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'''''Acer palmatum''''', called '''Japanese Maple''' or '''Smooth Japanese Maple''' is a species of woody plant native to [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[China]].<ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?1187 ''Acer palmatum'']</ref> Many different [[cultivar]]s of this [[maple]] have been selected and they are commonly grown in other parts of the world too, for their attractive leaf shapes and colors. They are highly sought after and are relatively costly trees given the size.<ref>http://www.artificialplantsandtrees.com/Interior_Decor/Discover_Maple_Trees/discover_maple_trees.html</ref> ''Acer palmatum'' is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] reaching heights of 6–10 m, rarely 16 m, often growing as an understory plant in shady [[woodlands]]. It may have multiple trunks joining close to the ground. In habit, it is often shaped like an upside-down [[circle]] (especially when younger) or takes on a [[dome]]-like form, especially when mature.<ref name="gelderen">van Gelderen, C.J. & van Gelderen, D.M. (1999). ''Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia''.</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are 4–12 cm long and wide, palmately lobed with five, seven, or nine acutely pointed lobes. The [[flower]]s are produced in small [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]], the individual flowers with five red or purple sepals and five whitish petals. The [[fruit]] is a pair of winged [[samara (fruit)|samaras]], each samara 2–3 cm long with a 6–8 mm seed. The seeds of Japanese maple and similar [[species]] require [[stratification (botany)|stratification]] in order to [[germinate]].<ref name="gelderen"/><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref> Even in nature, ''Acer palmatum'' displays considerable [[genetic variation]]. As such, even [[seedling]]s with the same parent tree can show difference in such aspects as leaf size and shape, and colour.<ref name="gelderen"/> {{Inc| Acer palmatum, Thunb. (A. polymorphum, Sieb. & Zucc.). Japan Maple. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft.: branchlets, petioles and peduncles glabrous: lvs. 5-9-lobed or divided, 2-4 in. across, glabrous, lobes oblong, acuminate, doubly serrate or incised: corymbs few-flo., glabrous, erect, with small purple fls.: fr. small, glabrous; the wings spreading at an obtuse angle. Japan.—This species and A. japonicum are known as Japanese maples. They are extremely handsome shrubs of dense though graceful habit, and with elegant foliage, beautiful especially in spring for its delicate shades of green and red, and again in autumn, when the lvs. assume the most striking tints. Some of the more vigorous-growing varieties, like atropurpureum, dissectum, ornatum, and the typical forms, are hardy even in New England, while most of the variegated forms are more tender. They grow best in partly shaded situations and in well-drained, rich soil. There are many varieties, mostly intro. from Japanese gardens, of which the following are some of the best. They may be divided into 5 groups, representing various degrees of dissection of the lvs.: (1) A. palmatum var. Thunbergii, Pax (A. palmatum, Thunb.). Lvs. deeply 5-9-lobed or cleft; lobes oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and doubly serrate or incised. Var. atropurpureum, Van Houtte (var. nigrum, Hort.). Lvs. dark purple, coarsely doubly serrate. Var. sanguineum, Carr., is lighter red than var. atropurpureum. Var. bicolor, Koch (var. atropurpureum variegatum, Hort.). Lvs. dark purple, with large carmine blotches, the lobes half purple and half carmine. Var. aureum, Nichols. Lvs. yellow. Var. versicolor, Schwerin (A. polymorphum septemlobum versicolorum, Van Houtte). Lvs. bright green, with large white spots. Var. roseo-marginatum, Schwerin (A. polymorphum roseum marginatum, Pynaert). Lvs. small, deeply cut, with narrow pink margin. Var. crispum, Andre. Lvs. small, with involute margins; of distinctly upright growth. (2) Var. septemlobum, Koch (A. septemlobum, Thunb.). Lvs. mostly 7-lobed; lobes broad, equally doubly serrate. Var. rubrum, Schwerin. Lvs. large, deep red when young, becoming almost green later. Var. reticulatum, Andre. Lvs. greenish yellow, with green margin and dark green veins. Var. tricolor, Nichols. Lvs. with red, pink and white spots. (3) Var. linearilobum, Sieb. & Zucc. (var. scolopendrifolium, Hort., not Schwerin). Lvs. divided nearly to the base; lobes linear, remotely serrate or nearly entire. Var. atrolineare, Schwerin (var. linearilobum atropurpureum, Nichols.; var. pinnatifolium atropurpureum, Hort.). Lvs. dark red. (4) Var. dissectum, Koch (A. polymorphum var. decompositum, Sieb. & Zucc. A. polymorphum palmatifidum, Van Houtte). Lvs. divided to the base in 5-9 pinnatifid lobes. Var. ornatum, Carr. (var. dissectum atropurpureum, Hort.). Lvs. deeply cut deep red. Var. Frederici-Guilelmi, Carr. (var. pinnatifidum roseo-pictum, Lem.). Lvs. finely cut, green, with white and pink spots. (5) Var. sessilifolium, Maxim. Lvs. deeply cut, with very short petioles. G.C. II. 16.—Of little decorative value. }} :''More information about this species can be found on the [[Acer|genus page]].'' ==Cultivation== ''Acer palmatum'' includes hundreds of named cultivars with countless forms, colors, leaf types, sizes, and preferred growing conditions. Heights of mature specimens can range from 0.5 m to 25 m, depending on type. Some tolerate sun, and others like shade. Almost all are adaptable and blend well with companion plants. The trees are particularly suitable for borders and ornamental paths because the root systems are compact and not invasive. Well drained soil is preferred, and the trees grow strongest when not over-fertilized. Many varieties of ''Acer palmatum'' are successfully grown in containers.<ref>Vertrees, J.D. (1987) ''Japanese Maples''. Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 0-88192-048-7</ref> A decidious Tree growing to 8m by 6m. It is hardy to zone 5 and is frost tender. It is in flower from May to June. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in heavy clay soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid soil. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil. Of easy cultivation, it succeeds in most soils preferring a good moist well-drained soil on the acid side and partial shade[11, 182]. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Chlorosis can sometimes develop as a result of iron deficiency when the plants are grown in alkaline soils, but in general maples are not fussy as to soil pH. Requires some shelter in the cooler areas of Britain and protection from cold drying winds[1]. Plants are hardy to about -25°c[184], but spring growth is subject to damage by late frosts[11]. A very ornamental tree[1], it is a polymorphic species[1] and there are many named varieties[11, 182]. Grows well with rhododendrons. Most maples are bad companion plants, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants[18, 20]. ===Propagation=== Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame, it usually germinates in the following spring. Pre-soak stored seed for 24 hours and then stratify for 2 - 4 months at 1 - 8°c. It can be slow to germinate. The seed can be harvested 'green' (when it has fully developed but before it has dried and produced any germination inhibitors) and sown immediately. It should germinate in late winter. If the seed is harvested too soon it will produce very weak plants or no plants at all[80, 113]. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on until they are 20cm or more tall before planting them out in their permanent positions. Layering, which takes about 12 months, is successful with most species in this genus. Cuttings of young shoots in June or July. The cuttings should have 2 - 3 pairs of leaves, plus one pair of buds at the base. Remove a very thin slice of bark at the base of the cutting, rooting is improved if a rooting hormone is used. The rooted cuttings must show new growth during the summer before being potted up otherwise they are unlikely to survive the winter. Only strong-growing cultivars succeed from cuttings, plants of the dissected or variegated cultivars will rarely grow into good plants. ===Pests and diseases=== {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ==Cultivars== *'Atropurpeum' - Red Japanese Maple *'Bloodgood' *'Bonfire' *'Burgundy Lace' *'Butterfly' *'Crimson Queen' *'Dissectum' *'Ever Red' ('Dissectum Viridis') Laceleaf Japanese Maple *'Filiferum Purpureum' *'Garnet' *'Ornatum' - Red Laceleaf Japanese Maple. *'Oshio Beni' *'Sango Kaku' ('Senkaki'). Coral Bark Maple ==Gallery== {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> <gallery perrow=5> Image:Acer palmatum flared up.jpg| photo 1 File:IMG 0003 nybg09.jpg|Acer palmatum var. dissectum Image:KiyomizuderaGateKarahafu.jpg|''Momiji'' (''A. palmatum'') shows autumn colours in [[Kyoto|Kyoto, Japan]]. Image:Acerpalmatumdissectum leaf.jpg|A green ''A. palmatum'' Dissectum Group Image:Acer japonicum rubra leaves.jpg|A red ''A. palmatum'' Dissectum Group Image:Acer palmatum 'osakazuki' 01-10-2005 14.11.08.JPG|Trunk of ''A. palmatum'' 'Osakazuki' Image:Acer palmatum 'osakazuki' 01-10-2005 14.11.32.JPG|Foliage of ''A. palmatum'' 'Osakazuki' Image:Acer palmatum 'osakazuki' 01-10-2005 14.11.46.JPG|Wide view of ''A. palmatum'' 'Osakazuki'' Image:Coral Bark Maple garden show.jpg|''A. palmatum'' 'Sango Kaku', a "coralbark maple" in winter showing red bark Image:Acer palmatum sango kaku.jpg|New leaves on ''A. palmatum'' 'Sango Kaku' Image:Acer seed.jpg|''A. palmatum'' samaras and leaves Image:Acer palmatum Shigitatsu-sawa 3.jpg|''A. palmatum'' 'Shigitatsu sawa' Image:Acer palmatum-Bonsai.jpg|Red cultivar of ''A. palmatum'' used for bonsai </gallery> ==References== *[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Acer+palmatum Plants for a Future] - creative commons text incorporated <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__

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