Edit Plant: Ash tree

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'''''Fraxinus''''' ({{pron-en|ˈfræksɨnəs}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[olive]] and [[lilac]] family, [[Oleaceae]]. It contains 45-65 species of usually medium to large [[tree]]s, mostly [[deciduous]] though a few [[Subtropics|subtropical]] species are [[evergreen]]. The tree's common English name, '''Ash''', goes back to the [[Old English]] ''æsc'', while the generic name originated in [[Latin]]. Both words also meant "[[spear]]" in their respective languages.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture |editor=J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1997 |isbn=9781884964985 |page=32}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly [[pinnate|pinnately compound]], simple in a few [[species]]. The [[seed]]s, popularly known as ''keys'' or ''helicopter seeds'', are a type of [[fruit]] known as a [[samara (fruit)|samara]]. [[Rowan]]s or Mountain Ashes are unrelated to true ashes and belong to the [[Genus]] [[Sorbus]] though the leaves and buds are superficially similar. {{Inc| [[Image:Ash flower.JPG|thumb|European Ash in flower]] [[Image:NarrowleafAsh.jpg|thumb|Narrow-leafed Ash (''Fraxinus angustifolia'') shoot with leaves]] Fraxinus (ancient Latin name). Oleaceae. Ash. Interesting trees grown chiefly for their handsome pinnate leaves and some species also for the conspicuous panicles of white flowers. Deciduous: lvs. opposite, odd-pinnate, without stipules: fls. in panicles, dioecious or polygamous, with or without calyx or with calyx and a 2-6-parted corolla with generally linear segms.; stamens generally 2; ovary 2-celled: fr. a 1-seeded, winged samara.—About 50 species in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere south to Cuba; 16 of them occur in the U. S. The ashes are ornamental trees, most of them hardy, with rather large leaves and small flowers in panicles, either appearing before the leaves and greenish, or in the subgenus Ornus after or with leaves and whitish in showy panicles: the winged fruit is insignificant. They are valuable as street and park trees, and grow mostly into tall, pyramidal or broad-headed trees, with rather light green foliage, which turns yellow or dark purple in fall or remains green, as in F. excelsior and F. ornus. The ash is seldom severely injured, though a number of insects and fungi prey on the leaves and wood, of which two borers, and a fungus attacking the leaves are perhaps the most obnoxious. Most of the species are hardy North except those from the southern states, southern Europe and Himalayas; of the subgenus Ornus, F. bungeana and F. longicuspis seem to be the hardiest. The ashes are important forest trees, and the straight- grained and tough wood is much used for handles of tools, in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, for the interior finish of houses, and for furniture, for baskets and also for fuel. From F. Ornus manna is obtained as an exudation of the trunk, and some Chinese species, especially F. chinensis and F. mariesii, yield the Chinese white wax. The ashes grow in almost any moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more moisture-loving, while F. oxycarpa, F. ornus, F. syriaca and F. cuspidata grow well even in drier situations. They are usually readily transplanted and grow rapidly when young. Propagation is by seeds gathered in fall and sown immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered with about 1 inch of good soil; sometimes they remain dormant until the second year. The varieties and rarer kinds are budded in late summer or grafted in spring on the seedlings of any of the common species. {{SCH}} }} ==Cultivation== {{edit-cult}} ===Propagation=== {{edit-prop}} ===Pests and diseases=== {{edit-pests}} ==Species== Selected species{{wp}}: ;Eastern [[North America]] * ''[[Fraxinus americana]]'' L. – White Ash * ''[[Fraxinus caroliniana]]'' Mill. – Carolina Ash * ''[[Fraxinus nigra]]'' Marshall – Black Ash * ''[[Fraxinus pennsylvanica]]'' Marshall Green Ash * ''[[Fraxinus profunda]]'' (Bush) Bush – Pumpkin Ash * ''[[Fraxinus quadrangulata]]'' Michx. – Blue Ash * ''[[Fraxinus tremillium]]'' – Indigo Ash ;Western and southwestern [[North America]] * ''[[Fraxinus anomala]]'' Torr. ex S.Watson – Singleleaf Ash * ''[[Fraxinus berlandieriana]]'' DC. – Mexican Ash * ''[[Fraxinus cuspidata]]'' Torr. – Fragrant Ash * ''[[Fraxinus dipetala]]'' Hook. & Arn. – California Ash or Two-petal Ash * ''[[Fraxinus dubia]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus gooddingii]]'' – Goodding's Ash * ''[[Fraxinus greggii]]'' A.Gray – Gregg's Ash * ''[[Fraxinus latifolia]]'' Benth. – Oregon Ash * ''[[Fraxinus lowellii]]'' – Lowell Ash * ''[[Fraxinus papillosa]]'' Lingelsh. – Chihuahua Ash * ''[[Fraxinus purpusii]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus rufescens]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus texensis]]'' (A.Gray) Sarg. – Texas Ash * ''[[Fraxinus uhdei]]'' (Wenz.) Lingelsh. – Shamel Ash or Tropical Ash * ''[[Fraxinus velutina]]'' Torr. – Velvet Ash ;Western [[Palearctic]] ([[Europe]], [[north Africa]] and [[Western Asia|southwest Asia]]) * ''[[Fraxinus angustifolia]]'' Vahl – Narrow-leafed Ash or Caucasian Ash ** ''[[Fraxinus angustifolia]]'' subsp. ''oxycarpa'' – [[Claret Ash]] or Raywood Ash * ''[[Fraxinus dimorpha]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'' L. – European Ash * ''[[Fraxinus holotricha]]'' Koehne * ''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'' L. – Manna Ash or Flowering Ash * ''[[Fraxinus syriaca]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus pallisiae]]'' Wilmott – Pallis' Ash ;Eastern [[Palearctic]] ([[Central Asia|central]] and [[east Asia]]) * ''[[Fraxinus apertisquamifera]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus baroniana]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus bungeana]]'' DC. – Bunge's Ash * ''[[Fraxinus chinensis]]'' Roxb. – Chinese Ash or Korean Ash * ''[[Fraxinus chiisanensis]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus floribunda]]'' Wall. – Himalayan Manna Ash * ''[[Fraxinus griffithii]]''C.B.Clarke – Griffith's Ash * ''[[Fraxinus hubeiensis]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus japonica]]'' – Japanese Ash * ''[[Fraxinus lanuginosa]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus longicuspis]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus malacophylla]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus mandschurica]]'' Rupr. – Manchurian Ash * ''[[Fraxinus mariesii]]'' – Maries' Ash * ''[[Fraxinus micrantha]]'' Lingelsh. * ''[[Fraxinus paxiana]]'' Lingelsh. * ''[[Fraxinus platypoda]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus raibocarpa]]'' Regel * ''[[Fraxinus sieboldiana]]'' Blume – Japanese Flowering Ash * ''[[Fraxinus spaethiana]]'' Lingelsh. – Späth's Ash * ''[[Fraxinus trifoliata]]'' * ''[[Fraxinus xanthoxyloides]]'' (G.Don) Wall. ex DC. – Afghan Ash<ref name="GRINspecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?4752 |title=Species Records of ''Fraxinus'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2010-02-22}}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32928 |title=''Fraxinus'' L. |work=ITIS Standard Reports |publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |accessdate=2010-02-22}}</ref> {{Inc| F. angustifolia, Vahl. Closely related to F. oxycarpa. Lfts. 7-13, elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, serrate, ½ - 1 ½ in. long: fr. obtuse at the base. S. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. Var. auttralis, Schncid. (F. australis, Gay). Lfts. below and rachia hairy. — F. argtntea, Loisel., is a variety of F. Ornus, not in cult., but in gardens often other ashes, especially variegated forms, are cult, under this name. — F . australis, Gay=F. angustifolia var. australis. — F. Berlandieriana, DC. Allied to F. lanceolata. Tree, to 70 ft. : lfts. 3-6, ovate or obovate, serrate, downy along the veins beneath, to 4 in. long. Texas to Mex.S.S. 6:273.— F. bracteata, Hemsl.=F. Griffithii. — F . coriacea, Wats. Allied to F. velutina. Tree, to 30 ft. : lfts. 5, sub-coriaceous, ovate to oblong, acute, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, glabrous or pubescent below. S.Calif, to Utah, Ariz., Nev. S.S. 14:713. F. dimorpha, Coss. A Dur.=F. xanthoxyloides var. dimorpha. — F . dipetala, Hook. A Arn. Allied to F. cuspidata. Shrub: lfts. 5-7. elliptic or ovate, serrate or entire, ½ - 2 in. long: fls. with 2 obovate petals. Calif., Men. S.S. 6:261. Tender. — F. floribunda, Wall. Allied to F. longicuspis. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, ovate- lanceolate, serrate, reticulate beneath, 2-4 in. long: panicles large, to 10 in. long; petals oblong. Himalayas. Tender. — F. floridana, Sarg.=F. pauciflora. — F. Greggii, Gray. Allied to F. cuspidata. Small tree: lfts. 3-7, oblong-obovate, crenately serrate, or entire, ½ -1 in. long: fr. linear-oblong, emarginate. 8.8.6:262. G.F. 2:451.— F. Griffithii, Clarke (F. bracteata, Hemsl.). Allied to F. mariesii. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 5-7, subcoriaceous, elliptic to ovate- lanceolate, lustrous above, bright green below and pubescent on the veins, 2—1 in. long: infl. 6-8 in. high, with persistent lanceolate bracts; petals 4: fr. spatulate. Cent. China, Himalayas, Java. — F. hololricha. Koehne. Allied to F. potamophila. Tree: lfts. 9-13, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pubescent on both sides, 1 ½ -3 in, long: fls. in 10-fld. racemes; ovary pubescent. Origin unknown. — F. hybrida, Lingelsh. =F. pauciflora. — F. pauciflora, Nutt. (F. floridana, Sarg. F. hybrida, Lingelsh.). Allied to F. caroliniana. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 3-5, oblong, acuminate, cuneate at the base, tomentose below: fr. oblong-lanceolate, rounded or emarginate at the apex. Ga. to Fla. S.S. 14:717.— F. paxidna, Lingelsh. Allied to F. longicuspis. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 7-0. sessile, ovate, crenulate, 4-7 in. long: panicle large and dense: fr. 1-1 ¼ in. long, 1/5 in. broad. Cent. China, Himalayas. — F. platypoda, Oliver. Allied to F. americana. Tree: petioles enlarged and winged at the base; lfts. 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, hairy along the midrib below, 2-4 in.: fr. narrow-oblong, acute. Cent. China. H.I. 20:1929. — F. pro/Undo, Bush. Allied to F. pennsylvanica. Lfts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 3-6 in. long, tomentose beneath: fr. 2-2 ½ in., with decurrent wing. Ind., Ark., to Fla. S.S. 14:714-5. — F. pubinersis. Blume. Allied to F. longicuspis. Lfts, usually 9, ovate to oblong-ovate, serrate with incurved teeth, pubescent on the veins below, 3-5 in. long: fr. oblanceolate. Japan.—F. raibocarpa, Regel. Shrub; lfts. 3-7, oblong or oblong-obovate, usually entire, obtuse, 1-2 in. long: fr. strongly falcate with obovate not decurrent wing. Turkestan, Bukhar.—F. retusa, Champ. Allied to F. mariesii. Tree: lfts. about 5, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, reticulate, 2-3 in. long. Hongkong. Var. Henryana, Oliver. Shrub or tree, to 35 ft.: lfta. slender-stalked, oblong to lanceolate, serrulate, 3-5 in. long: panicle dense, 4-6 in. long: ¼ - 1 in. long, emarginate. Cent. China. H.I. 20:1930. Only the variety is in cult.—F. sogdiana, Bunge. Allied to F. potamophila. Lfts. 7-11, ovate-lanceolate, bright green: fr. 1 ¼ in. long, obtuse or emarginate. Turkestan.—F. texensis. Sarg. Allied to F. americana. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 5, broadly oval or ovate, rounded or acute at the apex. 1 ½ - 2 ½ in. long. Texas. S.S. 6:270.—F. theophrastii, Nouv. Duh., is a variety of F. ornus, but in gardens other forms are sometimes cult, under this name.—F. xanthoxyloides, Wrall. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft.: rachia narrowly winged: lfts. 5-9, oblong, crenulate-serrate, glabrous, ½ - 1 ½ in. long: fls. from axillary leafless buds, usually perfect, with calyx: fr. oblong. Himalayas. Var. dimorpha, Lingelsh. (F. dimorpha, Coss. A Dur.). Lfts. sessile, roundish oval to oblong, pubescent on the midrib below. N. Afr. Var. dumosa, Lingelsh. (F. dimorpha var. dumosa, Carr.). A low shrubby form of the preceding variety, with small lfts.—This species belongs to the section Sciadanthus, having perfect apetalous fls. with calyx. {{SCH}} }} ==Gallery== {{photo-sources}} <gallery> Image:EurAshSeeds.jpg|Closeup of European Ash seeds Image:Koeh-062.jpg|19th century illustration of Manna Ash (''Fraxinus ornus'') Image:Upload.png| photo 3 </gallery> ==References== *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963    ==External links== *{{wplink}} __NOTOC__

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