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{{SPlantbox
|familia=Apocynaceae
|genus=Vinca
|common_name=Periwinkle, Vinca
|habit=herbaceous
|Min ht box=20
|Min ht metric=cm
|Max ht box=70
|Max ht metric=cm
|Min wd box=1
|Min wd metric=m
|Max wd box=2
|Max wd metric=m
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=part-sun, shade
|water=moderate
|features=flowers, ground cover
|Temp Metric=°F
|sunset_zones=vary by species
|image=Vinca major0.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_caption=Large Periwinkle (''Vinca major'') flower
}}
'''''Vinca''''', {{pron-en|ˈvɪŋkə}},<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> from [[Latin]]  ''vincire'': "to bind, fetter", formerly known as pervinca<ref>[http://www.plants.am/wiki/Vinca Vinca article]</ref>, is a genus of five species in the family [[Apocynaceae]], native to [[Europe]], northwest [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]]. The common name '''periwinkle''' is shared with the related genus ''[[Catharanthus]]'' (and also with the common seashore [[mollusc]], ''[[Common periwinkle|Littorina littorea]]'').

They are [[subshrub]]s or [[herbaceous]], and have slender trailing stems 1-2 m (3-6 feet) long but not growing more than 20-70 cm (8-30 inches) above ground; the stems frequently take root where they touch the ground, enabling the plant to spread widely. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite, simple broad lanceolate to ovate, 1-9 cm (0.25-3.5 inches) long and 0.5-6 cm (0.25-2.25 inches) broad; they are [[evergreen]] in four species, but [[deciduous]] in the herbaceous ''[[Vinca herbacea|V. herbacea]]'', which dies back to the root system in winter. Vinca will spread extremely fast.

The [[flower]]s, produced through most of the year, are salverform (like those of ''[[Phlox]]''), simple, 2.5-7 cm (1-3 inches) broad, with five usually violet (occasionally white) petals joined together at the base to form a tube. The [[fruit]] consists of a group of divergent [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]]; a dry fruit which is [[dehiscent]] along one rupture site in order to release seeds.

Because the plant spreads quickly, it is sometimes used as a groundcover.  Although attractive, both ''Vinca major'' and ''Vinca minor'' can be considered invasive because of the rapid spreading and the possibility of choking out native species if the vine  enters a forested area where it is not controlled <ref>[http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/problem-solving/weeds-vinca/]</ref> <ref>[http://www.emeraldnpso.org/PDFs/Invas_Orn.pdf]</ref>.  The U.S. Department of Agriculture lists both ''Vinca major'' and ''Vinca minor'' in a list of invasive vines found in the Southeastern United States <ref>[http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs062/03_vines.pdf]</ref>.  In other cases, ''Vinca'' has been recommended as a fire retardant ground cover <ref>[http://msuextension.org/publications/YardandGarden/MT200101AG.pdf]</ref>. 

For example, ''Vinca major'' (also known as big leaf periwinkle) is considered by some to be an ideal ground cover for mountain areas of moderate climate, such as in southern California (20 deg F to 90 deg F). It is fire retardant and relatively drought resistant. It will grow thick enough to mitigate erosion on hillsides and is invasive enough to choke out undesirable grass/brush, but not too invasive to control. It grows very well in shaded to semi-shaded areas without irrigation, and will grow fine in direct sunlight if watered occasionally (though may wilt in temperatures above 85 deg F). It goes dormant in the winter and will "lie down" after a freeze, but will not die even when covered with snow for an extended period. It will return up to 18 in. tall by the beginning of summer, then slow down as the temperatures increase. With the exception of boundary control where necessary and light watering when desired, ''Vinca major'' requires absolutely no maintenance, and will thrive even at elevations over 6000 ft.

{{Inc|
Vinca (pervinca, old Latin name of periwinkle, used by Pliny). Apocynaceae. Erect or procumbent or trailing herbs or subshrubs, some used for bloom in the flower-garden, others for decorative foliage in the greenhouse and in window-boxes and others for permanent ground-cover out-of-doors.

Leaves opposite: fls. axillary, solitary, rather large; calyx 5-parted, not glandular, lobes narrow, acuminate; corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, lobes 5, large, twisted, overlapping to the left; stamens included, above the middle of the tube; disk none; ovary 2 distinct carpels, glabrous: follicles 2, erect or divergent, narrowly cylindrical.—About 12 species, Medit. region, Trop. Amer., India, and Madagascar.

One of the commonest and best plants for covering the ground in deep shade, especially under trees and in cemeteries, is V. minor. It is a hardy trailing plant with shining evergreen foliage and blue salver-shaped five-lobed flowers about an inch across, appearing in spring or early summer. It forms a dense carpet to the exclusion of other herbs. It thrives best in moist half-shaded positions, but will grow in the deepest shade even in poor soil, especially if it is stony. It is a capital plant for clothing steep banks, covering rocks, and carpeting groves. It can be planted successfully on a large scale any time from spring to fall during mild or rainy weather. It is propagated by division or by cuttings, as seeds very rarely mature. The periwinkle will live in city yards under trees where grass will not thrive. V. minor is the commonest and perhaps most variable species. Varieties with white, purple, and double flowers are kept in most nurseries, as also a form with variegated foliage. V. major is larger in all its parts than the common periwinkle and not so hardy. It is well known to florists. A variegated form of it is seen in nearly every veranda-box in the country. V. rosea is a tender plant of erect habit which is used chiefly for summer bedding. It grows about a foot high and has rosy purple or white flowers with or without a reddish eye, and often 2 inches across. The plants bloom continuously from the time they are set out until frost. It can be grown in large masses for public parks with somewhat less expense than geraniums. Mr. Stromback, head gardener of Lincoln Park, Chicago, has recorded his experience with V. rosea in Florist's Review 1:141 as follows: "The seed is sown in January or February in flats of sandy soil in a temperature of 65° to 70°. When the seedlings show the second leaf, they are pricked out about an inch apart in trays of the same soil, and when the little plants have five or six leaves they are potted into 2-inch rose-pots, and later shifted to 3-inch pots. The majority are bedded out from the 3-inch pots. The soil of the bed should be a sandy loam if possible, and the plants will not do well in a very heavy soil. In bedding, set the plants about a foot apart. They require more water than a geranium, and when the bed is watered it should be given a good soaking and then let alone for a few days. The plants require no trimming." The amateur will find V. rosea a satisfactory window-plant that can be grown with little trouble from seeds started as late as April, but of course such plants will not bloom as early as the bedding stock propagated in January or February. V. rosea is the largest-flowered vinca, and it seeds freely.

V. acutiloba, Hort., is a trade name for a white-fld. form, closely related to V. major. 
}}

==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
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===Pests and diseases===
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==Species==
''[[Vinca balcanica]]''<br />
''[[Vinca difformis]]''<br />
''[[Vinca herbacea]]''<br />
''[[Vinca major]]''<br />
''[[Vinca minor]]''

==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->

<gallery>
Image:Vinca major1.jpg|Giant Steps Periwinkle (''Vinca major'') plant
Image:Vinca major-minor leaves.jpg|''Vinca minor'' (above), ''Vinca major'' (below); leaves for comparison
Image:Vinca major-minor margins.jpg|''Vinca minor'' (above), ''Vinca major'' (below); leaf margins for comparison; note hairless margin of ''V. minor'', hairy margin of ''V. major''
</gallery>

==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
*[http://www.eherbal.org/data/vinca.html Vinca medicinal uses, precautions, doses, and details]
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Vinca&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Vinca'']
*[http://www.virtualflowers.com.au/annuals_vinca.asp Virtual Flowers Vinca]
*Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. Hodder & Stoughton.
*Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening'' 4: 664-665. Macmillan.
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->

==External links==
*{{wplink}}

[[Category:Vinca]]
[[Category:Apocynaceae]]
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