View source for Santalum

{{SPlantbox
|familia=Santalaceae
|genus=Santalum
|taxo_author=L.
|features=evergreen
|Temp Metric=°F
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|image=Sandalwood.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_caption=The branches of a young ''[[Santalum paniculatum]]''
}}
'''''Santalum''''' is a genus of woody [[flowering plant]]s, the most well known and commercially valuable of which is the Indian [[Sandalwood]] tree, ''[[Santalum album|S.&nbsp;album]]''. Members of the genus are [[tree]]s or [[shrub]]s. Most are root [[Parasitic plant|parasites]] which [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesize]] their own food but tap the roots of other species for water and inorganic [[Plant nutrition|nutrients]]. Several species, most notably ''S.&nbsp;album'', produce highly aromatic wood, used for scents and [[perfume]]s and for [[Herbalism|herbal medicine]]. There are approximately 25 species, ranging across the [[Indomalaya ecozone|Indomalaya]], [[Australasia ecozone|Australasia]], and [[Oceania ecozone]]s, from [[India]] through [[Malesia]] to the Pacific Islands, as far as [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]] and the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the coast of [[South America]].

Indian Sandalwood (''S.&nbsp;album'') is found in the [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry deciduous forests]] of India, the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] of [[Indonesia]], and [[Arnhem Land]] of northern [[Australia]]. It is the only species found on the [[Asia]]n mainland, and may have been introduced to India from the Lesser Sundas centuries ago. Indian Sandalwood has been stripped from most of India's forests, and is now rare in the wild. Five species, including ''S. album'', are native to Australia. ''[[Santalum acuminatum|S.&nbsp;acuminatum]]'', known as the sweet [[quandong]] or native peach, produces a shiny bright red fruit used increasingly in Australia for jams, jellies, [[chutney]]s and in pies. Four species, commonly called ''{{okina}}iliahi'', are [[Endemism|endemic]] to Hawai{{okina}}i. ''[[Santalum fernandezianum|S.&nbsp;fernandezianum]]'', endemic to the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the coast of [[Chile]], was [[overexploited]] for its aromatic wood, and may now be [[Extinction|extinct]].

{{Inc|
Santalum (from the Persian Chandal which in turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name of the tree). Santalaceae. Evergreen glabrous trees or shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandalwood: lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls. axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes, dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely 5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4, short; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first free, finally half-inferior: drupe subglobose.—About 10 species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands. Plants more or less parasitic.
{{SCH}}
}}

==Cultivation==
There are numerous initial challenges to cultivating ''Santalum'', not only due to its [[germination]] and growth needs, but also the amount of growing time required for the tree to properly mature. Germination of ''Santalum'' [[seed]]s is not completely understood. Seeds cannot be effectively stored, and must be planted upon harvesting them from a fruiting tree. Even in doing this, the seeds may not germinate. As such, growing saplings can be quite labour intensive.

Furthermore, although ''Santalum'' trees [[photosynthesis|photosynthesizes]] on their own, the trees are semi-[[Parasitic plant|parasitic]], with roots that seek out and tap the root systems of surrounding trees for water and nutrients. As such each sapling are usually grown together next to ''four'' to ''five'' host trees. [[Pruning]] of host trees are also needed at times since ''Santalum'' trees require much sunlight for growth.

===Propagation===


===Pests and diseases===
becomes more resistant to environmental stresses, pest, and disease as it matures.

==Species==
* ''[[Santalum acuminatum|S.&nbsp;acuminatum]]'' <small>[[Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> — Desert Quandong, Sweet Quandong, Native Peach ([[Australia]])
* ''[[Santalum album|S.&nbsp;album]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small> — Indian Sandalwood, White Sandalwood, Chandana ([[India]], [[Indonesia]], northern Australia)
* ''[[Santalum austrocaledonicum|S.&nbsp;austrocaledonicum]]'' <small>[[Eugène Vieillard|Vieill.]]</small> ([[New Caledonia]], [[Vanuatu]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?450430 |title=''Santalum austrocaledonicum'' Vieill. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2006-05-12 |accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref>
* ''[[Santalum ellipticum|S.&nbsp;ellipticum]]'' <small>[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahialo{{okina}}e'', Coast Sandalwood ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Santalum_ellipticum.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title={{okina}}Iliahi-a-lo e, coast sandalwood |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |coauthors=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref>
* ''[[Santalum fernandezianum|S.&nbsp;fernandezianum]]'' <small>[[Rodolfo Armando Philippi|Phil.]]</small> ([[Juan Fernández Islands]])
* ''[[Santalum freycinetianum|S.&nbsp;freycinetianum]]'' <small>[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Santalum_freycinetianum.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title={{okina}}Iliahi, Freycinet sandalwood |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |coauthors=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref><ref name="RNGR">{{cite web |url=http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-16.2407/file |format=[[PDF]] |first=James A. |last=Allen |title=''Santalum freycinetianum'' Gaudich. |work=Tropical Tree Seed Manual |publisher=Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources |date=2003-01-01 |accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref>
* ''[[Santalum haleakalae|S.&nbsp;haleakalae]]'' <small>[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Santalum lanceolatum|S.&nbsp;lanceolatum]]'' <small>[[Robert Brown (botanist)|R.Br.]]</small> — Northern Sandalwood (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum macgregorii|S.&nbsp;macgregorii]]'' <small>F.Muell</small> ([[Papua New Guinea]], [[Indonesia]])
* ''[[Santalum murrayanum|S.&nbsp;murrayanum]]'' <small>[[Charles Austin Gardner|C.A.Gardner]]</small> — Bitter Quandong (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum obtusifolium|S.&nbsp;obtusifolium]]'' (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum paniculatum|S.&nbsp;paniculatum]]'' <small>[[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Santalum salicifolium|S.&nbsp;salicifolium]]'' — Willowleaf Sandalwood
* ''[[Santalum spicatum|S.&nbsp;spicatum]]'' <small>(R.Br.) [[Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> — Australian sandalwood (Australia)
* ''[[Santalum yasi|S.&nbsp;yasi]]'' <small>[[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small> - ''Yasi'' ([[Fiji]], [[Niue]], [[Tonga]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?450430 |title=''Santalum yasi'' Seem. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1999-08-19 |accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref>

==Gallery==

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==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->

==External links==
*{{wplink}}

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