Edit Plant: Rhamnus

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Features:	evergreen deciduous flowers fragrance edible fruit naturalizes invasive foliage birds wildlife bees bonsai cut flowers hummingbirds butterflys drought tolerant houseplant fall color ground cover fire resistant
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{{Inc| Rhamnus (its ancient Greek name). Including Frangula. Rhamnaceae. Buckthorn. Ornamental woody plants grown chiefly for their handsome foliage and some also for their attractive fruit. Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny: lvs. alternate or opposite, short-petioled, with small deciduous stipules, penninerved, serrulate or entire: fls. small, in axillary clusters, umbels or racemes, perfect, polygamous or dioecious; sepals, petals and stamens 4-5, petals sometimes wanting; style usually undivided; ovary 2-4-loculed: fr. a globular or oblong 2-4-seeded drupe; nutlets with a leathery usually dehiscent wall.—About 100 species native chiefly to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. A few species are found in the tropics and as far south as Brazil and S. Afr. Several species yield yellow or green dyes and the frs. and bark of some are used medicinally. The wood of R. Frangula is made into charcoal valued for the manufacture of gunpowder. The buckthorns are handsome shrubs with generally bright green often rather large leaves and with inconspicuous greenish flowers usually in axillary clusters followed by berry-like, usually black, rarely red, fruits. Many of the species as R. cathartica, R. dahurica, R. fallax, R. Frangula, and R. alnifolia, can be depended upon as hardy, while R. Purshiana and R. lanceolata are hardy at least as far north as Massachusetts. R. imeretina and R. caroliniana are somewhat more tender. The handsomest in foliage are R. fallax and R. imere- tina and the evergreen R. ilicifolia and R. crocea. R. Purshiana, R. caroliniana, R. alnifolia, R. dahurica, and R. Frangula are also noteworthy on account of pretty foliage. Of the evergreen species which are not hardy North, R. crocea and R. ilicifolia are to be recommended for their ornamental bright red fruits. Buckthorns are useful for planting in shrubberies: they like a rather moist soil, especially R. lanceolata, R. alnifolia, R. caroliniana, and R. Frangula, and grow well in shaded or partly shaded situations, but R. cathartica and its allies prefer dry soil. R. cathartica is a valuable hedge plant, though it is now not used so extensively as in the past. The species are propagated by seeds stratified or sown in fall, and by layers. Some, as R. lanceolata, R. fallax, and R. alnifolia, are propagated by cuttings; R. Purshiana, has been successfully raised in England from softwood cuttings put in mild bottom heat under glass about the middle of July. The evergreen species are propagated by cuttings of ripened wood under glass. Rarer kinds are sometimes grafted, those of the Frangula group usually on R. Frangula and the true buckthorns on R. cathartica or allied species. }} Describe the plant here... ==Cultivation==  ===Propagation===  ===Pests and diseases===  ==Species== {{Inc| Index. Alaternus, 10.crenata, 2, 14.japonica, 3. alnifolia, 6.crocea, 8, 9.lanceolata, 7. alpina, 4, 5.dahurica, 2.latifolia, 15 and suppl. angustifolia, 10, 15.fallax, 4.libanotica, 5 and suppl. aspleniifolia, 15.Frangula, 15.nipponica, 2. californica, 11.grandifolia, 5.oleifolia, 11. caroliniana, 13.heterophylla, 15.Purshiana, 11, 12. castaneaefolia, 5.ilicifolia, 9.tomentella, 11. cathartica, 1, 2.imeretina, 5. colchica, 5.incana, 11. R. alpina, Linn. Closely allied to R, fallax. Young branchlets dull brownish gray, often pubescent: lvs. elliptic or oval, with 10-12 pairs of veins, 1 1/2-3, rarely to 4 in. long: fr. smaller. Mountains of S. Eu. L.B.C. 11:1077.—R. arguta, Marim. Unarmed glabrous shrub, allied to R. cathartica: lvs. opposite, orbicular-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, with bristly pointed teeth. Amurland. Probably hardy.—R. Billardii, Hort.—R. hybrida var.—R. chlorophora, Koehne (R. chinensis, Hort,). Shrub: branchlets glabrous or nearly so: lvs, obovate, abruptly acuminate, pubescent on the veins beneath, with 4-6 pairs of veins, 1 1/2-3 in. long. China. Doubtful species.—R. chlorophora, Decne.=R. globosus.—R. costata, Maxim. Allied to R. fallax. Shrub, to 15 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. elliptic- or ovate-oblong, crenately serrulate, with about 20 pairs of veins, pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long; petiole very short: fr. black, 1/3in. across. Japan. S.I.F. 2:48.—R. crenulata, Ait. Evergreen shrub: lvs. oblong, obtusish, narrowly cuneate at the base, crenulate, glabrous, 3/4-1 3/4 in. long: fls. in dense clusters in the axils of last year's lvs. Canary Isls. Tender.—R. dumetorum, Schneid. Spiny shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. usually opposite, rhombic- lanceolate, acute at the ends, or elliptic, crenate-denticulate, pubescent at least son the veins beneath, 1/3-1 1/3 in. long: fr. 1/4in. thick. W. China. Var. crenoserrata, Rehd. & Wilson. Lvs. 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. long, more coarsely crenate-serrate. W. China.—R. Erythoxylon, Pall. Unarmed shrub, allied to R: cathartica: lvs. alternate, oblong- lanceolate to linear. Caucasus to Mongolia and Siberia. Hardy.— R. globosa, Bunge (R. chlorophora, Decne. R. dahurica var. aprica, Maxim.). Low rigid shrub: branchlets pubescent: lvs. opposite, obovate or broadly obovate, cuneate, pubescent, 2/4-2in. long: fr. 1/5in. thick. N, and E. China.—R. hettrophylla, Oliver. Shrub, to 5 ft. with often decumbent branches: branchlets pubescent; stipules persistent: lvs. alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 3/4-1 1/2 in- long or broadly ovate, 1/4-1/3in. long, puberulous on the veins beneath: fls. 5-merous. Cent. China. H.I. 18:1759.—R. hybrida, L'Her. (R. Alaternua X R. alpinus). Half-evergreen shrub, with alternate, oval-oblong, glossy lvs. Var. Billardii, Lav. Lvs. narrower, more remotely serrate. Half-hardy shrub, with handsome glossy foliage.—R. infectoria. Linn. Spiny spreading shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. subopposite, oval or ovate to obovate, finely toothed, glabrous or pubescent on the veins beneath, 1/2-1 1/2 in. long: fr. black. S.W. Eu.—R. latifoia, L'Her. Allied to R. Frangula: lvs. larger, elliptic-oblong, with 12-15 pairs of veins, 4-7 in. long: fr. 1/3-1/2in. thick, changing from red to black. Azores. B.M. 2663. I.T. 3:106. G.W. 12, p. 342. Not hardy.—R. leptophylla, Schneid. Shrub, to 6 ft.: brancnlets glabrous: lvs. opposite, obovate, short- acuminate, remotely denticulate, light green, glabrous beneath, 1 1/2-3 in. long: fr. 1/4in. thick. Cent, and W. China.—R. libanotica, Boiss. Allied to R. imeretina; more spreading: lvs. oblong-obovate, crenate-dentate, pubescent beneath, with 10-15 pairs of veins: fr. 1/5in. across. Asia Minor.—R. pumila. Linn. Low, sometimes procumbent shrub, allied to R. alpinus, with smaller and shorter lvs., usually narrowed at the base. Eu., Alps. Hardy.—R. Rosthornii Pritz. Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. opposite, oblong- lanceolate, cuneate, crenate, pubescent beneath, 1/2-1 in. long: fr. 1/5in. across, with usually 2 seeds. W. China.—R. rupestris. Scop. Low, often procumbent shrub, about 3 ft. high, allied to R. caro- liniana: lvs. ovate to oblong-obovate, thin, 1-3 in. long: umbels 1-3-fld. Alps of E. Eu.—R. Sargentiana, Schneid. Shrub, to 15 ft.: branehlcts glabrous: lvs. alternate, oblong-elliptic, cuneate, acute or short-acuminate, crenate-serrate, sparingly hairy beneath, with 12-18 pairs of veins, 1 3/4-5 in. long: fr. purplish black, 1/5in. across. W. China.—R. saxatilis. Linn. Low and dense, very spiny shrub, about 3 ft. high, allied to R. cathartica: lvs. opposite or alternate, oval or obovate, glabrous, about 1 in. long. Mountains of Cent, and S. Eu., W. Asia. Hardy. H. W. 3, p. 57.—R. spathulaefolia, Fisch. Spiny shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. alternate, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, finely toothed, glabrous or finely pubescent, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. black, slender-stalked. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. —R. tinctoria, Waldst. & Kit. Closely allied to the preceding, but lvs. pubescent. Mountains of Cent, and S. Eu., W. Asia.—R. utilis, Decne. Shrub to 10 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. opposite, elliptic- oblong, serrulate, light green, glabrous, with 5-8 pairs of veins, 2-5 in. long. Cent, and E. China. }} ==Gallery== {{photo-sources}} <gallery> Image:Upload.png| photo 1 Image:Upload.png| photo 2 Image:Upload.png| photo 3 </gallery> ==References== *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963    ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__

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