fls. in axillary racemes or panicles, white, 1 in. across; sepals reflexed: achenes few. Brit. Col. G.F. 9:255.—C. Thunbergii, Steud. Climbing, pubescent or glabrous: Lvs. pinnate with ovate to lanceolate, often 3-lobed or 3-parted Lfts.: fls. in axillary panicles: sepals spreading, lanceolate; filaments hairy at the base. S. Afr. G.C. III. 50:253. K. C. Davis. Alfred Rehder.
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===Propagation===
{{Inc|
The propagation of clematis throughout Europe is usually effected by grafting pieces of well-ripened, year-old wood upon roots of almost any of the more vigorous-growing species, Clematis Flammula being most commonly used. In this country, on the contrary, the method commonly pursued is by means of cuttings from young wood, stuck in sand, with gentle bottom heat, usually during May or June. So far as concerns the comparative vigor and desirability of plants produced by these two methods, there is small choice between them. Propagation by cuttings is, in this country, the more rapid and economical way, and further, it removes the possibility, sometimes realized in grafted plants, of sprouts being thrown up from the roots, and, if in the hands of an uninformed amateur, entirely "running out" the variety grafted in; thus considerable annoyance is avoided.

The most common method of propagation is by grafting. Roots of C. Flammula or C. Viticella are used; the cions are taken from plants that have been grown under glass, and are used before the wood is entirely ripe. Cions taken from plants grown in the garden in summer are rarely successful. The grafts, in pots or trays, are grown in a moist coolhouse, over gentle bottom heat. Another method of propagation, involving less labor but usually successful, is to take cuttings of nearly ripe wood, grown under glass, and treat them as the cions first above mentioned, without the roots. The latter method is practised preferably in summer in gentle hotbeds; shading, spraying, and later on airing, must be strictly attended to. Layering is practised when large old stools are at hand. The knife is not used in the operation, but a twist of the stem will split the inner bark lengthwise. Every other joint is thus treated, pegged down, and covered with soil. It is best to leave the layers undisturbed until the following spring. Many of the species are often propagated by seed, and many new varieties have thus been secured. The number of hybrids is almost countless; in this account are carefully recorded those in the American trade which are traceable to their origin. The clematis is subject to a very serious disease, due to the depredations of a nematode worm in the roots. This trouble is most serious under glass and alongside buildings where the ground does not freeze deep. The parasite is probably distributed in the soil adhering to pot-grown plants. It is probable that hard freezing kills the parasite. There is no remedy; so far as known, for affected plants. Using only soil which has been frozen is to be recommended to the propagator.
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===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->

==Species==
[[Image:Clematis_vitalba.JPG|right|thumb|Flowers of ''Clematis vitalba'']]
[[Image:Old man's beard Clematis vitalba seeds.jpg|right|thumb|Seed heads of ''Clematis vitalba'' growing in a [[hedge]], showing why it is known colloquially as "Old man's beard"]]
[[Image:Clematis macro 1.JPG|right|thumb|Closeup of a Clematis flower]]
[[Image:Clematis seeds.jpg|thumb|Macro of seeds]]
A partial list of species{{wp}}:
*''[[Clematis addisonii]]'' - Addison's Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis albicoma]]'' - Whitehair Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis alpina]]'' - Alpine Clematis, a hardy clematis flowering in August
*''[[Clematis armandii]]'' - includes the 'Apple Blossom' and 'Snowdrift' cultivars.
*''[[Clematis baldwinii]]'' - Pine Hyacinth
*''[[Clematis bigelovii]]'' - Bigelow Clematis
*''[[Clematis campaniflora]]'' - Portuguese Clematis
*''[[Clematis caracasana]]'' - Clematis
*''[[Clematis catesbyana]]'' - Satin curls
*''[[Clematis cirrhosa]]'' - includes the 'Freckles,' 'Wisley Cream,' 'Jingle Bells,' and 'balearica' cultivars.
*''[[Clematis coactilis]]'' - Virginia Whitehair Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis columbiana]]'' - British Columbia Virgin's-bower
*''[[Clematis crispa]]'' - Curly Virginsbower
*''[[Clematis dioica]]'' - Cabellos de Angel
*''[[Clematis drummondii]]'' - Drummond Clematis
*''[[Clematis durandii]]''
*''[[Clematis flammula]]'' - Fragrant Virgin's Bower
*''[[Clematis florida]]'' - Asian Clematis
*''[[Clematis fremontii]]'' - Fremont's Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis glaucophylla]]'' - Whiteleaf Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis hirsutissima]]'' - Hairy Clematis
*''[[Clematis integrifolia]]''
*''[[Clematis x jackmanii]]'' - Jackman's Clematis, also includes Polish Spirit, though this cultivar is sometimes listed under viticella
*''[[Clematis lasiantha]]'' - [[Pipestem Clematis]]
*''[[Clematis ligusticifolia]]'' - Virgin's Bower
*''[[Clematis macropetala]]''
*''[[Clematis marmoraria]]'' - New Zealand Dwarf Clematis
*''[[Clematis montana]]'' - Anemone Clematis
*''[[Clematis morefieldii]]'' - Huntsville Vasevine
*''[[Clematis occidentalis]]'' - Western Blue Virginsbower
*''[[Clematis ochroleuca]]'' - Curlyheads
*''[[Clematis orientalis]]'' - Chinese Clematis
*''[[Clematis palmeri]]'' - Palmer Clematis
*''[[Clematis pauciflora]]'' - Ropevine Clematis
*''[[Clematis pitcheri]]'' - Bluebill
*''[[Clematis pubescens]]''
*''[[Clematis recta]]'' - Ground Clematis
*''[[Clematis reticulata]]'' - Netleaf Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis socialis]]'' - Alabama Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis stans]]'' - Kusabotan
*''[[Clematis tangutica]]'' - Golden Clematis
*''[[Clematis terniflora]]'' - Leatherleaf Clematis
*''[[Clematis ternifolia]]'' - aka Clematis paniculata
*''[[Clematis texensis]]'' - Scarlet Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis versicolor]]'' - Manycolored Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis viorna]]'' - Vasevine or Traveller's joy
*''[[Clematis virginiana]]'' - Devil's Darning Needles, Virginia Bower
*''[[Clematis vitalba]]'' - Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard
*''[[Clematis viticaulis]]'' - Millboro Leather Flower
*''[[Clematis viticella]]'' - Italian Clematis, may also include Polish Spirit

{{Inc|
The following are supposed to be hybrids of this species: C cylindrica, Sims (xC. crispa, C. integrifolia var. diversifolia, Hort. C. integrifolia var. pinnata, Hort.). Lvs. more or less irregularly lobed or pinnate: fls. solitary, cylindric-campanulate with the sepals more or less recurved from the middle, blue or bluish-violet. B.M. 1160. Lav. 13. G.W. 14, pp. 562-3. R.H. 1856:341. Here also belongs probably C. divaritica, Jacq., with short-petioled  pinnate lvs. and blue, less spreading sepals.

A hybrid of this species is C. Jouiniana, Schneid. (var. Davidiana XC. Vitalba). Half-climbing, to 6ft.: fls. in large panicles, bluish white, first tubular with the sepals finally spreading. G.C. III. 51:34. Another hybrid is C. Davidiana hybrida, Lem. (var. Davidiana x C. stans) of which Lemoine advertises several named forms varying from light to deep blue; very floriferous.

The following are garden varieties: 
Var. albiflora, Kuntze. Fls. white.

Var. rubra, Hort. Fls. purple.—Var. rubra grandiflora, Jackman, has larger bright crimson fls. and 6 sepals. F.S. 20:2053 (1783). F. 1872:265.

Var. kermesina, Lem. (C. kermesina. Hort.). Fls. of bright wine red color, purple being absent. Gn. 39:30.

Var. lilacina-floribunda, Hort. (C. lilacina-floribunda, Hort. C. floribunda, Hort.). Fls. pale gray-lilac, conspicuously veined. Gn. 18, p. 389 (note).—An abundant bloomer. Produced in an English garden in 1880.

Lady Bovill. Jackman (C. Lady Bovill, Hort.). Fls. cup- formed, sepals being concave and little or not at all recurved at the ends, fls. 4 in. across; sepals 4-6, grayish blue; stamens light brown. M. & J. 15. R.H. 1876:190.

Var. mormorata, Jackman. (C. marmorata, Hort.), Fls. rather small, with 4 broad sepals, light grayish blue with darker veins, 3 longitudinal bars. M. & J. 1, f. 2; same plate in F.S. 20:2050-55 (2008). F. 1872:265.
Hybrids of C. Viticella which are closely allied to that type:

C. eriostemon, Decne.( x C. integrifolia; C. Hendersonii, Henderson. C. Chandleri, Hort.) Fig. 985. St. and habit of C.Viticella: lfts. and fls much like C. integrifolia: climbing 8-10 ft.: 4 blue sepals, spreading, reflexed at the tips. R.H. 1852 341. F.S. 13:1364 var. venosa). Lav.12. Here belong also: intermedia, Bonamy, smaller, with more pubescent branchlets paler fls. C. Bergeronii, Lav., resembling more C. integrifolia: lvs. usually entire: fls. pink about 2 in. across terminal panicles. Lav.10. C. distorta, Lav. with rosy-lilac twisted sepals. Lav.11. C. Boskoop, Hort. (C. Boskoop Seedling Hort. syn. C. V. X C. Integrifolia). A new race in 1892 growing 3-5 ft.:fls Blue, lavender, rose reddish rose.

C. violacea, DC (X C. Flammula). Fls. in several- to many-fld. terminal panicles, pale violet, about 1 in. across; petals sometimes 6. Here belongs also: C. Othello, Cripps (syn. C. V. var. rubra X C. Flammula). Fls. of medium size, of a deep velvety purple; continues blooming until Oct.—C. rubro-marginata, Jouin (C. Flammula var. rubromarginata, Cripp.). Similar to C. Flammula; sepals white bordered reddish violet.

C. parviflora, DC. (x C. campaniflora; C. revoluta, Deaf.). Fls. white, small, scarcely 1 in. across, sometimes larger: achenes with the tail usually pubescent at the base. A.P. De Candolle, Pl. Rar. Geneve. 12.—Of no ornamental value.

C.venosa, Krampen ( x C. florida; C. florida var. venosa, Lav.). Similar to C. florida, but petals obovate. Lav. 6. R.H. 1860, p. 183 G 2-251 G.Z. 6:160. F.S. 13:1364. Here also belongs Louise Carriere; fls. lilac with paler veins. R.H. 1880:10 and several forms described by Carriere as C. contorta, C. atroviolacea and C. Viticella alba. R.H. 1879:350.
For other hybrids of this species see C. Guascoi, Lem., under C. patens, C. splendida under C. lanuginosa as form of C. Jackmanii.

Belle of Woking. A hybrid form: fls. very full and double; sepals purple.

John Gould Veitch (C. Veitchii. Hort.). Fls. velvet, double, resembling var. Fortunei, except in the color of- the sepals. From Japanese gardens. F.S. 18:1875-6.

Hybrids of this species are: C. venosa, Krampen, see C. Viticella; C. Lawsoniana, see C. lanuginosa.

Forms of C. lanuginosa are:

Var. candida, Lemoine (C. Candida, Hort.). Like the type, except that the simple lvs. and lfts. of the compound lvs.  are much larger, and the fls. are larger, being 7-8 in. across, and white with a purplish shading around the margins. F.M. 5:310. V. 6:225.— Perhaps a hybrid of C. patens.

Var. nivea, Lemoine (C. nivea, Hort.). Sepals 6-8, narrowish, pure white; anthers pale brown.—Thought to be of same origin as the above var.

alba magna, Jackman. Fls. very large, pure white, with about6 broad sepals and purplish brown anthers. G.C. II. 3:685.

Lady Caroline Nevill, Cripps. Fls. often 7 in. across; sepals 6, nearly white, with mauve - colored stripe down center of each. Gn. 46, p. 33.—- One of the finest light-colored varieties.

Princess of Wales, Jackman. Fls. 6 in. across; sepals 8, satiny bluish mauve, very broad. G.C. III. 27:53. Gn. 59, p. 366.

Marie Lefebvre, Cripps. Resembles the last, but has 8 sepals, more pointed, and darker in shade.

Perfection, Froebel. Fls. very large; sepals 8, very broad, lilac-mauve. R.B. 6:193.

Sensation, Cripps. Fls. like the type, but with 6-7 grayish blue sepals, 6 in. across.

Madame Emile Sorbet, Paillet. Fls. bright blue. 

Madame Van Houtte, Cripps. Late-blooming; sepals pale blue, becoming white.

Madame Thibaut. Fls. very abundant.— Thought to be a hybrid with C. Viticella.

The President, Noble. A rich violet- blue fl.

Excelsior, Cripps. Fls. double; sepals grayish purple, with a reddish bar down the center of each. F.S. 20:2055.

violacea. Noble. Fls. violet-blue, 7 in. across. F.M. 1876:217.

Robert Hanbury, Jackman. Sepals bluish lilac, flushed at the edges with red, and the bar slightly tinted with red. Gn. 16:128.

This species has given rise to numerous beautiful hybrids which in many cases are the product of so much intercrossing that it is impossible to recognize the exact parentage. By far the most important group of these hybrids may be classed under C, Jackmanii, which, however, by some is considered not a hybrid, but a species intro. from Japan.

C. Jackmanii, Moore (C. lanuginosa X C. Hendersonii and C. lanuginosa X C. Viticella. C. hakonensis, Franch. & Sav.). Fig. 987. Habit and lvs. of C. lanuginosa: fls. flat, 5-6 in. broad, usually in 3's and forming panicles at the ends of the branches; sepals 4-6. very broad, velvety purple, with a ribbed bar down the center; broad, central tuft of pale green stamens. Var. alba, Hort. Fls. nearly pure white. Var. rubella, Jackman. Fls. deep velvety reddish violet. Var. superba, Hort. Fls. violet- purple, resembling C. Madame Grange.

Also the following hybrids are to be classed under C. Jackmanii: modesta, Modeste - Guerin (syn. C.V.x C.lanuginosa). Fls. well expanded, large, bright blue, bars deeper colored. fulgens, Simon Louis (syn. C.V. var. grandiflora x C. lanuginosa). Sepals 5-6, rather narrow, dark purple to blackish crimson, velvety, edges somewhat serrate, purpurea- hybrida, Modeste- Guerin (syn. C. V. X C. Jackmanii). Fls. 4-6 in. across, deep purple-violet, with red veins, but not barred. rubro -violacea, Jackman (C. lanuginosa x C. Viticella var. atrorubens). Lvs. pinnate, with ovate-acuminate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate lfts.: sepals 4-6, maroon-purple with a reddish bar; stamens greenish. Var. Prince of Wales, Hort., has fls. of lighter tint. La France, Gegu (C. lanuginose X C. Jackmanii). Lvs. smooth: buds woolly; sepals deep cobalt-blue, pointed, with wavy edges. Reine des Bleues, Boisselot (same cross as the last). Fls. large, blue, with broad, recurved sepals, detoniensis, Lem. (same cross). Fls. 8-9 in. across; sepals 8, delicate lavender-blue. splendida, Simon-Louis (x C. Viticella). Fls. very dark purple, changing to reddish violet.

Gipsy Queen, Cripps. Deep violet. Alexandra, Jackman. Reddish violet. Star of India, Cripps. Five in. across, purple, barred with red. tunbridgensis, Cripps. Reddish purple, barred with light blue. Lav. 4 bis. magnifica, Jackman. Rich purple, shaded with crimson, 3 bars of red in each sepal. Madame Grange, Hort. Sepals very concave, purple-crimson. Mrs. James Bateman, Noble. Palo lavender; a probable cross of C. J. with C. lanuginosa. Mrs. Moore, Jackman. Eight to 9 in. across, sepals rather narrow, white. Thomas Moore, Jackman. As large as the last, rich violet, with white stamens. Madame Baron Veillard, Baron Veil. Rose-lilac. Madame Andre, carmine-violet. telutina-purpurea, Jackman. Fls. 4-6 in. across, usually 4, sometimes 5 or 6 sepals, blackish purple. Francois Morel, Morel. Fls. 4 in. across; sepals usually 4, bright violet- red. Ville de Lyon, Morel. Fls. 5 in. across; sepals usually 6, broad, deep amaranth-red.

Other hybrids of C. lanuginosa are the following: 

C. Durandii, Kuntze (C. integrifolia or possibly C. Jackmanii X C. integrifolia). Upright, to 6 ft.: lvs. simple, petioled: fls. and infl. similar to C. Jackmanii; fls. blue, 4-5 in. broad, flat, with usually 4, rarely 5 or 6 recurved sepals. June-Sept. Gn. 49:98. Gng. 5:276. G. 31:257.—Here belongs probably C. Pellieri. Carr., though the author gives C. lanuginosa Xrecta as the parents. R.H. 1880, p. 228.

C. Lawsoniana, Anderson-Henry (x C. florida var. Fortunei). Fig. 989 (adapted from Floral Magazine, 1872). Fls. very large; sepals 6-8, broad, rose-purple, marked with darker veins. Aug.- Nov. G. 33:411. Var. Symesiana (C. Symesiana, Anderson- Henry. X C. florida var. Fortunei). Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 6-8, pale mauve; a profuse bloomer. Var. Henryi (C. Henryi, Anderson- Henry). Fig. 988. Robust plant; free bloomer: fls. creamy white, becoming fully expanded when grown in the open sun or under glass. Aug.-Nov. Gn.M. 13:348. G.M. 43:318.—It resembles more the lanuginosa parent, It is not to be confused with C. Henryii, Oliv., a Chinese species allied to C. orientalis and not in cult.

C. Gablensii (X C. patens; C. patens var. Gablenzii, Hort.). Lvs. simple or 3-parted, ovate, subcordate: fls. large deep violet-blue; sepals 6-8. G.Z. 14:80.—Here belong also:

Otto Froebel, Lemoine. Lvs. leathery, simple or 3-parted: fls. of fleshy texture, grayish white, sometimes becoming bluish; sepals 8, blunt, broad; anthers brownish. Imperatrice Eugenie, Carre (C. l. var. pallid x C. patens). Lvs. simple or 3-parted; lfts. broad and woolly: fls. 8-9 in. across, with 8 broad, white sepals. Jeanne d' Arc, Dauvesse. Same cross as last and much like it, but the sepals are grayish white, with 3 blue bars down the center of each. Gloire de St. Julien, Carre. (x C. patens var. plena). Plant much like C. lanuginosa, but with larger fls.: sepals 6-8, white or pale gray at first; stamens yellow. Gem. Baker (X C. Standishii). Lvs. 3-parted or simple: fls. like C. lanuginosa in form; grayish blue.

The following other garden varieties or crosses belong here:

Mrs. James Baker. Sepals nearly white, ribbed with dark carmine. Miss Bateman, Noble. Fls. more compact than the type, 6 in. across; sepals ovate, shortly acuminate, pure white, with cream-colored bars; anthers brown. Probably of hybrid origin; allied to var. Standishii. Stella. Jackman. Fls. not so large as the last; sepals deep mauve, with a red bar down the center of each. F.S. 22:2341. Amalia, Sieb. Sepals 6 or more, oblong-lanceolate, light lilac. From Japanese gardens. F.S, 10:1051. Lord Lanesborough, Noble. Sepals bluish lilac, each with a metallic purple bar.—A good variety to gradually force to blossom in the greenhouse by March. Lady Lanesborough, Noble. Sepals silver- gray, the bar being lighter colored.—It will blossom in March in the greenhouse. Marie, Simon-Louis. Fls. darker than the type. Mrs. G. Jackman, Jackman. Sepals blush-white with indistinct wine-red bars. Gn. 16:128. The Queen, Jackman. Fls. rather compact, the sepals being broader than the type. John Murray, Jackman. Habit and foliage bolder than the type: fls. somewhat later. Gn. 46:32. Fair Rosamond, Jackman. Sepals apiculate, broader than the type, and of the same color. F.S. 22:2342. Gn. 16:128. Countess of Lovelace, Jackman. Fls. double, blue- violet; sepals much imbricated. In the second crop of blooms the fls. are single, as is often the case in other double varieties. Albert Victor, Noble. Fls. much like the type, but large and more compact. —Suitable for forcing under  glass. Duchess of Edinburgh, Jackman. Fls.  double, white, strongly imbricated. Marcel Moser, Moser. Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 8, mauve with a reddish violet bar. J. 1897:104; 1900, p. 85. Nelly Moser, Moser. Fls. 5 in. across; sepals 8, mauve-pink, with a darker red bar. R.H. 1898:236. Louis van Houtte, Hort. Semi-double, rosy white. Vesta, Endl. Sepals gray; anthers red. Gt. 39:1333. Gn. 9:408. R.B. 6:193. Helena, Sieb. Fla. pure white, with yellow stamens. F.S. 11:1117. I.H. 1:21. R.H. 1855:341. Louisa, Sieb. Fls. pure white, with purple stamens. F.S. 10:1052. monstrosa. Planch. Fls. semi-double, pure white. F.S. 9:900. R.H. 1856:9. Sophia, Sieb. Sepals deep lilac-purple on the edges, with light green bars. F. 8.8:852. I.H. 1:21. B.H. 4:97. R.H. 1855:461. violacea, Lem. Fls. violet-blue; stamens yellow. I.H. 7:254.
Some double-flowered varieties which possibly belong here are: Snowdrift, with white, very double fls. Gn. 49, p. 189. M.D.G. 1898:496. Ostrich Plume, also white and very double with narrower wavy sepals. M.D.G. 1898:496. Waverly, blue, semi double. M.D.G. 1898:497.

Hybrids of this species are the following: C. Guascoi, Lem. (X C. Viticella). Branches pubescent: lfts. 5, nearly glabrous: fls. solitary, violet-purple, 3 in. across, with 4-6 sepals, strongly 3- nerved, tomentose outside. J.H. 4:117. I.H. 7:226.—C. franco- furtensis. Lav., supposed to be a hybrid of C. Jackmanii (C. hakonensis) and C. patens, is hardly different. Lav. 7 bis.—C. lanuginosa X C. patens, see the preceding species.—C. florida X C. patens. Some believe that C. patens var. Standishii represents this cross.
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==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->

==External links==
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