View source for Nigella sativa

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Nigella sativa''
| image = Koeh-227.jpg
| image_width= 240px
| image_caption = ''Nigella sativa'' (left) and ''[[Nigella damascena]]'' (right)
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Nigella]]''
| species = '''''N. sativa'''''
| binomial = ''Nigella sativa''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Nigella sativa''''' is an [[Annual plant|annual]] [[flowering plant]], native to southwest [[Asia]]. It grows to 20-30 cm tall, with finely divided, linear (but not thread-like) [[leaf|leaves]]. The [[flower]]s are delicate, and usually coloured pale blue and white, with 5-10 petals. The [[fruit]] is a large and inflated [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] composed of 3-7 united follicles, each containing numerous [[seed]]s. The seed is used as a [[spice]].

[[Image:Nigella Sativa Seed.jpg|thumb|left|''Nigella sativa'' seed]] ''Nigella sativa'' seed is known variously as kalonji कलौंजी or कलोंजी ([[Hindi]]), kezah קצח ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]), charnushka ([[Russian language|Russian]]), çörek otu ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]), habbah Albarakah, حبه البركة (literally ''seeds of blessing'' [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) or siyah daneh سیاه‌دانه ([[Persian language|Persian]]). In English it is called fennel flower, black caraway, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, or black onion seed. Other names used, sometimes misleadingly, are onion seed and black sesame (both of which are similar-looking but unrelated). Frequently the seeds are referred to as black cumin, this is, however, also used for a different spice, [[Bunium persicum]]. It is also sometimes just referred to as nigella or black seed.  An old English name ''gith'' is now used for the [[corncockle]].

This potpourri of vernacular names for this plant reflects that its widespread use as a spice is relatively new in the English speaking world, and largely associated with immigrants from areas where it is well known. Increasing use is likely to result in one of the names winning out, hopefully one which is unambiguous.

''Nigella sativa'' has a pungent bitter taste and a faint smell of [[strawberries]]. It is used primarily in candies and liquors. The variety of [[naan]] bread called [[Peshawar]]i naan is as a rule topped with kalonji seeds. In [[herbal medicine]], ''Nigella sativa'' has [[hypertensive]], [[carminative]], and [[anthelminthic]] properties. They are eaten by elephants to aid digestion.

==Historical account==
According to Zohary and Hopf, archeological evidence about the earliest cultivation of ''N. sativa'' "is still scanty", but they report seeds of this condiment have been found in several sites from [[ancient Egypt]] including [[Tutenkhamen]]'s tomb.<ref>Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of plants in the Old World'', third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 206</ref> Although its exact role in Egyptian culture is unknown, we do know that items entombed with a [[pharaoh]] were carefully selected to assist him in the after life.

The earliest written reference to ''N. sativa'' is found in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament. Isaiah contrasts the reaping of nigella with wheat (Isaiah 28: 25, 27). Easton's bible dictionary clarifies that the Hebrew word for nigella, ketsah, refers to without doubt ''N. sativa''. According to Zohary and Hopf, ''N. sativa'' "was another traditional condiment of the Old World during classical times; and its black seeds were extensively used to flavour food."<ref>Zohary and Hopf, ''ibid.''</ref>

In the [[Unani Tibb]] system of medicine, ''N. sativa'' has been regarded as a valuable remedy in a number of diseases. [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]], most famous for his volumes called ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' regarded by many as the most famous book in the history of medicine, refers to nigella as the seed that stimulates the body's energy and helps recovery from fatigue and dispiritedness and several therapeutic effects on digestive disorders, gynecological diseases and respiratory system have been ascribed to the seeds of N. sativa (Ave-sina). It is also included in the list of natural drugs of 'Tibb e nabwi', or prophetic medicine, according to the tradition "hold onto the use of the black seeds for in it is healing for all diseases except death" (Sahih Bukhari vol. 7 book 71 # 592). 

The seeds have been traditionally used in the Middle East and Southeast Asian countries to treat ailments including Asthma, Bronchitis, Rheumatism and related inflammatory diseases, to increase milk production in nursing mothers, to promote digestion and to fight parasitic infections. Its oil has been used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and boils and to treat cold symptoms. The many uses of nigella has earned for this ancient herb the Arabic approbation 'Habbatul barakah' meaning the seed of blessing.

==Use in folk medicine==
''Nigella sativa'' has been used for centuries, both as a herb and pressed into oil, by people in [[Asia]], [[Middle East]], and [[Africa]] for medicinal purposes. It has been traditionally used for a variety of conditions and treatments related to respiratory health, stomach and intestinal health, kidney and liver function, circulatory and immune system support, and for general overall well-being.

In [[Islam]], it is regarded as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine available. [[Muhammad]] once stated that the black seed can heal every disease-- except death as mentioned in the following [[hadith]]:

{{cquote|Narrated Khalid bin Sa'd:We went out and Ghalib bin Abjar was accompanying us. He fell ill on the way and when we arrived at Medina he was still sick. Ibn Abi 'Atiq came to visit him and
said to us, "Treat him with black cumin. Take five or seven seeds and crush them (mix the powder with oil) and drop the resulting mixture into both nostrils, for 'Aisha has narrated to me that she heard the Prophet saying, 'This black cumin is healing for all diseases except As-Sam.' 'Aisha said, 'What is As-Sam?' He said, 'Death.' " (Bukhari)}}

This Biblical herb, popular in breads and cakes, is used medicinally to purge the body of worms and parasites. An Arab proverb calls it "the medicine for every disease except death." These seeds taste hot to the tongue and are sometimes mixed with peppercorns in Europe."

Black cumin oil contains nigellone, which protects guinea pigs from histamine-induced bronchial spasms {perhaps explaining its use to relieve the symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, and coughs}.

The presence of an anti-tumor sterol, beta sitosterol, lends credence to its use in folklore to treat abscesses and tumors of the abdomen, eyes, and liver."

Look for sterols at http://glycoscience.org/glycoscience/linksPage/links.html Click on the 4th listing for the GlycoScience link.

== See also ==
* [[Nigella]]

== Notes ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.sweetsunnah.com/cgi-bin/category.cgi?category=blackseed_reports - Clinical data on Black seed (Nigella sativa)]
* [http://www.crescentlife.com/dietnutrition/kalonji.htm Kalonji - by Dr. M. Laiq Ali Khan]
* [http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Nige_sat.html Nigella sativa]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12722128&dopt=Abstract Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. - abstract]
* Antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa oil against [http://openmed.nic.in/1429/ Staphylococcus aureus] and [http://openmed.nic.in/1397/ Pseudomonas aeruginosa] obtained from clinical specimens.
* [http://www.evocadrinks.com - Evoca Black Seed Cola]

{{Herbs & spices}}
[[Category:Ranunculaceae]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Herbs]]