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The genus '''''Aesculus''''' ({{Pron-en|ˈɛskjʊləs}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> or {{IPA-en|ˈaɪskjʊləs|}}) comprises 13-19 species of woody [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s native to the temperate [[northern hemisphere]], with 6 species native to [[North America]] and 7-13 species native to [[Eurasia]]; there are also several [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]. Species are deciduous or evergreen. This genus has traditionally been treated in the ditypic family [[Hippocastanaceae]] along with Billia,<ref>Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171.</ref> but recent phylogenetic analysis of morphological<ref>Judd, WS, RW Sanders, MJ Donoghue. 1994. Angiosperm family pairs. Harvard Papers in Botany. 1:1-51.</ref> and molecular data<ref>MG Harrington, KJ Edwards, SA Johnson, MW Chase. 2005. Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences. Systematic Botany. 30:366–382</ref> has led to this family, along with the [[Aceraceae]] ([[Maple]]s and ''[[Dipteronia]]''), being included in the soapberry family ([[Sapindaceae]]). [[Linnaeus]] named the genus ''Aesculus'' after the Roman name for an edible acorn. The Eurasian species are known as [[horse chestnuts]] while the North American species are called [[buckeye]]s. Some are also called ''white chestnut'' or ''red chestnut'' (as in some of the [[Bach flower remedies]]). In Britain, they are sometimes called ''conker trees'' because of their link with the game of [[conkers]], played with the seeds, also called conkers. Aeschulus seeds were traditionally eaten, after leaching, by the Jomon people of Japan over about 4 millenia, until 300AD.<ref>ISBN:0 521 40112 7 _The Living Fields_, by Harlan Jack Rodney, University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain,1995 :15 Harlan cites AkazawaT & AikensCM 1986 _Prehistoric Hunter-Gathers in Japan_ Univ. Toyko Press, and cites AikensCM & HigachiT1982 _Prehistory of Japan_ NY Academic Press.</ref> ''Aesculus'' species are [[woody plant]]s from 4 to 36m tall (depending on species), and have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds; opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large (to 65 cm across in the Japanese horse chestnut ''Aesculus turbinata''). Flowers are showy, insect-pollinated, with four or five [[petal]]s fused into a lobed [[Corolla (flower)|corolla tube]], arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110 [[growing degree day]]s. The fruit matures to a [[capsule (fruit)]], 2–5 cm diameter, usually globose, containing 1-3 seeds (often erroneously called a [[nut (fruit)]]) per capsule. Capsules containing more than one seed result in seeds being flat on one side. The point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large circular whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, other capsules are warty or smooth; capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds.<ref>Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171</ref><ref>Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae II. Brittonia 9:173-195</ref><ref>Hardin, JW. 1960. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae V, Species of the Old World. Brittonia 12:26-38</ref> {{Inc| Aesculus (ancient name of some oak or mast-bearing tree). Including Pavia. Hippocastanaceae. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE. Trees or sometimes shrubs, cultivated for shade and for the conspicuous bloom of some species. Winter-buds large with several pairs of outer scales: lvs. opposite, long-petioled, digitate, deciduous; lfts. 6-9, serrate: fls. symmetrical in terminal panicles; calyx campanulate to tubular, unequally 4-5-toothed; petals 4-5, with long claws; stamens 5-9; ovary 3-celled, with 2-ovuled cells: fr. a large 3-valved caps., usually with 1 or 2 large seeds; seeds large, brown, with a large pale hilum.—About 20 species in N. Amer., E. Asia, Himalayas and Balkan Peninsula. The buckeyes are deciduous trees and shrubs, with large, digitate leaves and red, white or yellow flowers in showy terminal panicles. They are cultivated for their showy flowers and handsome foliage, and some species make excellent shade trees. The large seeds are not edible. Some species, as AE. Hippocastanum and AE. carnea are popular shade and street trees. They leaf early and soon give a dense shade. The shrubby species are well adapted for borders of larger groups or as solitary clumps on the lawn, particularly M. parviflora, with its slender panicles of white flowers; similar in habit and effect but with bright scarlet flowers, are AE. discolor, AE. georgiana and AE. splendens. Most of the species are hardy North, but the Californian and Himalayan species are suitable only for the southern states. They grow best in loamy and moist soil. Propagation is by seeds to be sown in autumn or stratified, or by side-grafting and budding on common species, and the shrubby forms also by layers; AE. parviflora is propagated also by root-cuttings. INDEX. Arguta, 8 heterophlla, 1. atrosanguinea, 11, 13. Hippocastanum, 1. austrina, 14. humilis, 13. Baumannii, 1. hybrida, 12. Briotii. 2. incisa, 1. Buckleyi, 8. indica, 7. californica, 4. intermedia,, 2. carnea, 2. laciniata, 1. chinensis, 5. lutea, 9. discolor, 14. Lyonii, 12. dissecta, 1. macrostachya, 16. Ellwangeri, 11. Memmingeri, 1. flava, 9. mollis, 14. flavescens, 14. nana, 13. flore-pleno, 1. octandra, 9, 14. georgiana, 10. ohioeneis, 8. glabra, 8. parviflora, 16. Henkelii, 1. Pavia, 11, 13, 14. pendula, 13. plantierensis, 2. pumila, 1. pyramidalis, 1. rubicunda, 2. rubra, 13. Schirnhoferi. 1. sinensis, 3. splendens, 15. sublaciniata. 13. turbinata, 3. umbraculifera, 1. variegata, 1. versicolor, 12. Whitleyi. 11. Wilsonii, 6. woerlitzensis, 11. A. Winter-buds resinous: claws of petals not longer than calyx; stamens exserted. B. Lfts. sessile: petals 5; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 5-8: fr. globular. (Hippocastanum). C. Lvs. glabrous beneath. AE. arguta, Buckl. (AE. glabra var. arguta, Rob.). Allied to AE. glabra. Shrub, 1-5 ft.: lfts. 7-9, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, sharply and often doubly serrate, pubescent beneath: fls. light yellowish green. Texas.— Not in cult.; the plant that is cult. under this name is AE. glabra var. Buckleyi.—AE. Bushii. Schneid. Supposed hybrid of AE. glabra and discolor. Tree, to 30 ft.: lfts. oblong-obovate, finely and bluntly serrate, pubescent below: calyx pink; petals pink and yellow, glandular and villous at the margin: fr. slightly tuberculate. Ark. Hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.—AE. glaucescens, Serg. Related to AE. octandra. Shrub, to 10 ft. Lfts. larger,; labrous and glaucescent beneath: larger: fr. smaller.—AE. humilia, Koehne, not Lodd. Related to AE. discolor and possibly variety. Low shrub: lvs. tomentose beneath: fis. red and yellow. Of unknown origin.—AE. marylandica. Booth. Supposed hybrid of AE. glabra and octandra. Of unknown origin.—AE. neglecta, Lindl. Near AE. octandra, but petals veined with purple toward the base of the blade: the lfts. are glabrous beneath. Of unknown origin.—AE. Parryi, Gray. Similar to A. californica. Lfts. small, obovate, canescent-tomentose beneath: calyx 5-lobed. Calif. }} ==Cultivation== {{edit-cult}} ===Propagation=== {{edit-prop}} ===Pests and diseases=== {{edit-pests}} ==Species== The species of ''Aesculus'' include: * ''[[Aesculus arguta]]'': Texas buckeye * ''[[Aesculus californica]]'': California buckeye * ''[[Aesculus × carnea]]'': red horse chestnut * ''[[Aesculus chinensis]]'': Chinese horse chestnut * ''[[Aesculus chinensis var. wilsonii]]'': Wilson's horse chestnut * ''[[Aesculus flava]]'' (''A. octandra''): yellow buckeye * ''[[Aesculus glabra]]'': Ohio buckeye * ''[[Aesculus hippocastanum]]'': common horse chestnut * ''[[Aesculus indica]]'': Indian horse chestnut * ''[[Aesculus neglecta]]'': dwarf buckeye * ''[[Aesculus parviflora]]'': bottlebrush buckeye * ''[[Aesculus parryi]]'' * ''[[Aesculus pavia]]'': red buckeye * ''[[Aesculus pavia]] var. flavescens'': Texas yellow buckeye, yellow woolly buckeye * ''[[Aesculus sylvatica]]'': painted buckeye * ''[[Aesculus turbinata]]'': Japanese horse chestnut * ''[[Aesculus wangii]] = [[Aesculus assamica]] ==Cultivation== The most familiar member of the genus worldwide is the [[common horse chestnut]] ''Aesculus hippocastanum'', native to a small area of the [[Balkans]] in southeast [[Europe]], but widely cultivated throughout the temperate world. The yellow buckeye ''Aesculus flava'' (syn. ''A. octandra'') is also a valuable ornamental tree with yellow flowers, but is less widely planted. Among the smaller species, the bottlebrush buckeye ''Aesculus parviflora'' also makes a very interesting and unusual flowering shrub. Several other members of the genus are used as ornamentals, and several horticultural hybrids have also been developed, most notably the red horse chestnut ''[[Aesculus × carnea]]'', a hybrid between ''A. hippocastanum'' and ''A. pavia''. ===Propagation=== ===Pests and diseases=== ==Varieties== ==Gallery== <gallery perrow=5> Image:Aesculus carnea BotGartenMuenster PurpurKastanie 6685.jpg|Flower of the Red Horse-chestnut (''Aesculus x carnea'') Image:AesculusChinensis.jpg|Chinese Horse-chestnut (''Aesculus chinensis'') young leaves in spring ... Image:AesculusChinensisLeaf.jpg|... and fully grown, in summer Image:Aesculus californica.jpg|California Buckeye (''[[Aesculus californica]]'') leaves Image:Paardekastanje wit uitgelopen knop.jpg|''Aesculus hippocastanum'' bud opening in spring Image:Horse Chestnut Tree.jpg|[[Common Horse-chestnut]] tree in winter Image:Kiev kashtan.jpg|[[Common Horse-chestnut]] tree Image:Aesculus carnea BotGartenMuenster PurpurKastanie 6685.jpg|Red Horse-chestnut (''Aesculus x carnea'') Image:Aesculus glabra USDA.jpg|[[Ohio Buckeye]] tree (''Aesculus glabra'') </gallery> ==References== <references/>    ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__

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