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{{Inc| Quercus velutina, Lam. (Q.tinctoria, Bartram). Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Tree, to 80, sometimes to 150 ft., with rather slender branches, spreading gradually into a narrow, open head: bark very dark brown, inner bark orange: lvs. pinnatifid to or beyond the middle, with 7-9 broad toothed lobes, dark and dull green above, brownish pubescent beneath at first, glabrous at length, except in the axils of the veins, 4-10 in. long: fr. short-stalked; acorn ovoid, 1/2-1in. long, embraced about one-half by the hemispherical densely pubescent cup. Maine to Fla., west to Minn, and Texas.—This species hybridizes with Q. coccinea, Q. rubra, Q. imbricaria and Q. Phellos (Q. helerophylla, Michx.). Tree of rapid growth, less beautiful than the preceding species, but the wood is more valuable ; it flourishes even in rather dry soil, and the foliage turns dull red or orange-brown in fall. Var. missouriensis, Sarg. Lvs. with a permanent rusty pubescence beneath: cup-scales tomentose. W. Minn, to Ark. }} '''Eastern Black oak''' (''Quercus velutina''), or more commonly known as simply '''Black Oak''' is an [[oak]] in the [[List of Quercus species#Section Lobatae|red oak]] (''Quercus'' sect. ''Lobatae'') group of [[oak]]s. It is native to [[Eastern United States|eastern]] [[North America]] from southern [[Ontario]] south to northern [[Florida]] and southern [[Maine]] west to northeastern [[Texas]]. It is a common tree in the [[Indiana Dunes]] and other sandy dunal ecosystems along the southern shores of [[Lake Michigan]]. In the northern part of its range, black oak is a relatively small tree, reaching a height of 20-25 m (65-80 ft) and a diameter of 90 cm (35 in), but it grows larger in the south and center of its range, where heights of up to 42 m (140 ft) are known. [[Black Oak]] is well known to readily hybridize with other members of the [[List of Quercus species#Section Lobatae|red oak]] (''Quercus'' sect. ''Lobatae'') group of oaks being one parent in at least a dozen different named hybrids. [[Image:Bark black oak 8771.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of mature bark]] [[Image:Quercus velutina.jpg|left|thumb]] The [[leaf|leaves]] of the black oak are alternately arranged on the twig and are 10-20 cm (4-8 in) long with 5-7 bristle tipped lobes separated by deep U-shaped notches. The upper surface of the leaf is a shiny deep green, the lower is yellowish-brown. There are also stellate hairs on the underside of the leaf that grow in clumps. The inner [[bark]] of the black oak contains a yellow pigment called [[quercitron]], which was sold commercially in Europe until the 1940s. Key Characteristics: Sun leaves have very deep u-shaped sinuses. The buds are velvety and covered in white hair. The [[fruit]]s or [[acorn]]s of the black oak are small and almost as wide as they are long. The cap is large and covers almost half of the nut. ==Cultivation== Black oak grows best on well drained, silty clay to loam soils. Black oak grows on all aspects and slope positions. It grows best in coves and on middle and lower slopes with northerly and easterly aspects. It is found at elevations up to 1200 m (4,000 ft) in the southern Appalachians. ===Propagation=== <!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ===Pests and diseases=== <!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ==Varieties== Named Hybrids involving Black Oak: *''[[Quercus x bushii]]'' ([[Quercus marilandica]] x velutina) - Bush's Oak *''[[Quercus x cocksii]]'' ([[Quercus laurifolia]] x velutina) - Cocks Oak *''[[Quercus x demarei]]'' ([[Quercus nigra]] x velutina) - *''[[Quercus x discreta]]'' ([[Quercus shumardii]] x velutina) - *''[[Quercus x filialis]]'' ([[Quercus phellos]] x velutina) - *''[[Quercus x fontana]]'' ([[Quercus coccinea]] x velutina) - *''[[Quercus x hawkinsiae]]'' ([[Quercus rubra]] x velutina) - Hawkin's Oak *''[[Quercus x leana]]'' ([[Quercus imbricaria]] x velutina) - Lea's Oak *''[[Quercus x palaeolithicola]]'' ([[Quercus ellipsoidalis]] x velutina) - *''[[Quercus x podophylla]]'' ([[Quercus incana]] x velutina) - *''[[Quercus x rehderi]]'' ([[Quercus ilicifolia]] x velutina) - Rehder's Oak *''[[Quercus x vaga]]'' ([[Quercus palustris]] x velutina) - *''[[Quercus x willdenowiana]]'' ([[Quercus falcata]] x velutina) - Willdenow's Oak ==Gallery== {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> <gallery> Image:Black oak acorn.jpg|The cap is large and covers approximately half of the acorn. Image:Black oak leaves.jpg|Sun leaves have deep, u-shaped sinuses Image:Drawing of black oak acorn and leaf.jpg Image:Range of black oak.jpg|Natural range of the black oak </gallery> ==References== *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__
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