View source for Hakea

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Proteaceae
|genus=Hakea
|common_name=Hakea
|Min ht box=1
|Min ht metric=m
|Max ht box=6
|Max ht metric=m
|origin=Australia
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=sun
|water=moist, moderate, dry
|features=evergreen
|Temp Metric=°F
|sunset_zones=9, 12-17, 19-24
|image=Pincushion hakea03.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_caption=Hakea laurina (Pincushion Hakea)
}}
Hakea (Hakea) is a genus of 149 species of shrubs and small trees in the Proteaceae, native to Australia. They are found throughout the country, with the highest species diversity being found in the south west of Western Australia{{wp}}.

They can reach 1-6 m in height, and have spirally arranged leaves 2-20 cm long, simple or compound, sometimes (e.g. H. suaveolens) with the leaflets thin cylindrical and rush-like{{wp}}. The flowers are produced in dense flowerheads of variable shape, globose to cylindrical, 3-10 cm long, with numerous small red, yellow, pink, purple, pale blue or white flowers{{wp}}.

It is now widely accepted that Grevillea is paraphyletic with respect to Hakea. It is likely, therefore, that Hakea will soon be transferred into Grevillea{{wp}}.

{{Inc|
Hakea (after Baron von Hake, a German friend of botany). Proteaceae. Australian evergreen shrubs cultivated indoors abroad, much used for ornamental planting in the open in California.

The foliage of the various species of Hakea is exceedingly diverse; in some the lvs. are flat and broad, and then entire or merely toothed, in others they are terete, and then either simple and entire or pinnately parted: fls. in pairs, the pairs commonly crowded in close racemes or globose clusters, these mostly sessile in the lf. axils; corolla-tube slender, usually recurved beneath the limb, which is mostly globose, the 4 lobes cohering long after the tube has opened; lobes concave and bear sessile anthers; the single style either long or short but always dilated at the end: fr. a hard woody caps, opening in 2 valves and bearing 2 compressed winged seeds.—Ninety-five species are fully described in English, with a key in Flora Australiensis 5:489 (1870). Eleven species grown in Calif, are described and discussed, with a key and 8 illustrations in Univ. Calif. Pub. Botany 4:14-20 (1910).

Hakeas are drought-resistant plants which endure moderate frost and are therefore well adapted to the drier parts of the South and Southwest. In California they are grown as far north as Sacramento. One of these, H. laurina, produces strikingly handsome fls.; H. elliptica is prized for the bronze color of its young foliage; while the spiny-leaved species are serviceable for planting in public parks or in any place where it is necessary for shrubs to protect themselves from pedestrians or vandals.

Hakeas may be propagated by cuttings taken from ripened shoots but they are almost universally grown from seeds. These are gathered from year-old capsules which are very hard and must be dried for some time before they will open. The seeds are sown in winter or early spring in the ordinary mixture of sand, leaf-mold, and loam; they germinate easily, even without, heat. The young seedlings are pricked off into boxes and held in the lathhouse for a season before planting in the open. For best results hakeas should be grown in light, well-drained soil and need but little water after they are once established; much moisture is injurious except during the summer months.

H. aquifolia, is a garden name sometimes applied to H. saligna. H. cyclocarpa, Lindl. Foliage as in H. laurina but lvs. and fr. larger, the fl.-heads not involucrate: corolla silky-pubescent. Once offered by Franeeschi.—H. multilineata, Meissn. Related to H. laurina: lf.-veins more numerous: fl.-clusters oblong: fr. only Min. broad. G.C. III. 19:85 (var.). Reported but apparently never intro.—H. nftida, R. Br. Lvs. bright green, oblong, entire or toothed: fls. white, in stalked clusters: fr. 1 in. long by  ½ in. broad. B.M. 2246.—H. undulata, R. Br. Lvs. glabrous, obovate or rarely lanceolate: fls. small, in axillary clusters: fr. recurved at base, 1 ½ in. long by ¾ in. broad, distinctly beaked.—H. varia, R. Br. Some lvs. with nearly terete lobes, then resembling H. suavcolena, but varying to flat and holly-like, 1-2 in. long, obscurely veined or veinless. always tapering at the base: fls. in small clusters, the rachia villous, pedicels and small corolla glabrous: fr. ¾ in. long by ½ in. broad. Offered by Franceschi.

Harvey Monroe Hall.
}}

==Cultivation==
Some showy western species, such as ''[[Hakea multilineata]]'', ''[[Hakea francisiana|H. francisiana]]'' and ''[[Hakea bucculenta|H. bucculenta]]'', require [[grafting]] onto hardy stock such as ''[[Hakea salicifolia]]'' for growing in more humid climates, as they are sensitive to [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|dieback]].

Many species, particularly (but not always) Eastern Australian species, are notable for their hardiness, to the point they have become weedy. ''[[Hakea gibbosa]]'', ''[[Hakea sericea|H. sericea]]'' and ''[[Hakea drupacea|H. drupacea]]'' (previously ''H. suaveolens'') have been weeds in [[South Africa]], ''[[Hakea laurina]]'' has become naturalized around [[Adelaide]].

===Propagation===
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===Pests and diseases===
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===Species===
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Hakea actites]]'' (Mulloway Needlebush, Wallum Hakea)
*''[[Hakea aculeata]]'' (Column Hakea)
*''[[Hakea acuminata]]''
*''[[Hakea adnata]]''
*''[[Hakea aenigma]]''
*''[[Hakea ambigua]]''
*''[[Hakea amplexicaulis]]'' (Prickly Hakea)
*''[[Hakea anadenia]]''
*''[[Hakea arborescens]]'' (Yellow Hakea, Arrarruwurra (''Groote Eylandt''), Derinding (''Kununurra''))
*''[[Hakea archaeoides]]'' 
*''[[Hakea auriculata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea bakeriana]]'' 
*''[[Hakea baxteri]]'' (Fan Hakea)
*''[[Hakea bicornata]]''
*''[[Hakea brachyptera]]''
*''[[Hakea brownii]]'' (Fan-leaf Hakea)
*''[[Hakea bucculenta]]'' (Red Pokers)
*''[[Hakea candolleana]]''
*''[[Hakea carinata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea ceratophylla]]'' (Staghorn Hakea)
*''[[Hakea chordophylla]]'' (Bootlace Oak, Bull Oak)
*''[[Hakea cinerea]]'' 
*''[[Hakea circumalata]]''
*''[[Hakea clavata]]'' (Coastal Hakea)
*''[[Hakea collina]]''
*''[[Hakea commutata]]''
*''[[Hakea conchifolia]]''
*''[[Hakea constablei]]''  
*''[[Hakea corymbosa]]'' (Cauliflower Hakea)
*''[[Hakea costata]]'' (Ribbed Hakea)
*''[[Hakea crassifolia]]'' 
*''[[Hakea cristata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea cucullata]]'' (Scallops Hakea)
*''[[Hakea cyclocarpa]]'' (Curved Fruit Hakea)
*''[[Hakea cycloptera]]'' (Elm-seed Hakea)
*''[[Hakea cygna]]''
*''[[Hakea dactyloides]]'' (Broad-leaved Hakea)
*''[[Hakea denticulata]]'' (Stinking Roger)
*''[[Hakea decurrens]]'' 
*''[[Hakea divaricata]]'' (Corkbark) 
*''[[Hakea dohertyi]]'' 
*''[[Hakea drupacea]]'' (previously ''H. suaveolens'')
*''[[Hakea elliptica]]'' (Oval-leaf Halea)
*''[[Hakea edneiana]]'' (Flinders Range Hakea, Yantana, Yandena)
*''[[Hakea eneabba]]''
*''[[Hakea epiglottis]]'' 
*''[[Hakea erecta]]''
*''[[Hakea eriantha]]'' (Tree Hakea)
*''[[Hakea erinacea]]'' (Hedgehog Hakea)
*''[[Hakea eyreana]]'' (Straggly Corkbark, Fork-leaved Ironwood) 
*''[[Hakea falcata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea ferruginea]]'' 
*''[[Hakea flabellifolia]]'' (Wedge Hakea)
*''[[Hakea florida]]'' (Summer Snow)
*''[[Hakea florulenta]]'' (Sweet-scented Hakea)
*''[[Hakea francisiana]]'' (Grass Leaf Hakea)
*''[[Hakea fraseri]]''
*''[[Hakea gibbosa]]'' (Hairy Hakea, Rock Hakea)
*''[[Hakea gilbertii]]'' 
*''[[Hakea grammatophylla]]'' 
*''[[Hakea hastata]]''
*''[[Hakea hookeriana]]'' (Barren Range Hakea)
*''[[Hakea horrida]]''
*''[[Hakea ilicifolia]]'' (Holly-leaved Hakea)
*''[[Hakea incrassata]]'' (Marble Hakea)
*''[[Hakea invaginata]]''
*''[[Hakea ivoryi]]'' (Ivory's Hakea, Corkbark Corkwood)
*''[[Hakea kippistiana]]'' 
*''[[Hakea laevipes]]'' 
*''[[Hakea lasiantha]]'' (Woolly Hakea)
*''[[Hakea lasianthoides]]'' 
*''[[Hakea laurina]]'' (Pincushion Hakea)
*''[[Hakea lehmanniana]]'' (Blue Hakea)
*''[[Hakea leucoptera]]'' (Needlewood Hakea, Ilpeye (''[[Arrernte]]''))
*''[[Hakea linearis]]'' 
|
*''[[Hakea lissocarpha]]'' (Honeybush Hakea)
*''[[Hakea lissosperma]]'' (Mountain Needlewood)
*''[[Hakea longiflora]]''
*''[[Hakea loranthifolia]]''
*''[[Hakea lorea]]'' (Bootlace Tree)
*''[[Hakea maconochieana]]''
*''[[Hakea macraeana]]'' (Willow Needlewood)
*''[[Hakea macrorhyncha]]''
*''[[Hakea marginata]]''
*''[[Hakea megadenia]]''
*''[[Hakea megalosperma]]'' (Lesueur Hakea)
*''[[Hakea meisneriana]]'' 
*''[[Hakea microcarpa]]'' (Small fruit Hakea, Adam's Needle)
*''[[Hakea minyma]]'' 
*''[[Hakea mitchellii]]'' 
*''[[Hakea muelleriana]]'' (Desert Hakea)
*''[[Hakea multilineata]]'' (Grass-leaved Hakea)
*''[[Hakea myrtoides]]'' 
*''[[Hakea neurophylla]]'' 
*''[[Hakea newbeyana]]'' 
*''[[Hakea nitida]]'' 
*''[[Hakea nodosa]]'' (Yellow Hakea)
*''[[Hakea obliqua]]'' (Needles & Corks)
*''[[Hakea obtusa]]''
*''[[Hakea ochroptera]]'' 
*''[[Hakea oleifolia]]'' (Olive-leaf Hakea)
*''[[Hakea orthorrhyncha]]'' (Bird Beak Hakea) 
*''[[Hakea pachyphylla]]''
*''[[Hakea pandanicarpa]]'' 
*''[[Hakea pedunculata]]''
*''[[Hakea pendens]]''
*''[[Hakea persiehana]]''
*''[[Hakea petiolaris]]'' (Sea Urchin Hakea)
*''[[Hakea platysperma]]'' (Cricket Ball Hakea)
*''[[Hakea plurinervia]]''
*''[[Hakea polyanthema]]''
*''[[Hakea preissii]]'' (Christmas Hakea) 
*''[[Hakea pritzelii]]''
*''[[Hakea propinqua]]'' 
*''[[Hakea prostrata]]'' (Harsh Hakea)
*''[[Hakea psilorrhyncha]]''
*''[[Hakea pulvinifera]]'' 
*''[[Hakea purpurea]]'' 
*''[[Hakea pycnoneura]]'' 
*''[[Hakea recurva]]'' (Standback)
*''[[Hakea repullulans]]''
*''[[Hakea rhombales]]'' 
*''[[Hakea rigida]]'' 
*''[[Hakea rostrata]]'' (Beaked Hakea, Turkey Gobblers, Kidney Bush)
*''[[Hakea rugosa]]'' (Dwarf hakea, Wrinkled Hakea)
*''[[Hakea ruscifolia]]''  (Candle Spike Hakea)
*''[[Hakea salicifolia]]'' (Willow-leaved Hakea)
*''[[Hakea scoparia]]'' 
*''[[Hakea sericea]]'' (Needlebush)
*''[[Hakea smilacifolia]]'' 
*''[[Hakea spathulata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea standleyensis]]''
*''[[Hakea stenocarpa]]''
*''[[Hakea stenophylla]]''
*''[[Hakea strumosa]]''
*''[[Hakea subsulcata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea sulcata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea teretifolia]]'' (Dagger Hakea) 
*''[[Hakea tephrosperma]]'' (Hooked Needlewood, Striped Hakea) 
*''[[Hakea trifurcata]]'' (Two-leaf Hakea)
*''[[Hakea trineura]]'' 
*''[[Hakea tuberculata]]'' 
*''[[Hakea undulata]]''
*''[[Hakea ulicina]]''
*''[[Hakea varia]]'' (Variable Leaved Hakea) 
*''[[Hakea verrucosa]]'' 
*''[[Hakea victoria]]'' (Royal Hakea)
*''[[Hakea vittata]]'' 
|}

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
* {{cite book|author=Barker WR, Barker RM, Haegi L|year=1999|chapter=Hakea|editor=Wilson, Annette (ed.)|title=Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra|pages=1&ndash;170|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|id=ISBN 0-643-06454-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Holliday Ivan |year=2005|title=Hakeas:a field and garden guide|publisher=Reed New Holland|id=ISBN 1-877069-14-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Young Jennifer |year=2006|title=Hakeas of Western Australia : a field and identification guide|publisher= J.A. Young |id=ISBN 9780958577823}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Hakea corymbosa.JPG|''Hakea corymbosa'' from southwest WA
Image:H petiolaris4 keilor bg email.jpg|''Hakea petiolaris'' from southwest WA
Image:Hakea bakeriana2 april 04 email.jpg|''Hakea bakeriana'' from NSW Central Coast
Image:Hakea archaeoides 1 email.jpg|''Hakea archaeoides'', from NSW North Coast
Image:Hakea-seed.jpg|Hakea seed pod, ACT, Aust.
Image:20070521 Pincushion Hakea Flower.jpg|Flower of Hakea laurina (Pincushion Hakea) in Bonbeach, Victoria, Australia
</gallery>

==External links==
* [http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/hakea.html The Hakea Page] of [[Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants|ASGAP]]

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[[Category:Hakea| ]]