View source for Glossary of Gardening Terms

Glossary of botanical and horticultural technical terms.

The following set of words includes many descriptive terms used on Plants.am and elsewhere, with explanations of their meaning.

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==A==
''[[Aberrant]]''. Unusual, or exceptional; a plant or structure that varies from customary structure or from the type; used mostly of variation.

''[[Abortive]]''. Defective; barren; not developed.

''[[Abrupt]]''. Changing suddenly rather than gradually, as a [[leaf]] that is narrowed quickly to a point, or a [[pinnate]] leaf that has no terminal [[leaflet]]; not tapering.

''[[Acaulescent]]''. [[Stemless]], or apparently stemless; sometimes the stem is subterranean or protrudes only slightly.

''[[Accessory buds]]''. [[Bud]]s more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Accessory fruit]]''. [[Fruit]]-like body composed of [[pericarp]] and other structure or structures seemingly a part of it, but not originally united with it, as [[wintergreen berry]].

''[[Accrescent]]''. Increasing; becoming larger after [[flower]]ing, as the [[calyx]] in some plants.

''[[Accumbent]]''. Lying against; said of [[cotyledon]]s when the edges are placed against the [[radicle]].

''[[Achene]]'' (akene). A dry [[indehiscent]] one-seeded [[pericarp]].

''[[Achlamydeous]]''. Lacking [[calyx]] or [[corolla]]; [[naked]].

''[[Acinaciform]]''. Shaped like a scimitar; curved, round toward the point, being thicker on the outer side than on the convex or inner side.

''[[Acotyledonous]]''. Without [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Adnate]]''. Grown to, united with another part; as [[stamen]]s with the [[corolla]]-tube or an [[anther]] in its whole length with the [[filament]].

''[[Adventitious buds]]''. [[Bud]]s appearing on occasion, rather than in regular places and order, as those arising about wounds.

''[[Adventive]]''. Said of an introduced plant not yet established; imperfectly or only partially [[naturalize]]d.

''[[Aestivation]]''. The arrangement of [[floral envelope]]s in the [[bud]] (aestivus, ''summer'', when [[flower]]s mostly appear. Vernation is [[leaf]]-arrangement in the bud).

''[[Affinity]]''. A plant or part closely related to another or much resembling it in structure.

''[[Agglomerate]]''. Piled together, heaped up.

''[[Aggregate fruit]]''. One formed by the coherence of [[pistil]]s that were distinct in the [[flower]], as [[blackberry]].

''[[Albumen]]''. Starchy or other nutritive material accompanying the [[embryo]]; commonly used in the sense of [[endosperm]], for the material surrounding the embryo.

''[[Alburnum]]''. The [[sapwood]] or younger wood of a tree.

''[[Alternate]]''. Any arrangement of [[leaves]] or other parts not opposite or [[whorled]]; placed singly at different heights on the [[axis]] or [[stem]].

''[[Alveolate]]''. Honey-combed, or pitted with angular separated depressions.

''[[Ament]]''. Catkin.

''[[Amentiferous]]''. Bearing [[ament]]s or catkins.

''[[Amorphous]]''. Formless; of no definite or constant [[form]].

''[[Amphigean]]''. Of both worlds, the Old and New; said of distribution of plants.

''[[Amphitropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is apparently turned a quarter way around, so that it is half inverted and with the scar or [[hilum]] on the side.

''[[Ampullaceous]]''. Said of plants bearing flask-like parts, as in certain aquatics such as [[Utricularia]].

''[[Analogous]]''. Related in function or use, but not in origin. See ''[[Homologous]]''.

''[[Anastomosing]]''. Netted; interveined; said of [[leaves]] marked by cross-veins forming a network.

''[[Anatropous]]''. Said of a straight [[ovule]] or seed that is inverted, with the [[micropyle]] next the [[hilum]] or scar.

''[[Ander]]''. Male; occurs in combinations as, ''[[monandraus]]'', having one [[stamen]].

''[[Andraeceum]]''. The male or [[stamen]]-bearing part of a flower; the stamens spoken of collectively. See ''[[Gynaecium]]''.

''[[Androphore]]''. The cylinder or column formed by [[monadelphous]] [[filament]]s, as in the [[mallow]] and [[bombax]] tribes.

''[[Angiosperms]]''. Plants that bear the seeds within a [[pericarp]], in distinction from the [[gymnosperm]]s which have naked [[ovule]]s and seeds; having a closed ovary.

''[[Annual]]''. Of one season's duration from [[seed]] to maturity and death.

''[[Anterior]]''. Front; on the front side; away from the axis; toward the subtending [[bract]].

''[[Anther]]''. The pollen-bearing part of the [[stamen]], borne at the top of the [[filament]] or sometimes [[sessile]].

''[[Antheriferous]]''. [[Anther]]-bearing.

''[[Anthesis]]''. [[Flower]]ing; strictly, the time of expansion of a flower, but often used to designate the flowering period; the act of flowering.

''[[Anthocarpous]]''. Said of a body combined of flowers and fruit united into a solid mass, as in the [[pineapple]] or the [[mulberry]].

''[[Anthodium]]''. Flower-head of the [[Composite]]; in common speech this flower-head is erroneously called a "flower."

''[[Antical]]''. Front, anterior.

''[[Apetalous]]''. No [[petal]]s; petals missing.

''[[Apical]]''. At the apex or top.

''[[Apocarpus]]''. [[Carpel]]s not united; see ''[[Syncarpous]]''.

''[[Appendage]]''. An attached subsidiary or secondary part, as a projecting part or a hanging part or supplement.

''[[Appressed]]''. Closely and flatly pressed against; adpressed.

''[[Arachnoid]]''. Cobwebby, by soft and slender entangled hairs; also spider-like.

''[[Areole]]'', areola. A small more or less angular space on a surface, as between network of veins.

''[[Aril]]''. An appendage or an outer covering of a seed, growing out from the [[hilum]] or [[funiculus]]; sometimes it appears as a pulpy covering.

''[[Arillate]]''. Provided with an aril.

''[[Arillode]]''. An [[aril]]-like structure, or false aril; a coating or covering of the seed arising from its own surface, and not from the [[funiculus]].

''[[Armed]]''. Provided with any kind of strong and sharp defense, as of [[thorn]]s, spines, prickles, barbs.

''[[Articulate]]''. Jointed; provided with nodes or joints, or places where separation may naturally take place.

''[[Ascending]]''. Rising up; produced somewhat obliquely or indirectly upward.

''[[Asexual]]''. Sexless; without sex.

''[[Auricle]]''. An ear-shaped part or appendage, as the projections at the base of some leaves and petals.

''[[Awl-shaped]]''. Narrow and sharp-pointed; gradually tapering from base to a slender or stiff point.

''[[Awn]]''. A bristle-like part or appendage.

''[[Axil]]''. Upper angle that a [[petiole]] or [[peduncle]] makes with the stem that bears it.

''[[Axile]]''. Borne in or on the [[axis]], or relating to it.

''[[Axillary]]''. In an [[axil]].

''[[Axis]]''. The main or central line of development of any plant or organ; the main stem.

==B==
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''[[Bacca]]''. A berry.

''[[Baccate]]''. Berry-like; pulpy or fleshy.

''[[Banded]]''. Marked with cross-bars or horizontal lines of color, or with very prominent ribs or other structure.

''[[Barb]]''. A short point or bristle; usually employed to designate points with reflexed or fishhook-like rarely ascending appendages.

''[[Barbulate]]''. With fine beards.

''[[Bark]]''. The word is often used in a general way to designate the softer outer envelope of a stem or root. In this sense, it includes all that peels readily, as the bark of the hemlock and oak, used for tanning leather. In a stricter sense, it is applied to the corky layers formed on the outer surface of woody plants. It is formed from an active layer of tissue,—the phellogen. The bark is developed in different ways on different trees. So distinct are the resulting tissues that species of trees may be readily recognized by their bark alone. Cork of commerce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of southwestern Europe. Inasmuch as the word covers so many structures, it is little used by botanists in technical descriptions.

''[[Bark-grafting]]''. A kind of grafting in which the [[cion]]s are inserted between the bark and wood of a stub; often, but erroneously, called crown-grafting.

''[[Base]]''. The bottom or lower end of a part or structure or organ, even though this part may be uppermost as the organ hangs on the plant.

''[[Basifixed]]''. Attached or fixed by the base, as an [[ovule]] that is affixed to its support by its bottom rather than by its side or by an angle.

''[[Basin]]''. The depression at the apex or blossom-end of an apple or other [[pome]] fruit.

''[[Basinerved]]''. All the ribs or nerves of a leaf or [[petal]] starting from its base.

''[[Bast]]''. The soft part of the fibro-vascular bundles in plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases in thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of basswood have been used in making cordage; also in making strong paper.

''[[Beak]]''. A long prominent and substantial point; applied particularly to prolongations of fruits and [[carpel]]s.

''[[Beard]]''. A long [[awn]] or bristle-like hair.

''[[Berry]]''. Pulpy, indehiscent, few- or many-seeded fruit; technically, the pulpy fruit resulting from a single [[pistil]], containing one or more seeds but no true [[stone]], as the tomato.

''[[Bi-]] or Bis-''. In Latin compounds, signifying ''two'' or ''twice''.

''[[Biauriculate]]'', biaurite. Having two ears.

''[[Bicallose]], bicallous''. Furnished with two [[callosities]], as the [[lip]] of some [[orchid]]s.

''[[Bicrural]]''. With two tails, legs, or slender elongations.

''[[Biennial]]''. Of two seasons' duration from seed to maturity and death.

''[[Bifarious]]''. Arranged in two rows.

''[[Bifid]]''. Two-cleft or two-cut.

''[[Bifoliolate]]''. With two [[leaflet]]s to a leaf.

''[[Biforate]]''. With two openings, pores or [[aperture]]s.

''[[Bigener]]''. Plant arising from a cross between two [[genera]].

''[[Bilabiate]]''. Two-[[lip]]ped, double-lipped.

''[[Bilamellate]]''. Bearing or consisting of two plates.

''[[Bilobed]]''. Two-lobed; parted into two lobes.

''[[Bilocular]]''. Two-celled; with two locules or compartments.

''[[Bipartite]]''. Divided into two parts; separated nearly to base.

''[[Bipinnate]]''. Twice-pinnate; when the primary divisions are [[pinnate]].

''[[Bipinnatifid]]''. Twice-pinnatifid; when [[pinnatifid]] primary parts are pinnately cut.

''[[Biplicate]]''. Bearing two plaits or folds.

''[[Biseptate]]''. Twice-divided; with two partitions.

''[[Biserial]]''. In two series or sets.

''[[Biserrate]]''. Doubly [[serrate]]; the serratures themselves serrate.

''[[Bisexual]]''. Two-sexed; with both stamens and pistils.

''[[Biternate]]''. Twice-ternate; when the divisions of a [[ternate]] leaf are divided into three.

''[[Bivalvular]]''. Two-[[valve]]d.

''[[Bivittate]]''. With two [[vittae]] or oil-tubes.

''[[Bladdery]]''. Inflated; empty, and the walls thin like the bladder of an animal.

''[[Blade]]''. The expanded part of leaf or petal.

''[[Blanching]]''. A whitening or decoloring of the usually green parts of plants, as in celery or endive when it is prepared for use.

''[[Bole]]''. The trunk of a tree, particularly of a large tree.

''[[Boss]]''. A prominent center or projection on a flat and more or less circular surface.

''[[Bottom-heat]]''. A term used to designate the condition that arises when the roots of plants, or the soil in which they grow, are exposed to a higher temperature than that of the air in which the aerial parts are growing.

''[[Brachiate]]''. Branches or parts spreading at nearly right- angles and placed alternately.

''[[Brachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''short'', as brachypodus, ''on a short foot'' or ''stalk''.

''[[Bract]]''. A much-reduced leaf, particularly the small or scale-like leaves in a flower-cluster or associated with the flowers.

''[[Bracteal]]''. Concerning or pertaining to [[bract]]s.

''[[Bracteole]]''. [[Bractlet]].

''[[Bractlet]]''. [[Bract]] born on a secondary [[axis]], as on the [[pedicel]] or even on a [[petiole]].

''[[Breaking]]''. Said when buds start to grow.

''[[Bristly]]''. Bearing stiff strong hairs or bristles.

''[[Bud]]''. An incipient or nascent [[shoot]]; the rudimentary or beginning state of a [[stem]]; particularly, in common speech, a thickened and condensed resting-stage of a shoot, or a flower or leaf before expanding; in [[propagating]], a single [[bud]] used on a [[cutting]] or [[cion]].

''[[Budding]]''. The operation of applying a single [[bud]] to the surface of the growing wood of the stock, with the intention that it shall grow. The bud is usually inserted underneath the [[bark]] of the [[cion]], and is held in place by a bandage. Budding is a part of the general process of [[graft]]ing. Called ''inoculation'' in old writings.

''[[Bulb]]''. A thickened part in a resting state and made up of [[scale]]s or [[plate]]s on a much shortened [[axis]].

''[[Bulbel]]''. A [[bulb]] arising from a mother-bulb.

''[[Bulbiferous]]''. [[Bulb]]-bearing.

''[[Bulblet]]''. Aerial [[bulb]]; a bulb borne above ground, as in the flower-cluster or a leaf-[[axil]].

''[[Bulbo-tuber]]''. [[Corm]].

''[[Bulbous]]''. [[Bulb]]-like; with the structure or the characteristics of a bulb.

''[[Bullate]]''. The surface blistered or puckered, as the leaf of a Savoy cabbage.

''[[Bursicle]]''. A little pouch-like or purse-like receptacle.

''[[Bush]]''. A low and thick shrub, without distinct trunk.

==C==
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''[[Caducous]]''. Falling off early, or prematurely, as the [[sepal]]s in some plants.

''[[Calcarate]]''. Spurred.

''[[Calcariform]]''. Spur-formed; shaped like a [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Calceolate]]''. Slipper-like; having the form of a rounding toed shoe.

''[[Callosity]]''. A thickened and hardened part or protuberance.

''[[Callus]]''. A hard prominence or protuberance; in a cutting or on a severed or injured part, the roll of new covering tissue.

''[[Calycine]]''. Pertaining to a [[calyx]], or calyx-like.

''[[Calyculate]]''. [[Calyx]]-like; bearing a part resembling a calyx; particularly, furnished with bracts against or underneath the calyx resembling a supplementary or outer calyx.

''[[Calyptra]]''. A hood or lid; particularly the hood or cap of the [[capsule]] of a [[moss]].

''[[Calyptriform]]''. Hood-formed; like a cap pulled over.

''[[Calyx]]''. The outer circle of floral envelopes.

''[[Cambium]]''. The growing or nascent tissue lying between the [[xylem]] and [[phloem]] of the fibro-vascular bundle, and therefore on the outside of the woody trunk between wood and [[bast]], or in trees and shrubs between wood and "bark." Its function is to increase the stem in diameter.

''[[Campanulate]]''. Bell-shaped.

''[[Campylotropous]]''. Said of an [[ovule]] or seed so curved or turned on itself as to bring the [[apex]] and [[base]] together.

''[[Canaliculate]]''. Grooved or channeled lengthwise.

''[[Canescent]]''. Gray-pubescent and hoary.

''[[Cap]]''. A convex removable covering of a part, as of a [[capsule]]; in the grape, the [[cohering]] [[petal]]s fall off as a cap.

''[[Capillary]]''. Hair-like; very slender.

''[[Capitate]]''. Headed; in heads; formed like a head; aggregated into a very dense or compact cluster.

''[[Capitulum]]''. Head; a close body of [[sessile]] [[flowers]].

''[[Capsular]]''. Pertaining to a [[capsule]]; formed like a capsule.

''[[Capsule]]''. Compound pod; a dry fruit of more than one [[carpel]], opening at maturity.

''[[Carinate]]''. Keeled; provided with a projecting central longitudinal line or ridge on the lower or under surface.

''[[Carpel]]''. One of the foliar units of a compound pistil; a simple pistil contains one carpel.

''[[Carpophore]]''. Fruit-stalk; stem bearing the [[carpel]]s; particularly, in the [[Umbelliferae]], the slender extended axis that supports the ripe seed-like carpels.

''[[Cartilaginous]]''. Hard and tough, like parchment.

''[[Caruncle]]''. On a seed, a protuberance or growth at or around the [[hilum]].

''[[Caryopsis]]''. An achene-like fruit, with the thin [[pericarp]] or covering grown fast to the seed; it is the characteristic fruit of the cereal grains and other grasses.

''[[Cataphyll]]''. An undeveloped [[leaf]], as at the beginning of a growth.

''[[Catkin]]''. A scaly-bracted spike with declinous flowers; ament; prominent in willows and poplars.

''[[Caudex]]''. Stem, trunk; used particularly to designate the persistent base of an herbaceous stem that is otherwise annual, and also for the stem of tree-ferns and palms.

''[[Caudicle]]''. Little [[stem]], stemlet; stalk of [[pollinium]] in orchids.

''[[Caulescent]]''. More or less stemmed or stem-bearing; having an evident stem above ground.

''[[Caulicle]]''. [[Stemlet]] of the embryo; [[radicle]].

''[[Cauline]]''. Pertaining or belonging to the [[stem]].

''[[Cavity]]''. The depression at the bottom or stem-end of an apple or similar fruit.

''[[Cell]]''. One of the ultimate compartments or vesicles of which plants are composed or made up; also, a cavity or compartment or locule of an ovary or anther.

''[[Cellular]]''. Tissue made up of short thin-walled cells, rather than of fibers or tubes.

''[[Centrifugal]]''. Away from the center.

''[[Centripetal]]''. Toward the center.

''[[Centrum]]''. The central part of any structure; particularly the large central air-space in hollow stems.

''[[Cephalanthium]]''. An old name for the [[flower]]-head of [[composite]]s; anthodium.

''[[Cephalium]]''. The head-like [[stem]]-end of condensed cacti, bearing the flowers and fruits.

''[[Cernuous]]''. Drooping; inclining somewhat from the perpendicular.

''[[Cespitose]]''. Matted; growing in tufts; in little dense clumps; said of low plants that make tufts or turf of their [[basal]] growths.

''[[Chaeta]]''. A bristle; seta.

''[[Chaff]]''. A small thin dry and membranous [[scale]] or [[bract]]; in particular, the bracts in the [[flower]]-heads of composites.

''[[Champain]]''. Expanse of flat, open countryside.

''[[Channeled]]''. Deeply grooved lengthwise; [[canaliculate]].

''[[Chartaceous]]''. Thin, hard and stiff; having the texture of writing-paper.

''[[Chrysos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''golden'' or ''golden yellow''.

''[[Ciliate]]''. Fringed with hairs; bearing hairs on the margin.

''[[Ciliolate]]''. Slightly or minutely [[ciliate]].

''[[Cinereous]]''. Ash-colored; light gray.

''[[Cinnamomeus]]''. Cinnamon-colored.

''[[Cion]]''. The [[bud]] or [[branch]] used in [[graft]]ing; also spelled ''[[scion]]''. 

''[[Circinate]]''. Coiled downward or inward from the top, as the young [[frond]] of a [[fern]] and [[cycas]]. 

''[[Circumscissile]]''. Opening or dehiscing by a line around the [[fruit]] or [[anther]], the [[valve]] usually coming off as a lid. 

''[[Cirrhiferous]]''. [[Tendril]]-bearing. 

''[[Cirrhiform]]''. [[Tendril]]-form. 

''[[Cirrhus]], cirrus''. A [[tendril]]. 

''[[Cladophyllum]]''. A flattened [[leaf]]-like [[branch]], functioning as [[foliage]], as in many [[acacia]]s and in [[asparagus]]. 

''[[Clados]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a ''branch''. 

''[[Clasping]]''. [[Leaf]] partly or wholly surrounding [[stem]]. 

''[[Clavate]]''. Club-shaped; said of a long body thickened toward the top. 

''[[Claw]]''. The long narrow [[petiole]]-like base of the [[petal]]s or [[sepal]]s in some flowers. 

''[[Cleistogamous flowers]]''. Small closed self-fertilized [[flower]]s, as in some [[violet]]s and in many other plants. 

''[[Close fertilization]]''. [[Fecundation]] by [[pollen]] from same [[flower]]; self-fertilization. 

''[[Clove]]''. One of the separable parts of a composite [[bulb]], as of the [[garlic]]. 

''[[Clypeate]]''. With the form of an ancient buckler or round convex shield; shield-like. 

''[[Coalescence]]''. The union of similar parts or organs, or of those in the same series as [[stamen]]s with stamens and [[petal]]s with petals. 

''[[Coarctate]]''. Crowded together. 

''[[Coccus]]''. A [[berry]] (plural cocci); in particular, one of the parts of a lobed fruit with one-seeded cells. 

''[[Cochleariform]]''. Spoon-shaped.

''[[Coherent]]''. Two or more similar parts or organs joined. 

''[[Cohesion]]''. The union of two or more organs of same kind.

''[[Collateral]]''. By the side; standing side by side.

''[[Column]]''. Body formed of union of [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in [[orchid]]s, or of stamens, as in [[mallow]]s. 

''[[Commissure]]''. The place of joining or meeting; as the face by which one [[carpel]] joins another. 

''[[Comose]]''. Bearing a tuft or tufts of hair. 

''[[Complete flower]]''. All parts present. 

''[[Complete leaf]]''. Having [[blade]], [[petiole]], [[stipules]]. 

''[[Complicate]]''. Folded over or back on itself. 

''[[Compound]]''. Of two or more similar parts in one organ. 

''[[Compound leaf]]''. A [[leaf]] with two or more separate [[leaflet]]s; in some cases (as in [[Citrus]]) some of the leaflets may be obsolete and the compound leaf have only one leaflet.

''[[Compound pistil]]''. Of two or more [[carpel]]s united.

''[[Compressed]]''. Flattened, especially flattened laterally.

''[[Conchiform]]''. Shell-form; like one valve of a bivalve shell.

''[[Conduplicate]]''. Two parts folded together lengthwise.

''[[Cone]]''. A dense and usually elongated collection of flowers or fruits borne beneath scales, the whole with [[scale]]s and [[axis]] forming a detachable homogeneous fruit-like body; some cones are of short duration, as the [[staminate]] cones of pines, and others become dry and woody durable parts . 

''[[Confluent]]''. Running together so as to form a single part or organ; blended. 

''[[Conformed]]''. Of the same form or character as something else or as a related part or structure. 

''[[Congested]]''. Crowded very closely together; collected into a mass or body.

''[[Conglobate]]''. Gathered into a ball or globe.

''[[Conglomerate]]''. Clustered; brought together.

''[[Coniferous]]''. [[Cone]]-bearing.

''[[Connate]]''. United or joined; in particular, like or similar structures joined as one body or organ. 

''[[Connective]]''. The filament or tissue connecting the two cells of an [[anther]], particularly when the cells are separated.

''[[Connivent]]''. Coming together or converging, but not organically connected.

''[[Conoidal]]''. [[Cone]]-like; nearly conical.

''[[Convolute]]''. Said of floral envelopes in the [[bud]] when one edge overlaps the next part or [[petal]] or [[sepal]] or [[lobe]] while the other edge or margin is overlapped by a preceding part; rolled up.

''[[Cordate]]''. Heart-shaped; with a [[sinus]] and rounded lobes at the base and [[ovate]] in general outline.

''[[Cork]]''. The name applied to the outer impervious mostly not-living part of the [[bark]]. Most bark, develops a corky exterior, and in some cases it becomes very prominent. In ''[[Enonymous thunbergianus]]'', the English maple, the [[corky barked elm]], and other [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s, it forms wings on the branches. The cork of commerce comes from the bark of ''[[Quercus ilex]]'' (better known as ''Q. Suber''), plantations of which grow in southwestern Europe. The cork tree of the catalogues, ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'', is a curious tree, cultivated for ornament.

''[[Corm]]''. A solid [[bulb]]-like part, usually subterranean, as the "bulb" of [[crocus]] and [[gladiolus]].

''[[Cormel]]''. A [[corm]] arising from a mother-corm.

''[[Cormlet]]''. Aerial [[corm]], or one borne in the [[inflorescence]] or in the [[leaf]] [[axil]]s.

''[[Cormous]]''. With [[corm]]s, or pertaining to corms.

''[[Corneous]]''. Horny; hard and very dense in texture.

''[[Corniculate]]''. Bearing or terminating in a small horn-like protuberance or process.

''[[Corolla]]''. Inner circle of floral envelopes; if the parts are separate, they are [[petal]]s; if not separate, they are [[teeth]], [[lobe]]s or [[division]]s..

''[[Corona]]''. Crown, coronet; any appendage or intrusion that stands between the [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s, or on the [[corolla]], as the [[cup]] of a [[daffodil]], or that is the outgrowth of the [[staminal]] part or circle, as in the [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Coroniform]]''. [[Crown]]-formed or crown-like; [[corona]]-like.

''[[Corticate]]''. Having a [[cortex]] or hard [[bark]]; also having a [[rind]], as the [[lemon]] and [[orange]].

''[[Corymb]]''. Short and broad, more or less flat-topped [[indeterminate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Corymbose inflorescence]]''. Outer [[flower]]s opening first.

''[[Costa]]''. A rib; in particular a strong rib or line, as a midrib or mid-nerve.

''[[Costate]]''. Ribbed.

''[[Cotyledon]]''. [[Seed]]-[[leaf]]; the primary leaf or leaves in the embryo; in some plants the cotyledon always remains in the seed-coats and in others (as [[bean]]) it emerges on [[germination]].

''[[Crateriform]]''. Deep saucer-shaped; cup-shaped.

''[[Creeper]]''. A trailing [[shoot]] that takes [[root]] in the ground throughout its length.

''[[Crenate]]''. Shallowly round-toothed or obtusely toothed.

''[[Crenulate]]''. Finely or shallowly [[crenate]].

''[[Crested]]''. With elevated and irregular or toothed ridge.

''[[Cribrose]]''. Sieve-like; with numerous small apertures.

''[[Crop]]''. Produce of tilled, cared-for or protected plants.

''[[Croppage]]''. The whole subject of the producing of crops.

''[[Cross]]''. The offspring of any two flowers that have been fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the operation of cross-[[pollinating]]. Cross-pollination is the transfer of the pollen of one flower to the [[pistil]] of another.

''[[Cross-fertilization]]''. [[Fertilization]] or [[fecundation]] secured by [[pollen]] from another [[flower]].

''[[Cross-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[flower]] to flower.

''[[Crown]]''. [[Corona]]; also that part of the [[stem]] at the surface of the ground; also a part of a [[rhizome]] with a large [[bud]], suitable for use in [[propagation]].

''[[Cruciate]]''. Cross-shaped or cross-like.

''[[Crustaceous]]''. Said of bodies or coverings that are hard and brittle.

''[[Cryptogam]]''. [[Flower]]less plant, as [[fern]], [[moss]], [[fungus]], [[seaweed]]; less used than formerly as a technical term.

''[[Cryptos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying concealed.

''[[Culm]]''. The stem of [[sedge]]s and [[grass]]es, and similar plants.

''[[Cuneate]]''. Wedge-shaped; triangular, with the narrow end at point of attachment, as of [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s. 

''[[Cupular]]''. Cup-like or cup-shaped; the [[acorn]] [[nut]] sits in a [[cupule]] or little cup (whence the name Cupuliferae). 

''[[Cuticle]]''. The external [[rind]] or skin of a plant or part; usually applied to the thin waterproof membrane overlying the epidermis. 

''[[Cutting]]''. A severed vegetative or asexual part of a plant used in [[propagation]]; as a cutting of [[root]], of [[stem]], or of [[leaf]].

''[[Cyathiform]]''. Cup-shaped.

''[[Cymbiform]]''. Boat-shaped.

''[[Cyme]]''. A broad, more or less flat-topped [[determinate]] [[flower]]-cluster.

''[[Cymose inflorescence]]''. With central [[flower]]s opening first. 

''[[Cypsela]]''. An old term for the [[fruit]] of [[composite]]s, being dry, one-celled and one-seeded.

==D==
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''[[Deciduous]]''. Falling, as the leaves of non-[[evergreen]] trees.  ie.  Plants that lose their leaves during winter.

''[[Decompound]]''. More than once compound.

''[[Decumbent]]''. Reclining or lying on the ground, but with the end ascending.

''[[Decurrent]]''. Running down the stem, as the leaf of [[mullein]].

''[[Decussate]]''. Opposite leaves in four rows up and down the stem; alternating in pairs at right angles.

''[[Definite]]''. Said of a constant or known number, not exceeding twenty; contrasted with indefinite, above twenty, when the parts are usually not counted in systematic descriptions.

''[[Deflexed]]''. Turned downward abruptly.

''[[Defoliation]]''. The casting or falling of the leaves.

''[[Dehiscence]]''. The method or process of opening of a seed- pod or anther.

''[[Deliquescent]]''. Trunk or leader lost in the branches; said of tree-top without a leader.

''[[Deltoid]]''. Triangular; delta-like.

''[[Dendroid]]''. Said of tree-shaped small plants.

''[[Dendron]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a tree.

''[[Dentate]]''. With sharp spreading teeth.

''[[Depauperate]]''. Applied to a plant or part that is less perfectly developed than usual or normal; also said of very small members of a genus or family.

''[[Depressed]]''. More or less flattened endwise or from above.

''[[Descending]]''. The direction gradually downwards.

''[[Determinate]]''. Definite cessation of growth at the apex or in the main axis.

''[[Di-]]. Dis,-''. In Greek combinations, signifying two or twice as [[diphyllus]], two-leaved.

''[[Diadelphous]]''. In two groups, as the [[stamen]]s of some [[Leguminosae]], joined by their [[filament]]s.

''[[Diandrous]]''. With two [[stamen]]s.

''[[Diaphanous]]''. Transparent or translucent.

''[[Dicarpellous]]''. Comprised of two [[carpel]]s.

''[[Dichlamydeous]]''. Provided with both [[calyx]] and [[corolla]].

''[[Dichogamy]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s maturing at different times.

''[[Diclinous]]''. Imperfect; having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s but not both; unisexual. See ''[[Monoclinous]]''.

''[[Dicoccous]]''. Separating into two [[cocci]].

''[[Dicotyledonous]]''. With two [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Didynamous]]''. With four [[stamen]]s in two pairs of different length.

''[[Diffuse]]''. Loosely branching or spreading; of open growth.

''[[Digitate]]''. Hand-like; compound with the members arising from one point.

''[[Dimerous]]''. The parts in twos.

''[[Dioecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] flowers on different plants. .

''[[Dipterous]]''. Two-winged.

''[[Dipyrenous]]''. Having two [[stones]] or [[pyrenes]].

''[[Disciform]]''. Flattish and circular like a discus.

''[[Discoid]]''. Disk-like; in particular, said of a head of [[Compositae]] without ray-flowers.

''[[Disk]], disc''. A more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle about the [[pistil]]; receptacle in the head of [[Compositae]]. 

''[[Disk-flowers]]''. The tubular flowers in the center of heads of [[Compositae]], as distinguished from the ray-flowers. 

''[[Dissected]]''. Divided into many slender segments. 

''[[Dissepiment]]''. A partition, particularly in an ovary or fruit. 

''[[Distinct]]''. Separate; not united with parts in the same series.

''[[Divided]]''. Separated to the base.

''[[Division]]''. [[Propagation]] by means of separating the [[root]] system or [[rhizome]] system into parts; cutting up the plant into several root-bearing parts or pieces, as when one [[rhubarb]] plant is made into two or more. 

''[[Dorsal]]''. Back; relating to the back or outer surface of a part or organ.

''[[Dorsiferous]]''. Bearing anything on the back.

''[[Dorsifixed]]''. Attached by the back.

''[[Dorsoventral]]''. Literally, back-front; placed with reference to the back or front or to both. 

''[[Double]]''. Said of flowers that have more than the usual number of floral envelopes, particularly of petals; full. 

''[[Downy]]''. Covered with very short and weak soft hairs. 

''[[Drupe]]''. A fleshy one-seeded [[indehiscent]] fruit, with seed enclosed in a stony [[endocarp]]; stone-fruit. 

''[[Drupelet]]''. One [[drupe]] in a fruit made up of aggregate drupes, as in the raspberry. 

''[[Dumose]]''. Low and branching, as a bush.

==E==
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''[[E-]] or Ex-''. In Latin-formed words, usually denoting, as a prefix, that parts are missing, as [[exstipulate]], without stipules, [[estriate]], without stripes.

''[[Ecalcarate]]''. Without [[calcar]] or [[spur]].

''[[Ecology]]''. Study of habits and modes of life of animals and plants and their relationships to one another.

''[[Ecostate]]''. Without ribs.

''[[Edentate]]''. Without teeth.

''[[Effuse]]''. Loosely spreading; very diffuse.

''[[Eglandulose]]''. Without glands.

''[[Elliptic]]''. A flat part or body that is oval and narrowed to rounded ends.

''[[Elongate]]''. Lengthened; stretched out.

''[[Embryo]]''. The [[plantlet]] in the seed.

''[[Endocarp]]''. The inner layer or part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Endogen]]''. Term applied to stems having scattered bundles, as of [[Indian corn]], not appropriate, and now little used. See ''[[Exogen]]''.

''[[Endosperm]]''. Starch or other food outside or around the embryo; [[albumen]].

''[[Ensiform]], ensate''. Sword-shaped; long, flat, 2-edged, nearly or quite straight, with a sharp point.

''[[Entire]]''. Margin not in any way indented; whole.

''[[Environment]]''. Surroundings; conditions in which organisms live and grow.

''[[Ephemeral]]''. Persisting for one day only, as [[flower]]s of [[spiderwort]].

''[[Epi]]''. A Greek prefix signifying on or upon.

''[[Epicarp]]''. The outer layer or surface of the [[pericarp]].

''[[Epichile]]''. The upper part of the jointed lip of an [[orchid]].

''[[Epicotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying above the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Epidermis]]''. Superficial layer of cells and underneath the cuticle.

''[[Epigeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s rising into the air in [[germination]].

''[[Epigeous]]''. Close upon the ground rather than underneath.

''[[Epigynous]]''. Borne on the ovary; used of floral parts when ovary is inferior and flower not [[perigynous]].

''[[Epipetalous]]''. On a [[petal]].

''[[Epiphyllous]]''. On a [[leaf]].

''[[Epiphyte]]'', Air-plant; a plant growing on another or on some other elevated support.

''[[Equitant]]''. Sitting astride; used for [[conduplicate]] leaves that stand inside each other in two ranks, as in [[Iris]].

''[[Erostrate]]''. Without a beak.

''[[Essential organs]]''. [[Stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s.

''[[Evergreen]]''. Remaining green throughout the year.

''[[Exalbuminous]]''. [[Seed]]s without [[albumen]] or [[endosperm]].

''[[Excentric]]''. Out of or away from the center.

''[[Excurrent]]''. The [[trunk]] or [[leader]] continuing through the top.

''[[Exfoliating]]''. Coming off in thin layers, as the [[bark]] of [[birch]] and other plants.

''[[Exocarp]]''. The outside part of a [[pericarp]].

''[[Exogen]], exogenous''. Growing and increasing in diameter by layers on the exterior of the woody cylinder, in distinction from [[endogen]]s. 

''[[Exserted]]''. Sticking out; projecting beyond, as [[stamen]]s from a [[perianth]]. 

''[[Exsiccated]]''. Dry or dried. 

''[[Exstipulate]]''. Without [[stipule]]s. 

''[[Extrorse]]''. Looking or facing outward. 

''[[Eye]]''. The marked center of a [[flower]]; a [[bud]] on a [[tuber]], as on a [[potato]]; a single-bud [[cutting]].

==F==
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''[[Facies]]''. The general appearance or "looks" of a plant; or the characteristic appearance of a plant society.

''[[Farinaceous]]''. Containing starch, or starch-like materials.

''[[Fasciated]]''. Much flattened; an abnormal or teratological widening and flattening of the stem.

''[[Fascicle]]''. A condensed or close cluster, as of flowers.

''[[Feminine]]''. Pistillate (in higher plants).

''[[Fertile]]''. Said of pollen-bearing stamens and seed-bearing fruits.

''[[Fertilization]]''. Impregnation of the [[ovule]]; the act of union of sperm and egg cells, in the higher plants taking place within the ovule: [[fecundation]].

''[[Fetid]]''. Having a disagreeable odor.

''[[Fibrillose]]''. With fine fibers or threads.

''[[Fibrous]]''. Fiber-like; containing fibers or thread-like parts.

''[[Fibro-vascular]]''. Made up of both fibers and ducts; combination of fibrous and vascular structure.

''[[Filament]]''. Stalk of the [[anther]].

''[[Filiform]]''., Thread-like; long and very slender.

''[[Fimbriate]]''. Fringed.

''[[Fimbrillate]]''. Minutely fringed.

''[[Fistular]]''. Cylindrical and hollow.

''[[Flaccid]]''. Soft; lax and weak; not rigid.

''[[Flagelliform]]''. Whip-form; long and slender like a lash.

''[[Flagging]]''. Wilting; said particularly of newly made cuttings and recently transplanted plants.

''[[Flexuous]]''. Having a more or less zigzag or wavy form; said of stems of various kinds.

''[[Floccose]]''. With tufts or flocks of soft wool or woolly hair.

''[[Flora]]''. The plant population of a given region; also a book describing this population.

''[[Florets]]''. Individual flowers of composites and grasses; also other very small flowers that make up a very dense form of inflorescence.

''[[Floriferous]]''. Flower-bearing.

''[[Foliaceous]]''. [[Leaf]]-like; said particularly of [[sepal]]s and [[calyx]]-lobes and of [[bract]]s that in texture, size or color look like small or large leaves.

''[[-foliate]]''. In combinations, -leaved; having [[leaves]]; as trifoliate, three-leaved.

''[[-foliolate]]''. Having [[leaflet]]s; as trifoliolate, of three leaflets.

''[[Follicle]]''. Dry, dehiscent [[pericarp]] opening only on the front suture.

''[[Follicular]]''. With follicles; follicle-like.

''[[Foramen]]''. An aperture or opening.

''[[Forked]]''. [[Branch]]ing or divided into nearly equal parts or members.

''[[Fornicate]]''. Arched.

''[[Free]]''. Not joined to other organs; as [[petal]]s free from the [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Frond]]''. [[Leaf]] of [[fern]]; sometimes used in the sense of [[foliage]].

''[[Frosted]]''. With a more or less shining or crystallized white covering.

''[[Fructification]]''. The act or process of [[fruit]]ing; also the fruiting organ or organs.

''[[Fruit]]''. The ripened [[pericarp]] or pericarps with the [[adnate]] parts; the seed-bearing organ.

''[[Fruticose]]''. [[Shrub]]by or shrub-like in the sense of being woody.

''[[Fugacious]]''. Falling or withering away very early.

''[[Fumose]]''. Smoke-colored.

''[[Function]]''. What a plant or a part does; its vital activities.

''[[Funicle]]''. The [[stalk]] or [[stipe]] of an [[ovule]] or [[seed]].

''[[Funnelform]]''. With tube gradually widening upward and passing insensibly into the limb, as in many flowers of [[Convolvulus]]; [[infundibuliform]]. 

''[[Furrowed]]''. With longitudinal channels or grooves. 

''[[Fusiform]]''. Spindle-shaped; narrowed both ways from a swollen middle, as dahlia roots.

==G==
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''[[Galea]]''. A [[hood]] or a helmet-shaped part or structure, as found in the upper [[lip]] of some [[corolla]]s. 

''[[Gamete]]''. One of the sex-cells, either male or female. 

''[[Gamopetalous]]''. [[Corolla]] of one piece; [[petal]]s united. 

''[[Gamophyllous]]''. [[Leaf|Leaves]] united. 

''[[Gamosepalous]]''. [[Calyx]] of one piece; [[sepal]]s united. 

''[[Geminate]]''. In pairs; twin. 

''[[Gemma]]''. A [[bud]]; particularly a bud or bud-like structure by which a plant [[propagate]]s. 

''[[Gemmiparous]]''. [[Bud]]-bearing. 

''[[Gemmule]]''. A little [[bud]] or bud-like structure. 

''[[Generation]]''. Period from birth (impregnation) to death; the epoch from one 1-celled stage of a plant to the next 1-celled stage. 

''[[Germination]]''. The unfolding of the embryo and becoming self-established of the [[plantlet]]. 

''[[Gibbosity]]''. A swelling or bulging on one side or near the base. 

''[[Glabrate]]''. Nearly [[glabrous]], or becoming glabrous with maturity or age. 

''[[Glabrous]]''. Not hairy. 

''[[Gladiate]]''. Sword-shaped or sword-like. 

''[[Gland]]''. Properly a secreting part or prominence or appendage, but often used in the sense of gland-like. 

''[[Glandular]]''. Having or bearing secreting organs, or [[gland]]s. 

''[[Glandulose]], glanduliferous''. [[Gland]]-bearing. 

''[[Glaucous]]''. Covered with a "bloom" or a whitish substance that rubs off.

''[[Glochidiate]]''. Said of parts with summit barbed.

''[[Glomerate]]''. In dense or compact cluster or clusters.

''[[Glomerule]]''. Dense head-like [[cluster]]s; properly a dense [[cyme]]. 

''[[Glume]]''. A small [[chaff]]-like bract; in particular, one of the two empty [[bract]]s at the base of the [[grass]] [[spikelet]]. 

''[[Graft]]''. A [[branch]] or [[bud]] inserted on another plant with the intention that it shall grow there; [[cion]]. 

''[[Grafting]]''. The process of inserting a [[cion]] [also spelled [scion]]in a plant with the intention that it shall grow there. See ''[[Budding]]''. 

''[[Granular]], granulose''. Covered with very small grains; minutely or finely mealy. 

''[[Gymnos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying naked or not covered: as [[gymnosperm]]s, with naked [[seed]]s (not in a [[pericarp]]). See ''[[Angiosperm]]''.

''[[Gynandrous]]''. With the [[stamen]]s grown on the [[pistil]], forming one organ, as in the [[orchid]]s. 

''[[Gynobase]]''. [[Stipe]] or [[stalk]] of an [[ovary]], being an extension or prolongation of the receptacle; short [[gynophore]]. 

''[[Gynaecium]]''. The female or [[pistil]]-bearing part of the [[flower]]. See ''[[Andraecium]]''. 

''[[Gynophore]]''. [[Stipe]] of an [[ovary]] prolonged within the [[calyx]].

==H==
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''[[Habit]]''. The looks, appearance, general style or mode of growth; as an upright, open, [[decumbent]] or strict habit.

''[[Habitat]]''. Particular place in which a plant grows; as a swamp, roadside, lawn, woods, ballast-heap, hillside.

''[[Hairs]]''. A general name for many kinds of small and slender outgrowths on the parts of plants; special kinds of hairiness are designated as [[setose]], [[villous]], [[comose]], [[pubescent]], [[hirsute]], and others.

''[[Halberd-shaped]]''. [[Hastate]].

''[[Hamate]]''. Hooked.

''[[Hastate]]''. Of the shape of an arrow-head but the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointed or narrow and standing nearly or quite at right angles; halberd-shaped.

''[[Haulm]]''. Straw-like stems, as of the cereal grains; sometimes also applied to the stems of palms; usually a collective noun.

''[[Head]]''. A short dense spike; [[capitulum]].

''[[Heart-shaped]]''. [[Cordate]]; [[ovate]] in general outline but with two rounded basal lobes; has reference particularly to the shape of the base of a [[leaf]] or other expanded part.

''[[Heel]]''. An enlarged or more or less transverse part on the lower end of a [[cutting]] secured from the older or larger [[branch]] from which the cutting is taken.

''[[Helicoid]]''. Twisted or coiled in [[snail]]-shell form.

''[[Heliotropism]]''. The characteristic of turning toward the light.

''[[Hemi-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying half.

''[[Hepta-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying seven.

''[[Herb]]''. Naturally dying to the ground; without persistent [[stem]] above ground; lacking definite [[woody]] firm structure.

''[[Herbaceous]]''. Not [[woody]]; dying down each year; said also of soft branches before they become woody.

''[[Hermaphrodite]]''. Bearing both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]] in the same [[flower]]; two-sexed; [[bisexual]].

''[[Hesperidium]]''. The [[fruit]] of the orange-kind.

''[[Hetcrocarpous]]''. Various-[[fruit]]ed; with more than one kind or form of fruit.

''[[Heterogamous]]''. With two or more kinds or [[form]]s of [[flower]]s.

''[[Heteros]]''. In Greek composition, signifying various, or of more than one kind or form; as [[heterophyllous]], with more than one kind or form of [[leaf]].

''[[Hilum]]''. In the [[seed]], the scar or mark indicating the point of attachment.

''[[Hip]]''. Fruit of the [[rose]], being an urn-like or closed receptacle bearing the [[achenes]] inside. See ''[[Hypanthium]]''.

''[[Hirsute]]''. With rather rough or coarse hairs.

''[[Hirtellous]]''. Softly or minutely hirsute or hairy.

''[[Hispid]]''. Provided with stiff or bristly hairs.

''[[Hispidulous]]''. Somewhat or minutely hispid.

''[[Hoary]]''. Covered with a close white or whitish pubescence.

''[[Homo-]]'' In Greek compounds, signifying alike or very similar.

''[[Homocarpous]]''. All the fruits, as of a flower-head, alike.

''[[Homogamous]]''. Presenting only one kind of flowers.

''[[Homologous]]''. Related in origin or morphology. See ''[[Analogous]]''.

''[[Homomorphous]]''. Uniform; all the given parts alike.

''[[Horny]]''. Hard and dense in texture; [[corneous]].

''[[Hybrid]]''. A plant resulting from a [[cross]] between two or more parents that are more or less unlike.

''[[Hygroscopic]]''. Capable of absorbing moisture from atmosphere.

''[[Hypanthium]]''. A [[fruit]]-like body (as the rose-hip) formed by the enlargement of the [[torus]] and bearing the proper fruits on its upper or inner surface; literally "beneath the [[flower]]." Now commonly used to denote the cup-shaped receptacle on which [[calyx]], [[petal]]s and [[stamen]]s are inserted in cases of [[perigyny]], as in [[plum]], [[fuchsia]].

''[[Hypochil]]''. The lower or [[basal]] part of the [[lip]] in [[orchid]]s.

''[[Hypocotyl]]''. That part of the [[caulicle]] lying below the [[cotyledon]]s.

''[[Hypocrateriform]]''. Salver-form; that shape of the [[flower]] characterized by a cylindrical tube and a flat-spreading limb, as in [[phlox]].

''[[Hypogeal]]''. [[Cotyledon]]s remaining beneath the ground in [[germination]].

''[[Hypogynous]]''. Borne on the [[torus]], or under the [[ovary]]; said of the [[stamen]]s or [[petal]]s.

==I==
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''[[Immarginate]]''. Without a rim or edge.

''[[Immersed]]''. Entirely under water.

''[[Imparipinnate]]''. Unequally [[pinnate]]; odd-pinnate; with a single terminal [[leaflet]]. 

''[[Imperfect flower]]''. Having either [[stamen]]s or [[pistil]]s, but not both.

''[[Implexed]], implexuous''. Entangled, interlaced. 

''[[Impregnation]]''. [[Fecundation]] or [[fertilization]] of the [[ovule]] by the [[pollen]]; also, the infiltration of substances.

''[[Impressed]]''. Deeply nerved; furrowed or grooved as if by pressure.

''[[Inarching]]''. The [[grafting]] together of two plants with the intention that, when they are severed, part of one plant will be growing on the other.

''[[Incanescent]]''. [[Hoary]]- or gray-[[pubescent]]; [[canescent]].

''[[Incised]]''. Cut; slashed irregularly, more or less deeply and sharply.

''[[Inclining]]''. Looking or falling down from the horizontal.

''[[Included]]''. Not protruded, as [[stamen]]s not projecting from the [[corolla]].

''[[Incomplete]]''. Lacking some of its parts, as a [[flower]] deficient in [[stamen]]s or [[calyx]].

''[[Incrustate]]''. Crusted; with a hard or firm covering.

''[[Incumbent]] ([[cotyledon]]s)''. Of a [[seed]] so bent over that the back of one cotyledon lies against the [[radicle]].

''[[Indefinite]]''. Very numerous, as above twenty; see ''[[Definite]]''.

''[[Indehiscent]]''. Not regularly opening, as a [[seed]]-[[pod]] or [[anther]].

''[[Indeterminate]]''. Growing on from the apex, particularly of the main axis.

''[[Indigenous]]''. [[Native]] to the region; not [[introduced]] from some other country.

''[[Indumentum]]''. A covering of [[hair]].

''[[Induplicate]]''. With margins folded inward.

''[[Indurated]]''. Hard, hardened.

''[[Indusium]]''. The little growth covering or surrounding the [[sorus]] or fruit-dot in [[fern]]s.

''[[Inferior]]''. Beneath, lower, below; as an inferior ovary, one that is below the [[calyx]]-leaves.

''[[Inflated]]''. Blown up; bladdery.

''[[Inflorescence]]''. Mode of [[flower]]-bearing; technically less correct but much more common in the sense of a flower-cluster.

''[[Infra-]]'' In combinations, signifying below.

''[[Infundibuliform]]''. [[Funnelform]].

''[[Innate]]''. Said of an [[anther]] when attached by its base to the [[filament]].

''[[Innovation]]''. An [[offshoot]] or departure from the [[axis]].

''[[Inserted]]''. Attached; as a [[stamen]] growing on the [[corolla]].

''[[Inter-]]''. In composition, signifying between, particularly between closely related parts or organs.

''[[Interfoliaceous]]''. Between the [[leaves]], particularly between two leaves of a pair.

''[[Internode]]''. The part or space of [[stem]] between two [[node]]s or joints.

''[[Interrupted]]''. Not continuous; in particular, the interposition of small [[leaflet]]s or [[segment]]s between others.

''[[Intorted]]''. Twisted upon or around itself.

''[[Intramarginal]]''. Just within the margin or edge; between the margins.

''[[Introduced]]''. Brought from another region, either intentionally or otherwise; in [[horticulture]], used to designate the intentional bringing of plants into [[cultivation]] either from another country or from the wild.

''[[Introrse]]''. Turned or faced inward or toward the [[axis]], as an anther looking toward the center of the flower.

''[[Inverted]]''. Turned over; end-for-end; top-side down.

''[[Involucel]]''. A secondary [[involucre]]; small involucre about the parts of a [[cluster]].

''[[Involucre]]''. A whorl of small [[leaves]] or [[bract]]s standing close underneath a [[flower]] or flower-[[cluster]].

''[[Involute]]''. Said of a flat body (as a [[leaf]]) rolled inward or toward the upper side. See ''[[Revolute]]''.

''[[Irregular flower]]''. Some parts different from other parts in same series.

==J==
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''[[Jointed]]''. With [[node]]s, or points of real or apparent articulation.

==K==
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''[[Keeled]]''. Ridged like the bottom of a boat; also the two front united [[petal]]s of a papilionaceous [[flower]].

''[[Knaur]]''. An excrescence, bur or knot of woody tissue that will grow when removed and used as a [[cutting]].

==L==
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''[[Labellum]]''. [[Lip]], particularly the lip of [[orchid]]s.

''[[Labiate]]''. [[Lip]]ped; a member of the [[Labiatae]].

''[[Labyrinthiform]]''. With intricate winding lines or passages.

''[[Lacerate]]''. Torn; irregularly cleft or cut.

''[[Laciniate]]''. Slashed into narrow pointed lobes.

''[[Lactescent]]''. Containing [[milk]] or a milk-like substance.

''[[Lacunose]]''. Having holes or empty places, particularly in the anatomical structure.

''[[Lamella]]''. A thin flat plate or part.

''[[Lamina]]''. The [[blade]] of a [[leaf]] or [[petal]] or other expanded part or body.

''[[Lanceolate]]''. Lance-shaped; much longer than broad; widening above the base and tapering to the apex.

''[[Lapidose]]''. Found in stony places.

''[[Lateral]]''. On or at the side.

''[[Layer]]''. A [[branch]] that takes [[root]] and gives rise to an independent plant.

''[[Leaflet]]''. One part of a compound [[leaf]]; secondary leaf.

''[[Leaf-stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of a [[leaf]]; [[petiole]]; foot-[[stalk]].

''[[Legume]]''. Simple [[pericarp]] [[dehiscing]] on both sutures; [[pod]].

''[[Lemma]]''. In [[grass]]es, the [[flower]]ing [[glume]],—the lower of the two bracts immediately inclosing the flower.

''[[Lenticular]]''. [[Lentil]]-shaped; lens-shaped.

''[[Lepals]]''. Sterile [[stamen]]s, particularly those [[nectaries]] or scales representing [[stamen]]s; term little used.

''[[Lepidote]]''. Surfaced with small scurfy scales.

''[[Liana]], liane''. A [[woody]] [[twining]] or [[climbing]] plant entangling a [[tropical]] [[forest]].

''[[Life-history]]''. The sum of the events in the life of a plant.

''[[Ligneous]]''. [[Woody]].

''[[Ligule]]''. A strap-shaped organ or body; particularly, a strap-shaped [[corolla]], as in the ray-[[flower]]s of composites; also a projection from the top of the [[sheath]] in [[grass]]es and similar plants.

''[[Limb]]''. The expanded flat part of an organ; in particular, the expanding part of a gamopetalous [[corolla]].

''[[Limbate]]''. Surrounded by an edging of another color; margined with color; also, provided with a [[limb]].

''[[Line]]''. One-twelfth of an inch.

''[[Linear]]''. Long and narrow, the sides parallel or nearly so.

''[[Lineate]]''. Lined; bearing thin parallel lines.

''[[Linguiform]]''. Shaped like a lingula, or with a projecting tongue-like part or process.

''[[Lip]]''. One of the parts in an unequally divided [[corolla]] or [[calyx]]; these parts are usually two, the upper [[lip]] and the lower lip, although one lip is sometimes wanting; the upper lip of [[orchid]]s is by a twist of the stipe made to appear as the lower; a labium.

''[[Lobe]]''. Any part or segment of an organ; specifically a part of [[petal]] or [[calyx]] or [[leaf]] that represents a division to about the middle.

''[[Lobule]]''. A small [[lobe]].

''[[Locule]]''. Compartment or cell of a [[pistil]] or [[anther]].

''[[Loculicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] between the partitions into the cavity.

''[[Lodicule]]''. A small scale in a [[grass]] [[flower]], between the [[lemma]] and [[stamen]]s.

''[[Loment]]''. A [[legume]] with constrictions or articulations.

''[[Lorate]]''. Strap-shaped.

''[[Lyrate]]''. Pinnatifid but with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes.

==M==
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''[[Medullary]]''. Relating to the [[pith]]; the medullary rays seen in cross-sections of [[wood]]y [[trunk]]s radiate from the medulla or pith. 

''[[Meniscoidal]]''. Like a [[meniscus]] or [[disk]]; with the [[form]] of a watch-crystal.

''[[Mericarp]]''. The peculiar [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] of the [[Umbelliferae]]. 

''[[-merous]]''. In composition, referring to the numbers of parts; as [[flower]]s 5-merous, in which the parts of each kind or series are five or in fives. 

''[[Mesocarp]]''. Middle layer or part of a [[pericarp]]; the part between the [[endocarp]] and [[exocarp]]. 

''[[Mesochil]]''. The intermediate or middle part of the [[lip]] of [[orchid]]s when the lip is separated into three parts. 

''[[Micropyle]]''. The opening through which impregnation takes place; the point on the [[seed]] marking the [[orifice]] of the [[ovule]].

''[[Midrib]]''. The main rib of a [[leaf]] or leaf-like part.

''[[Mitriform]]''. Mitre-shaped, or like a [[cap]].

''[[Monadelphous]]''. [[Stamen]]s united in one group by their [[filament]]s as in many [[Leguminosae]]. 

''[[Moniliform]]''. Suggesting a string of beads. 

''[[Mono-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''one''. 

''[[Monoclinous]]''. [[Hermaphrodite]]; perfect; the two sexes in the same [[flower]]. See ''[[Diclinous]]''. 

''[[Monocotyledonous]]''. With a single [[cotyledon]]. 

''[[Monoecious]]''. [[Staminate]] and [[pistillate]] [[flower]]s on same plant.

''[[Monogynous]]''. With only one style.

''[[Monopetalous]]''. One-[[petal]]ed; all the petals united to form one body or organ, as a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]]. 

''[[Monopodiol]]''. [[Axial]] direction continued by growth from [[terminal]] [[bud]] or [[persistence]] of the [[leader]]. 

''[[Monostichous]]''. In one row. 

''[[Monstrosity]]''. Deformity; any unusual or non-typical kind of development. 

''[[Morphology]]''. The science or subject that treats of forms or of the transformations of organs. 

''[[Mucose]]''. With a slimy covering or secretion. 

''[[Mucro]]''. A short and sharp abrupt tip. 

''[[Mule]]''. An old word for a [[cross]], particularly between different [[species]]; [[hybrid]]; [[cross-breed]].

''[[Multifid]]''. Cut or cleft into many narrow [[lobe]]s or parts.

''[[Multiple]]''. Of several or many distinct parts.

''[[Multiple fruit]]''. The united product (in one body) of several or many [[flower]]s. 

''[[Multiseptate]]''. With many divisions or chambers, as some [[nut]]s.

''[[Muscariform]]''. In form of a brush or fly-brush.

''[[Mycelium]]''. Vegetative part of a [[fungus]], composed of threads or thready tissue.

==N==
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''[[Naked flower]]''. With no [[floral]] envelopes; without [[calyx]] and [[corolla]]. 

''[[Napiform]]''. Turnip-shaped; more or less short-[[fusiform]]; broader than high and abruptly tapering both ways.

''[[Navicular]]''. Boat-shaped; [[cymbiform]].

''[[Nectariferous]]''. [[Nectar]]-bearing.

''[[Nectary]]''. A structure or [[organ]] that [[secrete]]s [[nectar]].

''[[Nephroid]]''. Kidney-shaped; [[reniform]].

''[[Nerve]]''. A vein or slender rib, particularly if not [[branch]]ed.

''[[Netted]]''. Marked with [[reticulated]] lines or nerves that project somewhat above the surface.

''[[Neuter]], neutral''. Neither [[stamen]]s nor [[pistil]]s; sexless.

''[[Nidulate]]''. Nested; as if like or borne in a nidus or nest.

''[[Node]]''. A joint where a [[leaf]] is borne or may be borne; also incorrectly the space between two [[joint]]s, which is properly an [[internode]].

''[[Nucleus]]''. The [[kernel]] of a [[seed]]; the central denser structure of a cell.

''[[Nucule]]''. A small [[nutlet]]; any hard [[seed]]-like [[fruit]] or part. 

''[[Nut]]''. An [[indehiscent]] 1-celled and 1-[[seed]]ed hard and bony [[fruit]], even if resulting from a compound ovary. 

''[[Nutlet]]''. A small or diminutive [[nut]]; [[nucule]].

==O==
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''[[Ob-]]''. A Latin syllable, usually signifying inversion. 

''[[Obconical]]''. Inversely conical; cone attached at the small point. 

''[[Oblanceolate]]''. Inversely [[lanceolate]]; with the broadest part of a lanceolate body away from the point of attachment. 

''[[Oblique]]''. Slanting; unequal-sided. 

''[[Oblong]]''. Longer than broad, and with the sides nearly or quite parallel most of their length. 

''[[Obovate]]''. Inverted [[ovate]].

''[[Obovoid]]''. An ovoid body attached at the smaller end.

''[[Obsolescent]]''. Nearly obsolete; becoming rudimentary.

''[[Obsolete]]''. Not evident or apparent; rudimentary.

''[[Obtuse]]''. Blunt, rounded.

''[[Ocellated]]''. Eyed; a circular spot of one color inside a larger spot or area of another color.

''[[Ochraceous]]''. Ochre-yellow, gradually changing to brown. 

''[[Ocrea]]''. A boot-shaped or tubular stipule, as in [[Polygonum]]. 

''[[Oculus]]''. An [[eye]]; a [[leaf]]-[[bud]] when used as a [[cutting]].

''[[Offset]]''. A plant arising close to the base of mother plant.

''[[Oleaginous]]''. Fleshy and oily.

''[[Oligos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying few.

''[[Opaque]]''. Dull; not translucent or shining.

''[[Operculum]]''. A lid, as of a circumscissile capsule.

''[[Orthos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying ''straight''.

''[[Orthotropous]]'' ([[ovule]] or seed). An erect straight [[seed]], with the [[micropyle]] at the apex and [[hilum]] at the base. 

''[[Osseous]]''. Bony, hard, brittle; of very close texture. 

''[[Ovary]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing part of a [[pistil]]. 

''[[Ovate]]''. With an outline like that of hen's egg cut in two lengthwise, the broader end downward. 

''[[Ovoid]]''. A solid that is oval in outline. 

''[[Ovule]]''. The body which, after [[fertilization]], becomes the [[seed]]. 

''[[Ovuliferous]]''. [[Ovule]]-bearing.

==P==
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''[[Painted]]''. Said of colors that are in streaks of unequal brilliancy. 

''[[Palate]]''. In personate corollas, a rounded projection or prominence of the lower [[lip]], closing the throat or very nearly so. 

''[[Palea]], palet''. In the [[grass]] [[flower]], the upper of the two inclosing bracts, the lower one being the [[lemma]]. 

''[[Palmate]]''. Lobed or divided in a [[palm]]-like or hand-like fashion.

''[[Palmatifid]]''. Cut about half way down in a [[palmate]] form. 

''[[Panicle]]''. A branching [[raceme]]; [[flower]]-[[cluster]] in which the [[branch]]es are [[racemose]], the flowers being [[pedicellate]]. 

''[[Papilionaceous corolla]]''. Butterfly-like; pea-like [[flower]], with a standard, wings, and keel. 

''[[Pappiform]]''. [[Pappus]]-like. 

''[[Pappus]]''. Peculiar [[calyx]]-limb of composites, being [[plumose]], bristle-like, scales, or otherwise.

''[[Parasitic]]''. Growing and living on or in another organism. 

''[[Parietal]]''. Borne on the paries or wall (inner surface) of a capsule.

''[[Parted]]''. Cleft or cut not quite to the base.

''[[Parthenogenetic]]''. [[Seed]] developing without [[fertilization]] or [[fecundation]].

''[[Partial]]''. Of secondary importance or rank.

''[[Partite]]''. Divided very nearly to the base.

''[[Partitioned]]''. Divided in compartments or chambers by internal horizontal partitions.

''[[Pathological]]''. [[Disease]]d.

''[[Pedicel]]''. [[Stem]] of one [[flower]] in a [[cluster]].

''[[Peduncle]]''. [[Stem]] of a flower-cluster or of a solitary flower.

''[[Pellucid]]''. Clear, transparent; that can nearly be seen through. 

''[[Peltate]]''. Attached to its [[stalk]] inside the margin; peltate [[leaves]] are usually shield-shaped. 

''[[Penninerved]]''. Nerves arising along the length of a central midrib.

''[[Pentamerous]]''. In fives.

''[[Pepo]]''. Fruit of [[pumpkin]], [[squash]], and the like.

''[[Perennial]]''. Of three or more season cycles' duration.

''[[Perfect flower]]''. One that has both [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]].

''[[Perfoliate]]''. The [[stem]] apparently passing through the part, as a [[leaf]]; united around the stem.

''[[Pergameneous]], pergamentaceous''. Texture of parchment.

''[[Peri-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying around.

''[[Perianth]]''. The floral envelope considered together; commonly used for [[flower]]s in which there is usually no clear distinction between [[calyx]] and [[corolla]], as the [[lilies]]. 

''[[Pericarp]]''. The ripened [[ovary]].

''[[Perigynium]]''. The sac or [[utricle]] that incloses the [[ovary]] or [[achene]] in [[Carex]]; it is sometimes inflated. 

''[[Perigynous]]''. Borne around the [[ovary]] and not beneath it, as when [[calyx]], [[corolla]] and [[stamen]]s are borne on the edge of a cup-shaped [[hypanthium]]; such cases are said to exhibit perigyny.

''[[Persistent]]''. Remaining attached; not falling off.

''[[Personate]]''. Said of a two-[[lip]]ped [[corolla]] the throat of which is closed by a palate, as in toad-flax.

''[[Petal]]''. One of the separate leaves of a [[corolla]].

''[[Petaloid]]''. [[Petal]]-like; of color and shape resembling a petal.

''[[Petiole]]''. [[Leaf]]-[[stalk]].

''[[Petiolule]]''. [[Stalk]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Phalanges]]'' (plural of ''phalanx''). The groups or bundles of [[stamen]]s in [[diadelphous]] or [[polyadelphous]] [[flower]]s.

''[[Phenogam]], phenogamous''. [[Flower]]ing plants; [[seed]]-bearing plants (as distinguished from spore-bearing, or cryptogams).

''[[Phyllodium]]''. [[Leaf]]-like [[petiole]] and no blade, as in some [[acacia]]s and other plants.

''[[Phyllotaxy]]''. Order of arrangement of [[leaves]] on the stem.

''[[Phytology]]''. The study of plants, particularly of the kinds or [[species]]; [[botany]].

''[[Pileate]], pileiform''. With the form of a pileus or rimless cap; in particular, pertaining to the cap of a [[mushroom]].

''[[Pinna]]''. A primary division or [[leaflet]] of a [[pinnate]] [[leaf]].

''[[Pinnate]]''. Feather-formed; with the [[leaflet]]s of a compound [[leaf]] placed on either side of the [[rachis]].

''[[Pinnatifid]]''. Cleft or parted in a [[pinnate]] (rather than [[palmate]]) way.

''[[Pinnatipartite]]''. Pinnately-parted.

''[[Pinnatisect]]''. Cut down to the midrib in a pinnate way.

''[[Pinnule]]''. A secondary [[pinna]] or [[leaflet]] in a [[pinnate]]ly decompound [[leaf]].

''[[Pip]]''. A perpendicular or upright small [[rootstock]] used in [[propagation]], as of [[lily-of-the-valley]].

''[[Pisiform]]''. [[Pea]]-shaped; pea-like.

''[[Pistil]]''. The [[ovule]]-bearing and [[seed]]-bearing organ.

''[[Pistillate]]''. Having [[pistil]]s and no [[stamen]]s; female.

''[[Pitted]]''. Having little depressions or cavities.

''[[Placenta]]''. Part or place in the [[ovary]] where [[ovule]]s are attached.

''[[Plaited]]''. Folded lengthwise, as a closed fan.

''[[Plane]]''. Evenly flat, rather than wrinkled, folded, grooved or otherwise.

''[[Platys]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying broad or wide.

''[[Plumose]]''. Plumy; feather-like; with fine hairs, as the [[pappus]] of some composites.

''[[Plumule]]''. The bud in the [[embryo]].

''[[Plur-annual]]''. Of one season's duration only because killed by frost.

''[[Pod]]''. A [[dehiscent]] dry [[pericarp]].

''[[Pollen]]''. [[Spore]]s or grains borne by the [[anther]], containing the male element; sometimes it is not granular.

''[[Pollination]]''. The mechanical or physical operation of transferring [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]].

''[[Polliniferous]]''. Bearing-[[pollen]].

''[[Pollinium]]''. A coherent mass of [[pollen]], as in [[orchid]]s and [[milkweed]]s.

''[[Poly-]]''. In Greek combinations, signifying numerous or many.

''[[Polyadelphous]]''. The [[stamen]]s in many bundles or fascicles.

''[[Polygamous]]''. Bearing [[imperfect]] and [[hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s on the same plant.

''[[Polymerous]]''. Of many parts or series.

''[[Pome]]''. Fruit of [[apple]], [[pear]], [[quince]], etc.

''[[Porose]]''. With small holes, pores or perforations.

''[[Posterior]]''. At or toward the back; opposite the front; toward the axis; away from the subtending bract.

''[[Praefoliation]]''. Arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]]; vernation.

''[[Praemorse]]''. Jagged; as if bitten off.

''[[Prickle]]''. A small and weak spine-like body borne irregularly on the [[bark]] or epidermis.

''[[Prismatic]]''. Prism-shaped; with plane sides separated by angles, body of nearly uniform size throughout, and with similar end-sections.

''[[Process]]''. An extension of any surface or part beyond the main outline.

''[[Procumbent]]''. Trailing or lying flat, but not [[root]]ing.

''[[Proliferous]]''. Bearing offshoots or redundant parts; bearing other similar structures on itself.

''[[Proterandrous]]''. [[Anther]]s maturing before [[pistil]]s.

''[[Proterogynous]]''. [[Pistil]]s maturing before [[anther]]s.

''[[Pseud-annual]]''. [[Perennial]] by means of [[bulb]]s, [[corm]]s, or [[tuber]]s.

''[[Pseudo-]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying spurious or false.

''[[Pseudobulb]]''. The thickened or [[bulb]]-form stems of certain [[orchid]]s, the part being solid and borne above ground.

''[[Puberulent]]''. Somewhat or minutely pubescent.

''[[Pubescent]]''. Covered with short, soft hairs; downy.

''[[Pulverulent]]''. Powdered or dusty.

''[[Pulvinate]]''. Cushioned; with a cushion-like enlargement or structure, as at the [[base]] of some [[petiole]]s or [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Punctate]]''. With translucent or colored dots or depressions or pits.

''[[Pungent]]''. Ending in a stiff sharp point or tip; also acrid (to the taste).

''[[Putamen]]''. The hard or bony shell of a [[nut]] or of a stone-[[fruit]].

''[[Pyrene]], pyrena''. [[Nutlet]], particularly the nutlet in a [[drupe]].

''[[Pyriform]]''. [[Pear]]-formed or -shaped.

''[[Pyxis]]''. [[Pod]] opening or dehiscing by a transverse ring.

==Q==
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''[[Quadrangular]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Quaternate]]''. In fours.

''[[Quincunx]]''. Five plants in a square, one of them being in the center. 

''[[Quintupled]]''. Five times; multiplied by five.

==R==
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''[[Raceme]]''. A simple elongated [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[stalk]]ed [[flower]]s. 

''[[Rachilla]], rhachilla''. A diminutive or secondary [[axis]], or [[rachis]]; in particular, in the [[grass]]es and [[sedge]]s the [[axis]] that bears the [[floret]]s. 

''[[Rachis]]''. [[Axis]] bearing [[flower]]s or [[leaflet]]s; [[petiole]] of a [[fern]] [[frond]] (plural ''rachides'' or ''rachises''). 

''[[Radiate]]''. Standing on and spreading from a common center; also, with ray-[[flower]]s, as in the [[Compositae]]. 

''[[Radical]]''. Belonging or pertaining to the [[root]]. 

''[[Radicle]]''. The [[inferior]] or downward part of the [[embryo]] below the [[cotyledon]]s; [[caudicle]]. 

''[[Radix]]''. [[Root]].

''[[Rameal]]''. Pertaining to a [[branch]] or branches.

''[[Ramenia]]''. Chaffy loose scales borne on [[leaves]] and [[stem]]s, as on the stems of [[fern]]s.

''[[Ramification]]''. The mode or style of [[branch]]ing of a plant. 

''[[Raphe]], rhaphe''. The cord or ridge of fibro-vascular tissue connecting the [[hilum]] and [[chaluza]] on a [[seed]] (when the hilum and chalaza are separated). 

''[[Ray]]''. Outer modified [[floret]]s of some [[composite]]s, with an extended or strap-like part to the [[corolla]]; also the branches of an [[umbel]] or umbel-like [[cluster]]. 

''[[Receptacle]]''. [[Torus]]; the more or less enlarged or elongated end of the [[stem]] or [[flower]]-[[axis]] on which some or all of the flower-parts are borne; sometimes the receptacle is greatly expanded, as in the [[CompositAe]]; sometimes it assumes capsule-like forms, as in the [[hypanthium]] of the [[rose]]. 

''[[Reclinate]], reclining''. Bent down or falling back from the perpendicular. 

''[[Recondite]]''. Concealed; difficult to make out; not easily recognized.

''[[Recurved]]''. Bent or curved downward or backward.

''[[Reflexed]]''. Abruptly recurved or bent downward or backward.

''[[Regular flower]]''. With the parts in each series or set alike; as [[stamen]]s all like each other, [[petal]]s all like each other.

''[[Reinforced fruit]]''. With other parts grown to the [[pericarp]].

''[[Remote]]''. Separated by spaces longer than common.

''[[Reniform]]''. Kidney-shaped.

''[[Repent]]''. Creeping; [[root]]ing at the [[joint]]s.

''[[Resupinate]]''. Upside down; turned over.

''[[Retrorse]]''. Bent or turned over back or downward.

''[[Revolute]]''. Rolled backward, margin rolled toward lower side. See ''[[Involute]]''. 

''[[Rhachis]]''. See ''[[Rachis]]''. 

''[[Rhaphe]]''. See ''[[Raphe]]''.

''[[Rhizome]]''. Underground [[stem]]; [[rootstock]].

''[[Rhizos]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying [[root]].

''[[Rib]]''. In a [[leaf]] or similar organ, the primary vein; also any prominent vein or nerve. 

''[[Rimose]]''. With cracks or chinks. 

''[[Ringent]]''. Gaping; said of [[labiate]] [[flower]]s with an open throat or mouth. 

''[[Rootstock]]''. Subterranean [[stem]]; [[rhizome]]. 

''[[Rostellum]]''. A little beak; particularly a projection above the [[stigma]] in the [[orchid]] [[flower]]. 

''[[Rosula]]''. A [[rosette]], or dense more or less flat [[imbricated]] [[cluster]] of [[leaves]]. 

''[[Rosulate]]''. In a [[rosula]] or [[rosette]]. 

''[[Rotate]]''. Wheel-shaped; with short or obsolete tube and a flat and circular limb.

''[[Rotund]]''. Nearly circular; orbicular, inclining to be oblong. 

''[[Rudimentary]]''. Incomplete; very little developed. 

''[[Ruminated]]''. Chewed; particularly applied to wrinkled [[albumen]] in [[seed]]s that are irregularly channeled or pierced, as in [[nutmeg]] and in [[annona]] [[fruit]]s. 

''[[Runcinate]]''. Said of sharply lobed or cut [[leaves]] that have the segments directed backward. 

''[[Runner]]''. A slender trailing [[shoot]] taking [[root]] at the [[node]]s.

==S==
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''[[Sabulose]]''. Growing in or pertaining to sandy places.

''[[Saggitate]]''. Like an arrowhead in [[form]]; triangular with the [[basal]] [[lobe]]s pointing downward.

''[[Salver-shaped]]''. With a slender tube and an abruptly expanded flat limb, as that of the [[phlox]]; [[hypocrateriform]].

''[[Samara]]''. [[Indehiscent]] winged [[pericarp]], as of the [[maple]].

''[[Sap]]''. The watery contents of a plant; an indefinite and undescriptive term little used by botanists.

''[[Sapid]]''. With a pleasant or savory taste.

''[[Scabrous]]''. Rough; feeling roughish or gritty to the touch.

''[[Scale]]''. A name given to many kinds of small mostly dry and appressed [[leaves]] or [[bracts]]; a vestige.

''[[Scape]]''. [[Leafless]] [[peduncle]] arising from the ground; it may bear scales or [[bract]]s but no [[foliage]]-[[leaves]], and may be one- or many-[[flower]]ed.

''[[Scarious]]''. [[Leaf]]-like parts or [[bract]]s that are not green, but thin, dry, and membranaceous, often more or less translucent.

''[[Scion]]''. See ''[[Cion]]''.

''[[Scleroid]]''. Of a hard texture.

''[[Scorpioid]]''. Said of a [[cluster]] in which the [[flower]]s are 2-ranked and borne alternately at the right and the left.

''[[Seed]]''. The ripened [[ovule]]; the essential part is the [[embryo]], and this is contained within integuments.

''[[Seedling]]''. A young plant raised from [[seed]]; a plant direct from seed without the intervention of [[graft]]ing of any kind.

''[[Segment]]''. One of the parts of a [[leaf]], [[petal]], [[calyx]] or [[perianth]] that is divided but not truly compound.

''[[Self-fertilization]]''. Secured by [[polle]]n from same [[flower]]; close-fertilization.

''[[Self-pollination]]''. Transfer of [[pollen]] from [[stamen]] to [[pistil]] of same [[flower]]; close-pollination.

''[[Sepal]]''. One of the separate [[leaves]] of a [[calyx]].

''[[Separation]]''. Multiplication of plants by means of naturally detachable asexual bodies or organs, as [[offset]]s, [[stolon]]s.

''[[Septate]]''. Partitioned; divided by partitions.

''[[Septicidal]]''. [[Dehiscence]] along or in the partitions, not directly into the [[locule]].

''[[Septum]]''. A partition.

''[[Sessile]]''. Not stalked; sitting.

''[[Set]]''. Applied loosely to vegetative parts used in [[propagation]], as to [[offset]]s, layers, [[root]]-[[cutting]]s.

''[[Seta]]''. A bristle.

''[[Setiform]]''. Bristle-shaped.

''[[Sheath]]''. Any long or more or less tubular structure surrounding an organ or part.

''[[Shoot]]''. A new plant from the [[root]] of the old plant; also any growing [[twig]] or [[axis]].

''[[Shrub]]''. A woody plant that remains low and produces [[shoot]]s or [[trunk]]s from the base.

''[[Silicle]]''. The short [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silique]]''. The long [[fruit]] of certain [[Cruciferae]].

''[[Silky]]''. A condition produced by a covering of soft appressed fine hairs; [[sericeus]].

''[[Silvery]]''. With a whitish metallic more or less shining luster.

''[[Simple pistil]]''. Of one [[carpel]].

''[[Sinus]]''. The space or recess between two [[lobe]]s of a [[leaf]] or other expanded organ.

''[[Slip]]''. A [[softwood]] [[cutting]] "slipped" off or pulled off; applied also to similar parts cut off.

''[[Smooth]]''. Said of surfaces that have no hairiness, roughness or [[pubescence]], particularly of those not rough.

''[[Solitary]]''. Borne singly or alone.

''[[Sorus]]''. A heap or [[cluster]]. The [[fruit]]-dots or -cluster of [[fern]]s (plural ''sori''.)

''[[Spadix]]''. A thick or fleshy spike of certain plants, as the [[Araceae]], surrounded or subtended by a [[spathe]].

''[[Span]]''. Nine inches; distance from tip of thumb to tip of little finger when the hand is spread out.

''[[Spathe]]''. The [[bract]] or [[leaf]] surrounding or subtending a [[flower]]-[[cluster]] or a [[spadix]]; it is sometimes colored and flower-like, as in the [[calla]].

''[[Spawn]]''. The dried mycelium of [[mushroom]]s used in [[propagation]].

''[[Spheroidal]]''. A solid that is nearly spherical.

''[[Spiciform]]''. Spike-form.

''[[Spiculate]]''. With a small, fleshy and erect point.

''[[Spike]]''. Compact, more or less simple [[indeterminate]], mostly elongated [[cluster]], with [[flower]]s [[sessile]] or nearly so.

''[[Spikelet]]''. A secondary [[spike]]; one part of a compound spike; particularly, one of the ultimate [[cluster]]s in grosses.

''[[Spine]]''. A strong and sharp-pointed [[woody]] body mostly arising from the [[wood]] of the [[stem]].

''[[Spinescent]]''. More or less spiny.

''[[Spinule]]''. A little or weak spine.

''[[Spontaneous]]''. Said of plants that have escaped from [[cultivation]], but that do not permanently persist.

''[[Sporangium]]''. A [[spore]]-case; a sac or body bearing spores.

''[[Spore]]''. A simple reproductive body, usually composed of a single detached cell, and containing no [[embryo]].

''[[Sporocarp]]''. A receptacle containing sporangia or [[spore]]s.

''[[Sporophyll]]''. A [[spore]]-bearing [[leaf]].

''[[Spreading]]''. Standing outward or horizontally.

''[[Spur]]''. A tubular or sac-like projection from a [[blossom]], as of a [[petal]] or [[sepal]]; it usually secretes [[nectar]].

''[[Squama]]''. A [[scale]].

''[[Squamella]]''. Very small [[squama]] or [[scale]].

''[[Stachys]]''. In Greek compounds, signifying a [[spike]].

''[[Stalk]]''. The [[stem]] of any [[organ]], as the [[petiole]], [[peduncle]], [[pedicel]], [[filament]], [[stipe]].

''[[Stamen]]''. The [[pollen]]-bearing or "[[male]]" organ.

''[[Staminate]]''. Having [[stamen]]s and no [[pistil]]s; [[male]].

''[[Staminode]], staminodium''. A sterile [[stamen]], or a structure resembling such and borne in the staminal part of the [[flower]]; in some [[flower]]s (as in [[Canna]]) staminodia are [[petal]]-like and showy.

''[[Standard]]''. The upper and broad more or less erect [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Stem]]''. The main [[axis]] of a plant; [[leaf]]-bearing and [[flower]]- bearing as distinguished from the [[root]]-bearing axis.

''[[Sterile flower]]''. Without [[pistil]]s.

''[[Stigma]]''. The part of the [[pistil]] that receives the [[pollen]].

''[[Stigmatic]]''. Pertaining to the [[stigma]].

''[[Stipe]]''. The stalk of a [[pistil]] or other small organ; also the [[petiole]] of a [[fern]]-[[leaf]].

''[[Stipel]]''. [[Stipule]] of a [[leaflet]].

''[[Stipule]]''. A basal appendage of a [[petiole]]; the three parts of a complete [[leaf]] are [[blade]], petiole, [[stipules]] (usually 2).

''[[Stock]]''. The part on which the [[cion]] is [[graft]]ed; the strain or parentage.

''[[Stolon]]''. A [[shoot]] that bends to the ground and takes [[root]]; more commonly, a horizontal [[stem]] at or below surface of the ground that gives rise to a new plant at its tip.

''[[Stone]]''. The "pit" or [[putamen]] of a [[stone]] [[fruit]].

''[[Stool]]''. A clump of [[root]]s or [[rootstock]] that may be used in [[propagation]]; also an established low plant from which layers are taken.

''[[Stratification]]''. The operation or method of burying [[seed]]s to keep them fresh and to soften their integuments, or to expose them without injury to frost, that they may be more readily and successfully used in [[propagation]].

''[[Strict]]''. Straight and upright, little if any branched, often rigid.

''[[Strobile]]''. [[Cone]].

''[[Strophiole]]''. An appendage or protuberance at the [[hilum]]. 

''[[Style]]''. More or less elongated part of the [[pistil]] between the [[ovary]] and [[stigma]]. 

''[[Stylopodium]]''. Style-foot; an expansion at the base of a style, as in [[flower]]s of the [[Umbelliferae]]. 

''[[Sub-]]''. As a prefix, usually signifying ''somewhat, slightly'' or ''rather''.

''[[Subacute]]''. Somewhat or partially acute.

''[[Subcoriaceous]]''. Somewhat or approaching leathery in texture.

''[[Subligneous]]''. Partially or somewhat [[woody]].

''[[Subterete]]''. Somewhat or imperfectly [[terete]].

''[[Succulent]]''. Juicy; fleshy; soft and thickened in texture.

''[[Sucker]]''. A [[shoot]] arising from the [[root]]s or beneath the surface of the ground.

''[[Suffrutescent]]''. Partially or slightly [[shrub]]by.

''[[Suffruticose]]''. Pertaining to a low and somewhat [[woody]] plant; diminutively shrubby or [[fruticose]]; woody at base.

''[[Sulcate]]''. Grooved or furrowed lengthwise.

''[[Superior]]''. Said of an [[ovary]] that is free from the [[calyx]].

''[[Supernumerary]]''. Said of [[bud]]s when there is more than one in an [[axil]].

''[[Suspended]]''. Hanging from the top, as an [[ovule]] attached in the top of the [[locule]].

''[[Suture]]''. A line or mark of splitting open; a groove marking a natural division or union; the groove lengthwise a [[plum]] or similar [[fruit]].

''[[Symmetrical]]''. Said of a [[flower]] that has the same number of parts in each series or circle, as five [[stamen]]s, five [[petal]]s.

''[[Symphysis]]''. Growing together; coalescence.

''[[Sympodial]]''. Axial growth continued by successive lateral [[shoot]]s instead of by terminal [[bud]].

''[[Syncarpium]]''. A [[fruit]] consisting of many cohering or consolidated [[carpel]]s.

''[[Syncarpous]]''. Having [[carpel]]s united. See ''[[Apocarpus]]''.

''[[Syngenesious]]''. [[Anther]]s united in a ring, as in [[Compositae]].

==T==
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''[[Tapering]]''. Gradually becoming smaller or diminishing in diameter or width toward one end.

''[[Tap-root]]''. A strong nearly or quite perpendicular main [[root]] that carries the plant axis straight into the ground, all the other roots being secondary to it, rather than branching equally or diversely at the [[crown]].

''[[Taxonomy]]''. [[Classification]] of [[species]].

''[[Tendril]]''. A rotating or twisting thread-like process or extension by which a plant grasps an object and clings to it for support; morphologically it may be [[stem]] or [[leaf]].

''[[Teratology]]''. The subject of monstrosities, or of abnormal and aberrant forms and malformations.

''[[Terete]]''. Circular in transverse section; imperfectly cylindrical because the object may taper both ways.

''[[Terminology]]''. The subject dealing with names.

''[[Ternate]]''. In threes.

''[[Testa]]''. The outer [[seed]]-coat, particularly when bony, hard or brittle.

''[[Tetradynamous]]''. Six [[stamen]]s, four being long and two short.

''[[Tetragonal]]''. Four-angled.

''[[Thallus]]''. A flat [[leaf]]-like organ; in some cryptogams, the entire cellular plant body without differentiation as to [[stem]] and [[foliage]].

''[[Throat]]''. The opening or orifice into a [[gamopetalous]] [[corolla]], or [[perianth]]; the place where the limb joins the tube.

''[[Thyrse]], thyrsus''. Compact and more or less compound [[panicle]]; more correctly a panicle-like [[cluster]] with main axis [[indeterminate]] and other parts [[determinate]].

''[[Tip]]''. The plant arising at the end of a [[stolon]], as in the black [[raspberry]].

''[[Tomentose]]''. With tomentum; densely [[woolly]] or pubescent; with matted soft wool-like hairiness.

''[[Tomentulose]]''. Somewhat or delicately [[tomentose]].

''[[Tortuous]]''. Twisted; with irregular bending and [[twining]].

''[[Torus]]''. Receptacle.

''[[Tree]]''. A [[woody]] plant that produces one main [[trunk]] and a more or less distinct and elevated head.

''[[Tri-]]''. Three or three times.

''[[Tricarpous]]''. Of three [[carpel]]s or [[fruit]]s.

''[[Trichome]]''. A hair, particularly one that is strong or stiff.

''[[Tricostate]]''. With three ribs.

''[[Trifid]]''. Separated about halfway down into three parts.

''[[Trifoliate]]''. Of three [[leaves]].

''[[Trifoliolate]]''. Of three [[leaflet]]s.

''[[Trigonous]]''. Three-angled.

''[[Trimerous]]''. In threes.

''[[Trimorphous]]''. In three forms; as three lengths of [[stamen]]s.

''[[Tripinnate]]''. Three times [[pinnate]].

''[[Trisected]]''. In three deeply cut parts.

''[[Triternate]]''. Three times three; the [[leaflet]]s or segments of a twice [[ternate]] [[leaf]] again in three parts.

''[[Truncate]]''. Appearing as if cut off at the end; the end nearly or quite straight across.

''[[Tuber]]''. A short congested part; usually defined as subterranean (as of a [[rootstock]]), although this is not essential.

''[[Tubercle]]''. .A small [[tuber]], or rounded protruding body.

''[[Tuberiferous]]''. [[Tuber]]-bearing.

''[[Tuberous]]''. With or resembling a [[tuber]] or tubers.

''[[Tumid]]''. Swollen.

''[[Tunicated]]''. Provided with concentric or enwrapping coats or layers, as [[bulb]] of [[onion]].

''[[Turgid]]''. Swollen from fullness.

==U==
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''[[Umbel]]''. Corymbose or [[indeterminate]] [[cluster]] with [[branch]]es or rays arising from a common point and about equal in length, resembling framework of umbrella; [[umbel]]s are characteristic of the [[Umbellifera]].

''[[Umbellate]]''. Umbelled; with [[umbel]]s; pertaining to umbels.

''[[Umbellet]]''. Secondary [[umbel]].

''[[Umbellule]]''. [[Umbel]]let.

''[[Uni-]]''. One.

''[[Unisexual]]''. Of one sex; [[staminate]] or [[pistillate]] only.

''[[Utricle]]''. A small bladder; a bladdery 1-[[seed]]ed [[fruit]].

==V==
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''[[Valvate]]''. Opening by valves or pertaining to valves; meeting by the edges without overlapping, as [[leaves]] or [[petal]]s in the [[bud]]. 

''[[Valve]]''. A separable part of a [[pod]]; the units or pieces into which a capsule splits or divides in [[dehiscing]]. 

''[[Vascular]]''. With vessels or ducts, or relating to them. 

''[[Vein]]''. A [[branch]] of the evident [[woody]] framework of a [[leaf]] or similar organ; secondary member of the fibro-vascular structure.

''[[Veinlet]]''. A small or slender vein; nerve.

''[[Venation]]''. Veining; arrangement or disposition of veins.

''[[Ventral]]''. Front; relating to the anterior or inner face or part of an organ; opposite the back or dorsal part. 

''[[Vernation]]''. The disposition or arrangement of [[leaves]] in the [[bud]]. 

''[[Versatile]]''. Hung or attached near the middle and usually moving freely, as an [[anther]] attached crosswise on the apex of [[filament]] and capable of turning. 

''[[Verticil]]''. A [[whorl]].

''[[Vesicle]]''. A little bladder or bladder-like cavity.

''[[Vexillary]]''. Pertaining to the vexillum, standard or banner of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]]. 

''[[Villous]]''. Provided with long and soft, not matted, hairs; shaggy.

''[[Vitta]]''. An oil-tube, as in the fruits of [[Umbelliferae]].

''[[Vittate]]''. With [[vitta]]e; also striped lengthwise.

''[[Volute]]''. Rolled up.

==W==
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''[[Watersprout]]''. A strong rapid-growing adventitious [[shoot]] in a [[tree]]-top or [[bush]] or on a [[trunk]].

''[[Whorl]]''. Three or more [[leaves]] or [[flower]]s at one [[node]], in a circle.

''[[Wing]]''. A thin dry or membranous expansion or flat extension or appendage of an organ; also the lateral [[petal]] of a [[papilionaceous]] [[flower]].

''[[Woolly]]''. Provided with long, soft and more or less matted hairs; like wool; [[lanate]].

''[[Wort]]''. Old word for a plant or [[herb]]; now used only in combination, as [[mother-wort]], [[spiderwort]], [[liverwort]].


==X==
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==Y==
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==Z==
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