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{{Vegetable oils}} <onlyinclude> <!-- See [[Wikipedia talk:Featured lists]] for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --> The '''list of vegetable oils''' includes all [[vegetable oil]]s that are extracted from [[plants]] by placing the relevant part of the plant under [[pressure]], to squeeze the [[oil]] out.</onlyinclude> Although few plants are entirely without oil, the oil from a small set of major oil crops <ref>{{cite book | url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1288 | title=Oil Crops Outlook | author=Economic Research Service | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | date=1995-2006 }} This publication is available via email subscription.</ref> complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/X5043E00.htm | title=Minor oil crops | publisher=FAO | date=1992 | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> has become widely used and traded. Oils may also be extracted from plants by [[dissolution|dissolving]] parts of plants in water or another [[solvent]], and [[distillation|distilling]] the oil (known as [[essential oil]]s), or by infusing parts of plants in a base oil (a process known as [[maceration]]; see [[list of macerated oils]]). The distilled essential oils often have quite different properties and uses to vegetable oils, and are listed in the [[list of essential oils]]. Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways, for example: * By source: most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the [[fruit]]s or [[seed]]s of plants, and the oils may be classified by grouping oils from similar plants, such as "nut oils". * By use: oils from plants are used in [[cooking oil|cooking]], for [[fuel]], for [[cosmetics]], for [[medical]] purposes, and for other industrial purposes. The vegetable oils are grouped below in common classes of use. ==Edible oils== {{seealso|Cooking oil}} ===Major oils=== <onlyinclude> [[Image:SunflowerField.jpg|thumb|[[Sunflower]]s are the source of [[Sunflower oil]].]] These oils account for a significant fraction of world-wide edible oil production. All are also used as [[fuel oil]]s. * [[Coconut oil]], a cooking oil, high in [[saturated fat]], particularly used in [[baking]] and cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coconut-info.com/|title=Coconut-Info.com|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Corn oil]], a common cooking oil with little odor or taste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=24|title=Bulk Oil: Corn oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Cottonseed oil]], used in manufacturing [[potato chip]]s and other snack foods. Very low in [[trans fat]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=27|title=Bulk oil: Cottonseed oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Canola|Canola oil]] (a variety of [[rapeseed]] oil), one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) [[cultivar]] of [[rapeseed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canolainfo.org/|title=Canola Oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Olive oil]], used in cooking, cosmetics, [[soap]]s, and as a fuel for traditional [[oil lamps]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/egg/egg0397/oohistory.html|title=Olive oil history|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Palm oil]], the most widely produced [[tropical]] oil. Also used to make [[biofuel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=9|title=Bulk oil: Palm oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref></onlyinclude> * [[Peanut oil]] (Ground nut oil), a clear oil used for dressing [[salad]]s and, due to its high [[smoke point]], especially used for [[frying]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allrecipes.com/advice/ref/ency/terms/7832.asp|title=Cook's encyclopedia: Peanut oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Safflower oil]], produced for export <!--from where-->for over 50 years, first for use in [[paint]] industry, now mostly as a cooking oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=25|title=Bulk oil: safflower|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Sesame oil]], cold pressed as light cooking oil, hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=34|title=Bulk oil: sesame oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Soybean#Oil|Soybean oil]], produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southeastfarmpress.com/mag/farming_world_soybean_consumption/index.html|title=Southeast Farm Press: World soybean consumption quickens|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> * [[Sunflower oil]], a common cooking oil, also used to make [[biodiesel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=11|title=Bulk oil: Sunflower oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> ===Nut oils=== [[Image:Hazelnuts.jpg|thumb|[[Hazelnut]]s from the [[Common Hazel]], used to make [[Hazelnut oil]].]] Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their [[flavor]]. They are also quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil. * [[Almond oil]], used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of [[pharmaceuticals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=74|title=Bulk oil: Almond oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Cashew oil]], somewhat comparable to [[olive oil]]. May have value for fighting [[dental cavities]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Science Service, Inc.|journal=Science News|date=March 23, [[1991]]|url=http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:10597226&ctrlInfo=Round19%3AMode19a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=|title=Cashew oil may conquer cavities}}</ref> * [[Hazelnut oil]], mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight [[astringent]] nature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allrecipes.com/advice/ref/ency/terms/6883.asp|title=Cook's encyclopedia: Hazelnut oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mountainroseherbs.com/bulkoil/d-l.php|title=Bulk Carrier and Vegetable Oils: Hazelnut oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Macadamia oil]], strongly flavored, contains no [[trans-fats]], and a good balance of [[omega-3]] and [[omega-6]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macnutoil.com/|title=Mac Nut Oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Pecan oil]], valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/fruit/pecanhealth/pecanhealth.html|title=Pecans as a health food|author=J. Benton Storey|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Pistachio oil]], strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1001huiles.fr/en/catalog/pistachio_oil.php|title=Virgin pistachio oil|publisher=1,001 Huiles Web site|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Walnut oil]], used for its flavor, also used by [[Renaissance]] painters in [[oil paint]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/Q-A/WalnutOil.htm|title=What's cooking America? - Walnut oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://painting.about.com/od/oilpaintingfaq/f/FAQwalnutoil.htm|title=About.com: Is Walnut Oil a Good, Non-Toxic Medium for Oils?|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> ===Oils from melon and gourd seeds=== Members of the [[cucurbitaceae]] include [[gourd]]s, [[melon]]s, [[pumpkin]]s, and [[Squash (plant)|squash]]es. Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E07.htm#Cucurbitaceae | chapter=Cucurbitaceae | title=Minor oil crops | publisher=FAO | date=1992 | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | accessdate=2007-01-01 }}</ref> * [[Bottle gourd oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]'', widely grown in [[tropics|tropical regions]] throughout the world. Used medicinally and as an edible oil.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E07.htm#Bottle%20gourd | chapter=Bottle gourd | title=Minor oil crops | publisher=FAO | date=1992 | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | accessdate=2007-01-01 }}</ref> * [[Buffalo gourd oil]], from the seeds of the ''[[Cucurbita foetidissima]]'', a [[vine]] with a rank odor, native to southwest [[North America]].<ref name="gourds">{{cite web | url=http://www.echotech.org/mambo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29&Itemid=59 | title=Squashes, Gourds and Pumpkins | publisher=ECHO | accessdate=2006-11-12 }}</ref> * [[Pumpkin seed oil]], a specialty cooking oil, produced in [[Austria]] and [[Slovenia]]. Poor tolerance for high temperatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pumpkinseedoil.com/|title=Pumpkin seed oil - information|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Watermelon seed oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Citrullus vulgaris]]''. Traditionally used in cooking in [[West Africa]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fromnaturewithlove.com/soap/product.asp?product_id=oilwatermelon | title=Watermelon Seed Oil | publisher=From Nature With Love | accessdate=2006-12-26 }}</ref> ===Food supplements=== A number of oils are used as [[food additive|food supplements]], for their nutrient content or medical effect. * [[Acai oil]], from the fruit of several [[species]] of the [[Açaí Palm]] (''Euterpe''). Grown in the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] region. Similar to [[grape seed oil]]. They are used in [[cosmetics]] and as a food supplement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oiltype_item.asp?p=123|title=Bulk oil: Acai oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Blackcurrant seed oil]], used as a food supplement, because of high content of [[omega-3]] and [[omega-6]] [[fatty acids]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bla_0036.shtml|title=PDR Health: Blackcurrant Seed Oil|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Borage seed oil]], similar to [[blackcurrant seed oil]], used primarily medicinally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.truestarhealth.com/Notes/2811005.html|title=Truestar Health: Borage Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Evening primrose oil]], used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.truestarhealth.com/Notes/2841007.html|title=Truestar Health: Evening primrose oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> ===Other edible oils=== [[Image:Ceratonia siliqua green pods.jpg|thumb|[[Carob]] seed pods, used to make [[carob pod oil]].]] * [[Amaranth oil]], high in [[squalene]] and [[unsaturated]] [[fatty acids]], used in food and cosmetic industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuworldfoods.com/industrial/content/industrial_products/amaranth_oil.asp|title=Nu World: Amaranth oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Apricot oil]], similar to, but much cheaper than [[almond oil]], which it resembles. Only obtained from certain [[cultivars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/apric050.html|title=Botanical.com: Apricit|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Argan oil]], a food oil from [[Morocco]] that has also attracted recent attention in [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Argan oil|url=http://www.dietobio.com/aliments/en/argan.html| accessdate=2006-02-10}}</ref> * [[Artichoke oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Cynara cardunculus]]''. Similar in use and composition to [[safflower oil|safflower]] and [[sunflower oil]].<ref name='BDPedia'>{{cite web | title=Plant Oils Used for Bio-diesel | url=http://www.bdpedia.com/biodiesel/plant_oils/plant_oils.html | publisher=[http://www.bdpedia.com/ BDPedia.com], the Biodiesel WWW Encyclopedia | accessdate=2006-11-18 }}</ref> * [[Avocado oil]], used a substitute for [[olive oil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodreference.com/html/artavocadooil.html|title=Food reference: Avocado|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> Also used in [[cosmetics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/Avocado_oil.html|title=Purdue New Crops: Avocado oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> Unusually high [[smoke point]] of 510°F.<ref name="smoke">See chart in [[smoke point]]</ref> * [[Babassu oil]], similar to, and used as a substitute for, [[coconut oil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bytheplanet.com/Products/AmazonMedicine/Inara/whatisbabassu.htm|title=By the planet: What is Babassu Oil?|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Ben oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''. High in [[behenic acid]]. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for [[biofuel]].{{Fact|date=March 2007}} * [[Borneo tallow nut oil]], extracted from the fruit of species of genus ''[[Shorea]]''. Used as a substitute for [[cocoa butter]], and to make [[soap]], [[candle]]s, [[cosmetics]] and [[medicine]]s.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E05.htm#Borneo%20tallow%20nut | chapter=Borneo tallow nut | title=Minor oil crops | publisher=FAO | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | date=1992 | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> * [[Carob pod oil]] (Algaroba oil), from [[carob]], used medicinally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=202621|title=Carob@Everything2.com|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Cohune oil]], from the ''[[Attalea cohune]]'' (cohune palm), similar to [[coconut oil]] in makeup and usage<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/atta_coh.cfm | title=Attalea cohune | accessdate=2007-01-01 | publisher=Floridata }}</ref> * [[Coriander seed oil]], from [[coriander]] seeds, used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silvestris.hu/site/Coriander%20Seed%20Oil.html|title=Coriander Seed Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[False flax oil]] made of the seeds of ''[[Camelina sativa]]'', available in [[Russia]] as ryjhikovoye maslo (рыжиковое масло). Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.<ref name="camelina">{{cite web|url=http://www.ademe.fr/partenaires/agrice/Fiches_GB/card.asp?nc=9701C0057|title=False Flax Oil|publisher=[http://www.ademe.fr/ Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie]|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> [[Image:Coriander.png|thumb|[[Coriander]] seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, [[Coriander seed oil]].]] * [[Grape seed oil]], suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad oil, and in cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allspiritfitness.com/library/gs/gs_grapeseedoil.shtml|title=All Spirit Fitness: Grape Seed Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Hemp oil]], a high quality food oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1342293,00.html|title=Hemp oil: A true superfood?|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Kapok seed oil]], used as an edible oil, and in soap production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kapok/kapok.htm|title=Kapok seed oil|publisher=German Transport Information Service|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Lallemantia oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Lallemantia iberica]]'', discovered at [[archeology|archeological sites]] in northern Greece.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece|journal=Vegetation history and archaeobotany |date=2005|volume=14|issue=4|author=Glynis Jones, Soultana M. Valamoti|pages=571-577|accessdate=2006-11-08|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17349956}}</ref> * [[Meadowfoam seed oil]], highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain [[fatty acids]]. Competes with [[rapeseed oil]] for industrial applications. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/grainsoilseeds/meadowfoam/|title=Meadowfoam|author=Dan Burden|publisher=[http://www.agmrc.org/ AgMRC Web site]|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Mustard oil]] (pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a [[massage]] oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/senf/senf.htm|title=German Transport Information System: Mustard oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Okra seed oil]] ([[Hibiscus]] seed oil), from the seed of the ''[[Okra|Hibiscus esculentus]]''. Composed predominantly of [[oleic acid|oleic]] and [[linoleic acid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hibiscus seed oil compositions|author=R. Holser, G. Bost|journal=AOCS|volume=95|date=May , 2004|url=http://www.aocs.org/archives/am2004/session.asp?session=PRO+4%2FSOA+4%3A+Processing+of+Specialty+Oils}}</ref> * [[Perilla oil|Perilla seed oil]], high in [[omega-3]] [[fatty acids]]. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-322.html|title=Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources|author=David M. Brenner|date=1993|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Pequi oil]], extracted from the seeds of ''[[Caryocar brasiliensis]]''. Used in [[Brazil]] as a highly prized cooking oil.<ref name="pequi">{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E05.htm#Caryocar%20spp | chapter=Caryocar spp. | title=Minor oil crops | publisher=FAO | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | date=1992 | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> * [[Pine nut oil]]. An expensive food oil, from [[pine nut]]s, used in salads and as a condiment. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--36309/pine-seed.asp|title=Recipe Tips: Pine Seed Oil - Glossary of Kitchen and Food Terms|accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref> * [[Poppyseed oil]], used for cooking,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawoils.com/poppyseed.htm|title=Raw oils: Poppy Seed oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> moisturizing skin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statfold-oils.co.uk/poppy_seed_oil.htm|title=Statfold oils: Poppyseed oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> in paints and [[varnish]]es,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://painting.about.com/cs/oils/a/dryingoils.htm|title=About.com: Oil Painting: Drying Oils or Mediums|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> and in soaps. * [[Prune kernel oil]], marketed as a gourmet cooking oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iterg.com/article.php3?id_article=370|title=Virgin prune kernel oil|publisher=Iterg, the [[France|French]] Institute for Fats and Oils|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref> * [[Quinoa oil]], similar in composition and use to [[corn oil]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-328.html|title=Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop|author=Michael J. Koziol|journal=New crops|date=1993|volume=2}}</ref> * [[Ramtil oil]], pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus ''[[Guizotia abyssinica]]'' (Niger pea) in [[India]] and [[Ethiopia]]. Used for both cooking and lighting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/news/reference/probert/A9.HTM|title=The Probert Encyclopedia: Ramtil Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Rice bran oil]], suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.californiariceoil.com/healthbenefits.htm|title=California Rice Oil: Rice Bran Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Tea oil]] (Camellia oil), widely used in southern [[China]] as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, [[hair oil]]s and a variety of other products.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-222.html|chapter=Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels|title=Trends in new crops and new uses|date=1993|author=John M. Ruter}}</ref> * [[Thistle oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Silybum marianum]]''. Relatively unstable. Also used for skin care products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodcomp.dk/fcdb_details.asp?FoodId=1286|title=Danish Food Composition Database: Thistle oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Wheat germ oil]], used as a [[food supplement]], and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recipezaar.com/library/getentry.zsp?id=633|title=Kitchen Dictionary: Wheat Germ}}</ref> ==Oils used for biofuel==<!-- This section is linked from [[Biodiesel]] --> {{seealso|Vegetable oil used as fuel}} A number of the oils listed above are used for [[biofuel]] ([[biodiesel]] and [[Straight Vegetable Oil]]) in addition to having other uses. A number of oils are used only as biofuel.<ref>[[Ethanol]] and, to a lesser degree, [[methanol]] are the other major types of [[biofuel]].</ref><ref name="castoroil">{{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/reference/plant_oils/uses/fuel/bio_fuels.html|title=Castoroil.in: Bio fuels|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> Although [[diesel]] engines were invented, in part, with [[vegetable oil]] in mind,<ref name="peanut_diesel">{{cite web|url=http://www.biodieselamerica.org/node/1054|title=Biodiesel America: Dr. Diesel's Invention|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> diesel fuel is almost exclusively [[petroleum]]-based. Rising oil prices have made [[biodiesel]] more attractive. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on: # Suitability as a fuel, based on [[flash point]], energy content, [[viscosity]], [[fire|combustion products]] and other factors # Cost, based in part on [[Crop yield|yield]], effort required to grow and [[harvest]], and [[Post-harvest handling|post-harvest processing]] cost [[Image:Biodiesel.JPG|thumb|A flask of [[biodiesel]].]] ===Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel=== The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes - all but [[tung oil]] are edible - but have been considered for use as biofuel. * [[Castor oil]], lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic [[viscosity]] may be an issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html|title=CastorOil.in: Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel|accessdate=2007-07-25}}</ref> * [[Coconut oil]] ([[copra]] oil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sopac.org/tiki/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=145|title=Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands - Challenges & Opportunities|format=PDF|publisher=[http://www.sopac.org/ South Pacific Applied Geoscience Web site]}}</ref> * [[Corn oil]], appealing because of the abundance of [[maize]] as a crop. * [[Cottonseed oil]], shown in one study not to be cost effective when compared with standard diesel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cox-internet.com/madhu/DownloadableDocs/Madhu_Writing_Sample_1.pdf|format=PDF|title=The Economic Circumstances of Cottonseed Oil as Biodiesel|author=Ronald C. Griffin and Madhu Jamallamudi}}</ref> * [[False flax oil]], from ''[[Camelina sativa]]'', used in Europe in [[oil lamp]]s until the 18th century.<ref name="camelina"/> * [[Hemp oil]], relatively low in emissions. High [[flash point]]. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with [[marijuana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hempcar.org/petvshemp.shtml|title=Hemp car: Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp|accessdate=2006-07-26}}</ref> * [[Mustard oil]], shown to be comparable to [[Canola oil]] as a biofuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webs1.uidaho.edu/niatt/publications/Reports/KLK310_files/KLK310.htm|title=Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil|author=Office of University Research and Education|publisher=[[U.S. Department of Transportation]]|date=November [[2001]]}}</ref> * [[Palm oil]], very popular for [[biofuel]], but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of [[oil palm]]s has recently called the use of [[palm oil]] into question.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.biotech-info.net/clearcut.html|title=Clearcutting the Last Wilderness|author=Wes Jackson|journal=The Land Report|issue= 65|date=Fall 1999|publisher=The Land Institute}}</ref> * [[Peanut oil]], used in one of the first demonstrations of the [[Diesel]] engine in [[1900]].<ref name="peanut_diesel">ref</ref> * [[Radish#In industry|Radish oil]]. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2003/i/4/hobbs.htm|title=Australian Agronomy Society: Bio-diesel, farming for the future|accessdate=2006-02-26}}</ref> * [[Rapeseed oil]], the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production.<ref name="castoroil"/> * [[Ramtil oil]], used for lighting in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter=Noog abyssinia | title=Minor oil crops | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0a.htm | accessdate=2006-11-17 | date=1992 | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | publisher=[[FAO]] }}</ref> * [[Rice bran oil]], appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/congress/papers/rachmaniah0904ys.pdf|title=A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production|format=PDF|author=Orchidea Rachmaniah, Yi-Hsu Ju, Shaik Ramjan Vali, Ismojowati Tjondronegoro, and Musfil A.S.|journal=World Energy Congress|date=2004|issue=19}}</ref> * [[Safflower oil]], explored recently as a biofuel in [[Montana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queencitynews.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=4780|title=Safflower oil in your tank|author=Jesus Fernandez|publisher=[http://www.queencitynews.com/ Queen City News]}}</ref> * [[Soybean oil]], not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.<ref name="castoroil"/> * [[Sunflower oil]], suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeci.net/archive/biobase/B10244.html|title=European Energy Crops InterNetwork: Sunflower crop feasibility for biodiesel production in Spain|accessdate=2006-07-26}}</ref> * [[Tung oil]], referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for [[biodiesel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html|title=Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield|accessdate=2006-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel2.html|title=The Chemistry of Biodiesel|accessdate=2006-07-26}}</ref> ===Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel=== These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.<ref>There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. [[Eucalyptus]], for example, has been explored as a means of [[biomass]] for producing [[ethanol]]. These plants are not listed here.</ref> These, plus the [[List of vegetable oils#Major oils|major oils]] described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils. * [[Algaculture|Algae oil]], recently developed by [[MIT]] [[scientist]] Isaac Berzin. Byproduct of a [[smokestack]] [[emission]] reduction system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenfuelonline.com/validated_performance.htm|title=Greenfuel Technologies|accessdate=2006-07-31}} Company developing [[Algaculture|Algae oil]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2006-01-10-algae-powerplants_x.htm|title=USA Today: Algae &mdash; like a breath mint for smokestacks}}</ref> * [[Copaiba]], an [[oleoresin]] tapped from species of [[genus]] ''[[Copaifera]]''. Used in [[Brazil]] as a major source of [[biodiesel]].<ref>{{Duke Handbook|sectionurl=Copaifera_langsdorfii.html|section=Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.}}</ref> * [[Honge oil]], pioneered as a [[biofuel]] by Udipi Shrinivasa in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/content/discovery/honge.html|title=Good News India: Honge Oil proves to be a good biodiesel|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> * [[Jatropha oil]], widely used in [[India]] as a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as a [[biofuel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jatropha.org/|title=The Jatropha System|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> * [[Jojoba oil]], from the ''[[Simmondsia chinensis]]'', a desert shrub.<ref>{{Duke Handbook|sectionurl=Simmondsia_chinensis.html|section=Simmondsia chinensis}}</ref> * [[Milk bush]], popularized by [[chemist]] [[Melvin Calvin]] in the [[1950s]]. Researched in the [[1980s]] by [[Petrobras]], the [[Brazil]]ian national petroleum company.<ref>{{Duke Handbook|sectionurl=Euphorbia_tirucalli.html|section=Euphorbia tirucalli}}</ref> * [[Petroleum nut oil]], from the [[Petroleum nut]] native to the [[Philippines]]. The Philippine government once explored the use of the [[petroleum nut]] as a biofuel.<ref>{{Duke Handbook|sectionurl=Pittosporum_resiniferum.html|section=Pittosporum resiniferum}}</ref> ==Drying oils== [[Drying oil]]s are [[vegetable oil]]s that dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature. Such oils are used as the basis of [[oil paint]]s, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, [[walnut oil|walnut]], [[sunflower oil|sunflower]] and [[safflower oil]] are also considered to be drying oils.<ref name="drying_oils">{{cite web|url=http://www.cad-red.com/mt2/oil.html|title=The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials: Drying oils|accessdate=2006-08-02}}</ref> * [[Dammar oil]], from the ''[[Canarium strictum]]'', used in [[paint]] as a [[drying agent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.friend.ly.net/~dadadata/smyth/mast_n_sail_11.html|title=Mast & Sail in Europe|accessdate=2006-07-25}} (Mentions the use of [[dammar oil]] in marine paints)</ref> Can also be used as in [[oil lamp]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnes.nic.in/pdf%20files/FUEL_OIL_YIELDING_PLANTS_LIST3.pdf|format=PDF|title=Database of Oil Yielding Plants}} (Mentions uses of [[dammar oil]])</ref> * [[Linseed oil]], used in paints, also suitable for human consumption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsSupplements/FlaxseedOilcs.html|title=Flaxseed oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Poppyseed oil]], similar in usage to [[linseed oil]] but with better color stability.<ref name="drying_oils"/> * [[Stillingia oil]] (also called ''Chinese vegetable tallow oil''), obtained by solvent from the seeds of ''[[Sapium sebiferum]]''. Used as a [[drying oil|drying agent]] in [[paint]]s and [[varnish]]es.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef14e.htm | title=Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats | work=Definition and Classification of Commodities | publisher=FAO | date=1992 | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E06.htm#Chinese%20vegetable%20tallow | chapter=Chinese vegetable tallow | title=Minor oil crops | publisher=FAO | date=1992 | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | accessdate=2006-11-10 }}</ref> * [[Tung oil]], used in wood finishing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sankey.ws/pine.html|title=Finishing Solid Pine|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Vernonia oil]] is produced from the seeds of the ''[[Vernonia galamensis]]''. It is composed of 73-80% [[vernolic acid]], which can be used to make epoxies for manufacturing adhesives, varnishes and paints, and industrial coatings.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/vernonia.html | title=Alternative Field Crops Manual | author=T.M. Teynor ''et all'' | year=1992 | chapter=Vernonia | accessdate=2006-09-06 }}</ref> ==Other oils== A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil. [[Image:Castor beans.jpg|thumb|[[Castor bean]]s are the source of [[castor oil]]]] * [[Amur cork tree fruit oil]], pressed from the fruit of the ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'', used medicinally and as an [[insecticide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herbalremedies.com/amurcorktree-information.html|title=Amur cork tree|publisher=Herbal Remedies Web site|accessdate=2006-07-25}} Herbal Remedies sells herbal supplements and products.</ref> * [[Apple seed oil]], used in cosmetics for its hydrating properties.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bridesdiary.com.au/reviews/reviewDetail.aspx?id=755 | title=ModelCo Colourbox Blush review | accessdate=2006-09-11 }}</ref> * [[Balanos oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]'', was used in ancient [[Egypt]] as the base for [[perfume]]s.<ref name="balanos"/> * [[Bladderpod oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Lesquerella fendleri]]'', native to [[North America]]. Rich in [[lesquerolic acid]], which is chemically similar to the [[ricinoleic acid]] found in [[castor oil]]. Many industrial uses. Possible substitute for [[castor oil]] as it requires much less moisture than [[castor bean]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | author=R. Kleiman | date=1990 | title=Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops | pages=196-203 | editor=J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.) | journal=Advances in new crops | publisher=Timber Press, Portland, OR | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html | accessdate=2006-11-19 }}</ref> * [[Brucea javanica oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Brucea javanica]]''. Used medicinally.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Study on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Brucea Javanica oil | url=http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:16913495 | journal=Zhong Yao Cai | date=April [[2006]] | volume=29 | pages=383-7 | author=Fa-Huan Ge, Hua-Ping Lei }}</ref> * [[Burdock#Uses|Burdock oil]] (Bur oil) extracted from the [[root]] of the [[burdock]]. Used medicinally in scalp treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://floraleads.com/OILBUR.HTM|title=Burdock oil for hair loss|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Candlenut oil]] ([[Kukui]] nut oil), produced in [[Hawai'i]], used primarily for skin care products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oilsofaloha.com/|title=Oils of Aloha|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Carrot seed oil]] (pressed), from [[carrot]] seeds, used in skin care products.<ref>Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an [[essential oil]] with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.africansheabuttercompany.com/coprcaseoil.html|title=Cold Pressed Carrot Seed Oil (Egypt)|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Castor oil]], with many industrial and medicinal uses. [[Castor bean]]s are also a source of the [[toxin]] [[ricin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/|title=Castor Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Chaulmoogra oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Taraktogenos kurzli]]'', used for many centuries, internally and externally, to treat [[leprosy]].<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0d.htm | publisher=[[FAO]] | title=Minor oil crops | chapter=Chaulmoogra | author=B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman | date=1992 | accessdate=2006-11-17 }}</ref> Also used to treat secondary [[syphilis]], [[rheumatism]], [[scrofula]], and in [[phthisis]].<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/gynocardia.html | title=King's American Dispensatory | chapter=Gynocardia—Chaulmoogra | author=Harvey Wickes Felter, and John Uri Lloyd | date=1898 | accessdate=2006-11-17 }}</ref> * [[Crambe oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Crambe abyssinica]]'', is used as an industrial lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/crambe.html | title=Alternative Field Crops Manual | chapter=Crambe | author=E.S. Oplinger ''et al'' | year=1991 | accessdate=2006-09-06 }}</ref> * [[Cuphea oil]], from a number of species of genre ''[[Cuphea]]''. Of interest as sources of medium chain [[triglyceride]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html | title=Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops | author=Robert Kleiman | journal=Advances in new crops | date=1990 | accessdate=2006-10-09 | pages=196-203 }}</ref> * [[Jojoba oil]], used in cosmetics as an alternative to [[whale oil]] [[spermaceti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijec.net/ijec_glossary.html|title=International Jojoba Export Council: Glossary|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Lemon|Lemon oil]], similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of [[cold pressed]] [[essential oils]]. Used medicinally, as an antiseptic, and in cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontiercoop.com/learn/eo_lemon.html|title=FrontierCoop: Lemon Essential Oil|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> * [[Mango oil]], pressed from the stones of the [[mango]] fruit, is high in [[stearic acid]], and can be used for making [[soap]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html|chapter=Mango|title=Fruits of Warm Climates|author=Julia F. Morton}}</ref> * [[Mowrah butter]], from the seeds of the ''[[Madhuca latifolia]]'' and ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'', both native to [[India]]. Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool, for making candles and soap. The refined fat is used as an edible fat and [[vegetable]] [[ghee]] in India.<ref name="gourds"/> * [[Neem oil]], used in cosmetics, for medicinal purposes, and as an [[insecticide]]. * [[Orange oil]], like [[lemon oil]], cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-[[Limonene]]. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridachemical.com/dlimoneneorangeoilcoldpressedorangeoilfoldedorangeoilapplications.htm|title=Florida Chemical: Orange Oil Applications|accessdate=2006-07-31}} Florida Chemical sells citrus oils.</ref>[[Image:Sea-buckthorn-oliv.jpg|thumb|The fruit of the [[sea buckthorn]]]] * [[Palm oil]], extracted from the kernel of the [[Arecaceae|palm]] fruit. High in [[saturated fat]]s. Popular in [[West Africa]]n and [[Brazil]]ian [[cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allrecipes.com/advice/ref/ency/terms/7729.asp|title=Cook's Encyclopedia: Palm oil/palm kernel oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Rosehip seed oil]], used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin. Produced in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aromantic.co.uk/frameset.asp?http%3A//www.aromantic.co.uk/rosehip-seed-oil.htm|title=Aromatic: Rosehip Seed Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Sea buckthorn oil]], derived from ''[[Hippophae rhamnoides]]'', produced in northern [[China]], used primarily medicinally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/seabuckthorn.htm|title=Sea buckthorn|author=Subhuti Dharmananda|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Shea#Shea butter|Shea butter]], used primarily in skin care products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beauty.about.com/od/beautybyag3/f/sheabutter.htm|title=About.com: Shea butter|accessdate=2006-07-26}}</ref> * [[Snowball seed oil]] ([[Viburnum opulus|Viburnum]] oil), from ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'' seeds. High in [[tocopherol]], [[carotinoid]]es and [[unsaturated]] [[fatty acids]]. Used medicinally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limonnik.ru/eng_pages/doctor.htm#Viburnum_oil|title=Limonnik: Viburnum oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}} Limonnik sells health related products from natural sources.</ref> * [[Tall oil]], produced as a byproduct of [[wood pulp]] manufacture. A further byproduct called ''tall oil fatty acid'' (TOFA) is a cheap source of [[oleic acid]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemicalland21.com/arokorhi/specialtychem/finechem/TALL%20OIL.htm|title=Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin)|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Tamanu oil]], originates in [[Tahiti]], from the ''[[Calophyllum tacamahaca]]'', used for skin care and medicinally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snowdriftfarm.com/fixedoilglossary.html|title=Snowdrift Farm: Fixed Oil Glossary|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> * [[Tonka bean oil]] (Cumaru oil), used for flavoring [[tobacco]] and [[snuff]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropilab.com/dipter-odo.html|title=Tropilab: Dipteryx Odorata - Tonka Bean|accessdate=2006-07-25}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Carrier oil]] discusses the use of (pressed) vegetable oils, mixed with [[essential oil]]s * [[Complementary and alternative medicine]] * [[INCI]] explains naming conventions for oils used in [[cosmetics]] and [[soaps]] * [[Fatty acids]] discusses the components of most [[vegetable oils]] ==General references== * {{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oil_definition.asp|title=Bulk Oil Trading|accessdate=2006-07-25}} This site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive. * {{cite web|format=PDF|author=R.O. Adlof and G. Duchateau|url=http://www.aocs.org/member/division/analytic/ISOseedoilsources7.pdf|title=Seed oil translations}} Lists [[seed oil]] names in [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. * {{cite web|url=http://www.hormel.com/templates/knowledge/knowledge.asp?catitemid=42&id=571|title=Hormel Foods: Other Oils and Fats Cooking Guide|accessdate=2006-07-25}} Lists [[smoke point]]s of various oils. * {{cite web|url=http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html|title=Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics|accessdate=2006-07-21}} Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources. * {{cite web|url=http://www.ybiofuels.org/bio_fuels/history_biofuels.html|title=Yokayo Biofuels: History of Biodiesel|accessdate=2006-07-25}} Gives a good overview of biodiesel and the oils that are used to produce it. Yokayo is a [[California]]-based company that sells [[biofuel]]. * {{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/|title=Castor Oil|accessdate=2006-07-25}} The site contains a large set of resources on [[castor oil]] and many other oils, particularly those used to make [[biodiesel]]. * {{cite web | url=http://mnes.nic.in/pdf%20files/FUEL_OIL_YIELDING_PLANTS_LIST3.pdf | title=Database of Oil Yielding Plants | author=Botanical Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR) | work=Botanical Survey of India | date=April 5, 2004 | accessdate=2006-11-17 }} List of about 300 plants that grow in [[India]], and that yield oil. Also gives common names in [[Languages of India|languages]] spoken in [[India]]. * {{cite book | title=Handbook of Tropical Plants | chapter=Oils and Vegetable Fats | url=http://www.herbdatanz.com/oils_and_vegetable_fats.htm | author=H.F. Macmillan | publisher=Herbdata New Zealand }} Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils. ==Notes and references== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><references/></div> {{Featured list}} {{fatsandoils}} [[Category:Biofuels]] [[Category:Lists of plants]] [[Category:Renewable energy]] [[Category:Oils]] [[Category:Cooking fats]]

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