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'''Lupins''' or '''lupines''' ([[North America]]) are the members of the [[genus]] '''''Lupinus''''' in the legume [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Fabaceae]]). The genus comprises between 200 and 600 [[species]], with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America, in the Mediterranean region and Africa.<ref>[http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm subgen.Platycarpos]</ref><ref>[http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm subgen. Lupinus]</ref><ref>Ainouche & Bayer (1999)</ref> The species are mostly [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s 0.3-1.5 [[Metre|m]] (1-5 ft) tall, but some are [[annual plant]]s and a few are [[shrub]]s up to 3 m (10 ft) tall - see also [[bush lupin]] -, with one species (''[[Lupinus jaimehintoniana]]'', from the Mexican state of [[Oaxaca]]) a [[tree]] up to 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. They have a characteristic and easily recognised [[leaf]] shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually [[palmate]]ly divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. The [[flower]]s are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 [[centimeter|cm]] long, with a typical [[pea]]flower shape with an upper 'standard' or 'banner', two lateral 'wings' and two lower [[petal]]s fused as a 'keel'. Due to the flower shape, several species are known as [[bluebonnet]]s or [[quaker bonnets]]. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume|pod]] containing several [[seed]]s. Like most members of their family, lupins can [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the atmosphere into [[ammonia]] via a rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the [[soil]] for other plants, this adaption allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor quality soils. The genus ''Lupinus'' is [[nodulate]]d by ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'' soil bacteria<ref>Kurlovich ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>. Some species have a long central [[tap root]]s, or have [[proteoid root]]s. Lupins contain significant amounts of certain [[secondary metabolism|secondary compounds]] like [[isoflavone]]s and toxic [[alkaloid]]s, e.g. [[lupinine]] and [[sparteine]]. Lupins are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in [[garden]]s. There are numerous [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s. Some species, such as [[Garden Lupin]] (''Lupinus polyphyllus'') and hybrids like the [[Rainbow Lupin]] (''L. × regalis'') are common garden flowers. Others, such as the [[Yellow Bush Lupin]] (''L. arboreus'') are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] [[weed]]s when they appear outside their native range. It is also rumoured that if they are soaked in a container of water, they will grow better and faster. In New Zealand ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'' have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the [[South Island]]. Although considered attractive by some it is also seen as an [[invasive species]]. {{Inc| Lupinus (from the Latin lupus, a wolf, because a crop of lupines was supposed to destroy fertility). Leguminosae. Lupine. Usually herbs adapted to borders in masses, and to all places in which low-growing showy herbs would be found; some make good bedding plants, others cut-flowers. Mostly annuals or herbaceous perennials, 2 species in cult, being shrubby: lvs. usually digitate, with 5-15 entire lfts.: fls. with calyx deeply bilabiate, 5-toothed, unequal; corolla with simple erect broadly ovate standard, having strongly reflexed sides; wings united at the apex and inclosing the keel; stamens united into a closed tube: pod 2-valved. flattened, inclosing several large seeds.—A group of about 300 species mostly confined to W. N. Amer., a few growing in E. N. Amer., Peru, Brazil, Mex., Guatemala, Afr., and in the Medit. region. A very variable genus in the garden. There are numerous garden hybrids of unknown parentage. Some of these names will be found in the supplementary list. Voss groups these under the name of L. hybridus. Hort., and its vars. atrococcineus and roseus, or florists lupines. They have variegated fls. In addition to those described below the following native species have been advertised, mostly by Gillett, in 1881, for western collections. Probably they are not in cultivation. They are mostly described in Bot. Calif.: L. albicaulis, L. Chamissonis, L. lepidus, L. leucophyllus, L. ornatus and L. villosus. The lupines are showy plants with conspicuous flowers in terminal racemes, those of the species in cultivation being mostly verticillate. The flowers are blue, white or yellow, or a union of these, papilionaceous and free-blooming. All are of easy cultivation in any garden soil, except that they are said not to succeed in soil containing lime. They are propagated by seed, the perennials also by division. They do not bear transplanting when once established, hence it is recommended to sow seed where the plants are finally desired. A few species are of value economically for soiling or plowing under. L. angustifolius, Linn., with blue fls., is much grown in Eu. as a fodder plant and for plowing under: annual. Native to the Medit. region.—L. pubescens, Benth. Perennial or subshrubby. the pubescence short, spreading, hardly silky in the new parts: 1fts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the petiole, pubescent on both sides: fls. loosely arranged almost in whorls: pedicels shorter than the calyx: pod hirsute, 4-6-seeded. The above is from the original description. Bentham neglects to state the color of the fls., but an allied species has blue fls. Mottet must be in error in calling this an annual. Mex., Cent. Amer., Colombia.—L. villosus Willd., is mentioned occasionally in garden literature. The following are garden hybrids of unknown origin. They mostly have variegated fls. and are common in cult.: L. atroviolaceus. Perennial, 2 ft. high: fls. dark violet, striped with white and yellow. —L. coelestinus. Annual, 2 ft. high: fls. light blue.—L. Dunnettii. Fls. lilac-purple, gold and white. According to Voss, this is the same as the kinds known to the trade as L. superbus, L. insignis (Vilmorin, not Dippe), L. tricolor elegans and L. superbus Dunnettii. There is also a double form.—L. hybridus. Probably mixed kinds.—L. tricolor. Sec L. Dunnettii. }} ==Cultivation== <!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ===Propagation=== <!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ===Pests and diseases=== The most significant diseases of lupins are [[anthracnose]] as well as [[wilting]] and [[root rot]] diseases caused by ''[[Fusarium]]'' and other [[pathogen]]s, and some bacterial and viral diseases.<ref>Golubev & Kurlovich (2002)</ref> ==Species== Selected species: [[File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, Alaska 2009 114.jpg|thumb|left|Lupin and other wildflowers cover the mountaintop of [[Raspberry Island (Alaska)]]]] [[File:Lupinus flavoculatus 2.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Lupinus flavoculatus]]'']] <div float="left"> {{col-begin|width=75%}} {{col-1-of-2}} * ''[[Lupinus adsurgens]]'' – Drew's silky lupine * ''[[Lupinus affinis]]'' – fleshy lupine * ''[[Lupinus albicaulis]]'' – sickle-keel lupin * ''[[Lupinus albifrons]]'' – silver bush lupin * ''[[Lupinus albus]]'' – white lupin * ''[[Lupinus × alpestris]]'' * ''[[Lupinus andersonii]]'' – Anderson's lupine * ''[[Lupinus angustiflorus]]'' – narrowflower lupin * ''[[Lupinus angustifolius]]'' – blue lupin, narrowleaf lupin * ''[[Lupinus antoninus]]'' – Anthony Peak lupine * ''[[Lupinus arboreus]]'' – yellow bush lupin, tree lupin * ''[[Lupinus arbustus]]'' – longspur lupin * ''[[Lupinus arcticus]]'' – Arctic lupin * ''[[Lupinus argenteus]]'' – silvery lupin ** ''Lupinus argenteus'' var. ''palmeri'' * ''[[Lupinus aridorum]]'' – scrub lupin * ''[[Lupinus arizonicus]]'' – Arizona lupin * ''[[Lupinus benthamii]]'' * ''[[Lupinus bicolor]]'' – miniature lupin, bicolor lupin, Lindley's annual lupin * ''[[Lupinus bingenensis]]'' – Bingen lupin * ''[[Lupinus brevicaulis]]'' – shortstem lupine * ''[[Lupinus breweri]]'' – Brewer's lupine * ''[[Lupinus burkei]]'' – Burke's lupin * ''[[Lupinus caespitosus]]'' – stemless dwarf lupin * ''[[Lupinus caudatus]]'' – Kellogg's spurred lupin * ''[[Lupinus cervinus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> – Santa Lucia lupin (= ''L. latissimus''<!-- Greene -->) * ''[[Lupinus chamissonis]]'' – Chamisso bush lupin * ''[[Lupinus citrinus]]'' – orange lupine * ''[[Lupinus concinnus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus constancei]]'' – The Lassics lupine * ''[[Lupinus cosentinii]]'' * ''[[Lupinus covillei]]'' – shaggy lupine * ''[[Lupinus croceus]]'' – saffron-flowered lupine * ''[[Lupinus dalesiae]]'' – Quincy lupine * ''[[Lupinus duranii]]'' – Mono Lake lupine * ''[[Lupinus diffusus]]'' – spreading lupin, Oak Ridge lupin, sky-blue lupin * ''[[Lupinus elatus]]'' – tall silky lupine * ''[[Lupinus elmeri]]'' – Elmer's lupine * ''[[Lupinus excubitus]]'' – grape soda lupin * ''[[Lupinus flavoculatus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus foliolosus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus formosus]]'' – summer lupin * ''[[Lupinus grayi]]'' – Sierra lupine * ''[[Lupinus guadalupensis]]'' – Guadalupe Island lupine * ''[[Lupinus havardii]]'' * ''[[Lupinus hirsutus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus hirsutissimus]]'' – stinging lupine * ''[[Lupinus holmgrenianus]]'' – Holmgren's lupine * ''[[Lupinus hyacinthinus]]'' – San Jacinto lupine * ''[[Lupinus jaimehintoniana]]'' * ''[[Lupinus kuntii]]'' * ''[[Lupinus kuschei]]'' – Yukon lupin * ''[[Lupinus lapidicola]]'' ; Mt. Eddy lupine * ''[[Lupinus latifolius]]'' – broadleaf lupin ** [[Lupinus latifolius var. barbatus|''Lupinus latifolius'' var. ''barbatus'']] – Klamath lupine, bearded lupine * ''[[Lupinus lepidus]]'' – prairie lupin * ''[[Lupinus leucophyllus]]'' – woolly-leaf lupin * ''[[Lupinus littoralis]]'' – seashore upin * ''[[Lupinus longifolius]]'' – longleaf bush lupin {{col-2-of-2}} * ''[[Lupinus luteolus]]'' – butter lupine, pale yellow lupine * ''[[Lupinus luteus]]'' – yellow lupin * ''[[Lupinus lyallii]]'' – Lyall's lupin * ''[[Lupinus macbrideanus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus michelianus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus micranthus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus microcarpus]]'' – wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin ** ''Lupinus microcarpus'' var. ''densiflorus'' – dense-flowered lupin * ''[[Lupinus minimus]]'' – Kettle Falls lupin * ''[[Lupinus mutabilis]]'' – Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, ''tarwi'', ''tarhui'', ''chocho'' * ''[[Lupinus nanus]]'' – dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin * ''[[Lupinus nevadensis]]'' – Nevada lupine * ''[[Lupinus nipomensis]]'' – Nipomo Mesa lupine * ''[[Lupinus niveus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus nootkatensis]]'' – Nootka lupin * ''[[Lupinus nubigenus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus obtusilobus]]'' – bluntlobe lupine * ''[[Lupinus odoratus]]'' – royal Mojave lupin * ''[[Lupinus onustus]]'' – Plumas lupine * ''[[Lupinus oreganus]]'' – Oregon lupin * ''[[Lupinus padre-crowleyi]]'' – DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine * ''[[Lupinus parviflorus]]'' – lodgepole lupin * ''[[Lupinus peirsonii]]'' – Peirson's lupine, long lupine * ''[[Lupinus perennis]]'' – wild perennial lupin, sundial lupin, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets * ''[[Lupinus plattensis]]'' * ''[[Lupinus polycarpus]]'' – smallflower lupin * ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'' – largeleaf lupin, bigleaf lupin, garden lupin * ''[[Lupinus pratensis]]'' – Inyo Meadow lupine * ''[[Lupinus prunophilus]]'' – hairy bigleaf lupin * ''[[Lupinus pusillus]]'' – small lupin * ''[[Lupinus × regalis]]'' – rainbow lupin * ''[[Lupinus rivularis]]'' – riverbank lupin * ''[[Lupinus rupestris]]'' * ''[[Lupinus saxosus]]'' – rock lupine * ''[[Lupinus sericatus]]'' – Cobb Mountain lupine * ''[[Lupinus sericeus]]'' – Pursh's silky lupin * ''[[Lupinus shockleyi]]'' – purple desert lupine * ''[[Lupinus smithianus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus sparsiflorus]]'' – desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin * ''[[Lupinus spectabilis]]'' – shaggyhair lupine * ''[[Lupinus stiversii]]'' – harlequin annual lupine * ''[[Lupinus subcarnosus]]'' – buffalo clover * ''[[Lupinus succulentus]]'' – succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin * ''[[Lupinus sulphureus]]'' – sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin ** ''Lupinus sulphureus'' ssp. ''kincaidii'' – Kincaid's lupin (formerly in ''L. oreganus'') * ''[[Lupinus texensis]]'' – Texas bluebonnet * ''[[Lupinus tidestromii]]'' – Tidestrøm's Lupin * ''[[Lupinus toratensis]]'' – [[Warwanzo]], Lito<!-- Endemic Species from the south Andes of Peru --> * ''[[Lupinus tracyi]]'' – Tracy's lupine * ''[[Lupinus truncatus]]'' – collared annual lupine * ''[[Lupinus vallicola]]'' – open lupin * ''[[Lupinus variicolor]]'' – varied lupin * ''[[Lupinus villosus]]'' * ''[[Lupinus wyethii]]'' – Wyeth's lupin {{col-end}} </div> ==Gallery== {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> <gallery> File:Lupinus angustifolius (1).jpg|[[Blue Lupin]], ''L. angustifolius''. File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg|Lupin population Image:Lupinroad.jpg|A field of lupin Image:Upload.png| photo </gallery> ==References== *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__
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