View source for Western Poison-oak

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Western Poison-oak
| status = secure
| image = PoisonOak wb biggerLeaves.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Western Poison-oak (larger leaves; <br/>small leaves are another plant) <br/>at base of oak tree
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Anacardiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Toxicodendron]]''
| species = '''''T. diversilobum'''''
| binomial = ''Toxicodendron diversilobum''
| binomial_authority = ([[John Torrey|Torr.]] & [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]) [[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]
}} 

'''Western Poison-oak''' or '''Pacific Poison-oak''' (''[[Toxicodendron]] diversilobum'' or formerly ''Rhus diversiloba'') is found only on the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific Coast]] of the [[United States]] and of [[Canada]]. It is extremely common in that region, where it is the predominant species of the genus; the closely related [[Atlantic Poison-oak]] (''T. pubescens'') occurs on the [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic Coast]].

== Appearance ==
Western Poison-oak is extremely variable in growth habit and leaf appearance. It grows as a dense [[shrub]] in open sunlight, or as a climbing [[vine]] in shaded areas. Like [[Poison ivy]], it reproduces by creeping [[rootstocks]] or by seeds. The leaves are divided into 3 [[leaflets]], 3½ to 10 centimeters long, with scalloped, toothed, or lobed edges- generally resembling the leaves of a true oak, though the Western Poison-oak leaves will tend to be more glossy. Leaves are generally bright green in the spring (or bronze when first unfolding), yellow-green to reddish in the summer, and bright red or pink in the fall. White flowers form in the spring and, if fertilized, develop into greenish- white or tan berries. ''Toxicodendron diversilobum'' is winter [[deciduous]], so that after cold weather sets in the stems are leafless and bear only the occasional cluster of berries.  Without leaves, poison oak stems may sometimes be identified by occasional black marks where sap may have oozed and dried.

<gallery>
Image:PoisonOakGreenPhase.jpg|Green phase
Image:PoisonOakRedPhase.jpg|Red phase
Image:Toxicodendron_diversilobum_berries.jpg|Berries
</gallery>

[[Image:PoisonOak wb smallerLeaves.jpg|thumb|right|Ground variation]]
[[Image:ClimbingPoisonOak.jpg|thumb|right|Climbing variation]]

== Habitat ==
Western Poison-oak is found only on the Pacific Coast, where it is common, and ranges from Southern Canada to the [[Baja California peninsula]]. It is one of California's most prevalent woody shrubs but also climbs, vine-like, up the sides of trees.  The plant is often found in oak woodlands and [[Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga'') forests.  Along the Avenue of the Giants in northern California, the vine form may be seen climbing many feet up the trunks of Coast Redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens).  It can also be found in damp, shady areas near running water and out of direct sunlight.  Any trail leading to a waterfall on California's coast will most likely be home to western poison-oak.

== Toxin ==
Western Poison-oak leaves and twigs have a surface oil, [[urushiol]], which causes an [[allergy|allergic reaction]]. Around 15%<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/poison-ivy.htm]</ref> to 30%<ref>[http://mic-ro.com/plants/]</ref> of people have no allergic response, but most if not all will become sensitized over time with repeated or more concentrated exposure to urushiol.

For those who are affected by urushiol, it causes a very irritating rash. In extreme cases, [[corticosteroids]] can be needed to treat rashes and severe itching.  The first symptom of contact is a severe itching of the skin that develops into reddish colored inflammation or non-colored bumps, and then [[blister]]ing of the skin occurs. In severe cases, clear fluids ooze from open blistered sores. Once the urushiol poison has had contact with the skin, it is quickly bound to the skin. The poison can be washed off within a short time after contact, but once bound to the skin, it cannot be washed away. 

After the urushiol is removed, the poison-oak cannot usually be spread by contact with an affected area or by scratching. The oozing fluids released by itching blisters do not spread the poison. However, scratching can open the skin especially in cases with significant blistering, making it possible for the skin to become infected by opportunistic [[bacteria]] (known as a ''[[secondary infection]]''). The appearance of a spreading rash indicates that some areas received more of the poison and reacted sooner than other areas. The blisters and oozing result from blood vessels that develop gaps and leak fluid through the skin; if the skin is cooled, the vessels constrict and leak less. If poison oak, ivy, etc., is burned and the smoke then inhaled, this rash will appear on the lining of the lungs, causing extreme pain and possibly fatal respiratory difficulty. If eaten, the digestive tract, airway, kidneys or other organs can be damaged.

Urushiol oil can remain active for several years, so handling dead leaves or vines can cause a reaction.  In addition oil transferred from the plant to other objects (such as pet fur) can cause the rash if it comes into contact with the skin.<ref>http://www.aad.org/public/Publications/pamphlets/Poison_IvyOakSumac.htm</ref>

== Treatment ==

[[Image:Pacific-Poison-Oak-in-Washington.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pacific Poison-oak]]
The best prevention for exposure to Poison-oak is to apply a lotion—such as Ivy Block—that neutralizes urushiol on contact. It works by binding with the urushiol, before the urushiol can bind with your skin, preventing the allergic reaction.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

If exposed, the recommended immediate treatment is to wash the exposed area with '''''cold''''' water and a urushiol-neutralizing soap. Warm water tends to open pores on the skin and will lead to deeper irritation. Rubbing alcohol is not a good cleaning agent in this case, as it can irritate the skin further, allowing the urushiol to penetrate deeper into the skin, escalating the problems.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

Mild cases of poison-oak rash are treated with [[calamine lotion]], hydrocortisone cream, [[Aloe vera]], and other drug store aids. More severe exposure require treatment with a urushiol-neutralizing soap such as Tecnu and Zanfel.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} The active ingredients in these soaps bond with the urushiol, creating an aggregated cluster that can then be washed away with water.  These soaps are most effective when used within 2–8 hours after exposure, before the rash begins. Once the rash has started, washing still helps to remove any free oil on skin and allows the healing process to begin without recontamination.

Once urushiol has been on the skin for hours and has penetrated deeper into the dermal layers, an effective topical treatment is a product called All Stop,{{Fact|date=June 2007}} which utilizes a blend of quaternary ammonium compounds to penetrate deep into the skin and chemically bond with the urushiol, neutralizing the urushiol and preventing further allergic reactions. Once it bonds with the urushiol, it creates a water soluble compound which doesn't cause an allergic response, and the human body's effector T-cells stop signaling for white blood cells to attack the affected skin.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} For those that prefer a more natural approach, a Jewelweed Treatment Kit is similarly effective.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

Severe cases of poison-oak contamination may require medical treatment and even hospitalization. Topical [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl) may provide relief in localized areas, but it should not be used on large areas of the body due to the potential for serious or life-threatening systemic side effects.  For moderate to serious cases of poison-oak, the most effective treatment with rapid results is Prednisone therapy and/or Prednisilone for those individuals that may be too sensitive for Predisone.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Prednisone treatment is critical if one has inhaled the smoke from burning poison-oak. Inhalation of smoke from burning poison-oak can result in life-threatening lung damage via pulmonary fibrosis. With this type of lung damage, traditional asthma medications will not be effective in improving oxygen absorption by the remaining fibrotic lung tissue. For more information on poison-oak rashes, see [[Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis]].

== Quotation ==
"In spring the ivory flowers bloom on the sunny hill or in sheltered glade, in summer its fine green leaves contrast refreshingly with dried and tawny grassland, in autumn its colors flame more brilliantly than in any other native: but one great fault, its poisonous juice, nullifies its every other virtue and renders this beautiful shrub the most disparaged of all within our region."

:John Thomas Howell: ''[[Marin County, California|Marin]] Flora''

== Note on name hyphenation ==
The hyphenated form "Poison-oak" is used, rather than "Poison Oak" to clearly indicate that it is not a variety of [[oak]], just as "Poison-ivy" is not a variety of [[ivy]].

==See also==
*[[Toxicodendron]]
*[[Urushiol]]
*[[Poison ivy|Poison-ivy]]

==External links==
*[http://www.aad.org/public/Publications/pamphlets/Poison_IvyOakSumac.htm American Academy of Dermatology - Poison Oak info]
*[http://www.pesgce.com/toxicodendrondermatitis/derm.asp Toxicodendron Dermatitis: Identification, Immunologic Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment]
*[http://www.hanskellner.com/photos/2004/05/PoisonOak/ Western Poison-Oak Photo Gallery]
*[http://www.hanskellner.com/archives/2003/04/25/poison_oak_treatment_zanfel_ingredients.html Zanfel Ingredients (Poison-oak, ivy, sumac treatment)]
[[Category:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Flora of California]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]