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'''''Ribes''''' is a [[genus]] of about 150 species of [[flowering plants]], usually treated as the only genus in the family '''Grossulariaceae'''. The genus is native throughout the temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. ''Ribes'' includes the currants, including the edible currants ([[blackcurrant]], [[redcurrant]] and [[whitecurrant]]), [[gooseberry|gooseberries]], and many [[ornamental plant]]s. The ''Ribes'' currant should not be confused with the [[Zante currant]] [[grape]]. Seven [[subgenus|subgenera]] are recognised. A few taxonomists place the gooseberry species in a separate genus, ''Grossularia'', despite the [[Jostaberry]] gooseberry/blackcurrant [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]. There are restrictions on growing ''Ribes'' species in many US states as they are a host for [[White Pine Blister Rust]]. {{Inc| Ribes (probably derived from ribas, the Arabic name for Rheum Ribes, or by some supposed to be the Latinized form of riebs, an old German word for currant). Saxifragaceae. Currant. Gooseberry. Woody plants partly grown for their edible fruits and partly for their handsome flowers, fruits, or foliage. Unarmed or prickly shrubs with deciduous or rarely evergreen foliage: lvs. alternate, often fascicled, simple, usually palmately lobed and mostly plaited in the bud: fls. perfect or in some species dioecious, 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, in many-fld. to few-fld. racemes, or solitary; calyx-tube cylindric to rotate, like the sepals usually colored; petals usually smaller than the sepals, often minute, rarely entirely wanting; stamens alternating with the petals, shorter or longer than the sepals; ovary inferior, 1-celled; styles 1 or 2 (Fig. 3401): fr. a many-seeded pulpy berry, crowned by the remains of the calyx. —About 150 species in the colder and temperate regions of N. and S. Amer., N. and Cent. Asia, Eu., and N. Afr. The genus is sometimes divided into two: the true Ribes with usually unarmed sts., racemose fls., and jointed pedicels, and Grossularia (p. 1414) with prickly sts.; fls. solitary or in short 2-4-fld. racemes and with the pedicels not jointed. The most recent monograph of the genus is by Janczewski, Monographie des Groseilliers, 1907 (originally published in Mem. Soc. Phys. Nat. Hist. Geneve, 35:199-517, with 202 figs.), with important supplements in Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracovic, ser. B, 1910-13. The N. American species are treated by Coville & Britton in North American Flora, 22:193-225 (1908) under the two genera Ribes and Grossularia. There are also descriptions and figures of the more important species in Card's Bush Fruits, 444-84, figs. 80-109 (1911). The currants and gooseberies are usually low, upright or less often procumbent deciduous, rarely evergreen shrubs with prickly or unarmed branches, small or medium-sized usually lobed leaves, with rather small solitary or racemose flowers often greenish or reddish and insignificant, but in some species white or brightly colored in shades of red, scarlet, orange or yellow; the fruits also are often attractive and either black, purple, scarlet, yellowish or greenish. The flowers appear in spring with the leaves, and the fruits ripen in June or July, but in R. fasciculatum they do not mature until September and remain on the branches all winter. Most species are hardy North except the evergreen ones; also R. sanguineum, R. Roezlii, R. Lobbii, R. viscosissimum are not quite hardy North. The tender R. speciosum with fuchsia-like bright red flowers is perhaps the most showy species of the genus, though also R. sanguineum, R. odoratum, R. Gordonianum, R. Roezlii, R. Lobbii, R. pinetorum, R. cereum, R. inebrians, R. niveum, and others are handsome in bloom, while some, as R. alpinum and R. fasciculatum, have ornamental scarlet fruits. They are well adapted for borders of shrubberies and, particularly the procumbent kinds, for planting on slopes. R. alpinum is excellent for shady places and as undergrowth. R. alpestre, a strong-growing and very spiny gooseberry from western China, may prove valuable as a hedge-plant. Many species bear edible fruits; the most important are the domestic currant, R. vulgare, and the European gooseberry, R. Grossularia; of less importance are the black currant, R. nigrum, the Buffalo or Missouri currant, R. odoratum, the European R. rubrum and some of the American gooseberries, as R. hirtellum, R. Cynosbati, R. oxyacanthoides, R. setosum, R. inerme. These plants are mostly of easy cultivation; they grow in any moderately good loamy soil, the gooseberries preferring as a rule drier and sunnier positions, while the currants like more humidity and grow well in partly shaded situations. Propagation is by seeds which germinate readily; also by hardwood cuttings in autumn and by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass; mound-layering in summer is sometimes practised; budding or grafting is usually resorted to only, if quick propagation of rare varieties is desired. In Europe, currants and gooseberries are sometimes grafted high on R. odoratum trained to one stem, to form little standard trees. See also Currant and Gooseberry for cultivation. }} ==Cultivation== ===Propagation=== ===Pests and diseases=== ==Varieties== Selected species: *''[[Ribes acerifolium]]'' T.J Howell - Maple Currant, Mapleleaf Currant *''[[Ribes achurjani]]'' Mulk. *''[[Ribes aciculare]]'' Sm. - Needle-spined Gooseberry *''[[Ribes acidum]]'' Turcz. ex Pojark. *''[[Ribes acuminatum]]'' Wall. ex G.Don *''[[Ribes affine]]'' Kunth *''[[Ribes albifolium]]'' Ruiz & Pav. *''[[Ribes albinervium]]'' Michx. *''[[Ribes alpestre]]'' Wall. ex Decne. *''[[Ribes alpestris]]'' (Decne) A.Berger - Hedge Gooseberry *''[[Ribes alpinum]]'' L. - Alpine Currant *''[[Ribes altamirani]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes altissimum]]'' Turcz. ex Pojark. - Tall Current *''[[Ribes amarum]]'' McClatchie - Bitter Gooseberry *''[[Ribes ambiguum]]'' Maxim. *''[[Ribes americanum]]'' Mill. - American Blackcurrant, Wild Blackcurrant *''[[Ribes amictum]]'' Greene *''[[Ribes andicola]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes aridum]]'' Greene *''[[Ribes armenum]]'' Pojark. *''[[Ribes ascendens]]'' Eastw. *''[[Ribes atropurpureum]]'' C.A.Mey. *''[[Ribes aucheziense]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes aureum]]'' Pursh - Golden Currant *''[[Ribes austroecuadorense]]'' Freire-Fierro *''[[Ribes bethmontii]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes binominatum]]'' A.Heller - Ground Gooseberry *''[[Ribes bracteosum]]'' Douglas ex Hook. - Californian Blackcurrant, Stink Currant, Stinky Currant *''[[Ribes burejense]]'' F.Schmidt *''[[Ribes californicum]]'' Hook. & Arn. - Hillside Gooseberry, California Gooseberry, Monterey Gooseberry *''[[Ribes canthariforme]]'' Wiggins - Moreno Currant *''[[Ribes cereum]]'' Douglas - Squaw Currant, Wax Currant, White Field Currant, Whiskey Currant *''[[Ribes ciliatum]]'' Humb. & Bonpl. *''[[Ribes coloradense]]'' Cov. - Colorado Currant *''[[Ribes cruentum]]'' Greene - Shinyleaf Currant, Oregon Currant *''[[Ribes curvatum]]'' Small - Granite Gooseberry *''[[Ribes cynosbati]]'' L. - Prickly Gooseberry, Eastern Prickly Gooseberry, Dogberry, Dog Bramble *''[[Ribes diacanthum]]'' Pall. - Siberian Currant *''[[Ribes dikuscha]]'' Fisch. ex Turcz. *''[[Ribes distans]]'' Jancz. - Scarlet Currant *''[[Ribes divaricatum]]'' Douglas - Spreading Gooseberry, Wild Gooseberry, Coast Gooseberry, Coastal Black Gooseberry, Parish's Gooseberry *''[[Ribes echinellum]]'' (Cov.) Rehder - Miccosukee Gooseberry *''[[Ribes emodense]]'' Rehder - Smooth Rock Currant *''[[Ribes erythrocarpum]]'' Coville & Leiberg - Crater Lake Currant *''[[Ribes fasciculatum]]'' Siebold & Zucc. - Japanese Currant *''[[Ribes floridum]]'' L'Hér.. *''[[Ribes fragrans]]'' Pall. - Fragrant-flowered Gooseberry, Sweet-flowered Gooseberry *''[[Ribes fuscescens]]'' (Jancz.) Jancz. *''[[Ribes futurum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes gardonianum]]'' Lem. *''[[Ribes gayanum]]'' (Spach) Steud. - Leather-leaved Gooseberry *''[[Ribes giraldii]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes glabricalycinum]]'' L.T.Lu *''[[Ribes glabrifolium]]'' L.T.Lu *''[[Ribes glaciale]]'' Wallich - Glacier Currant *''[[Ribes glanduliferum]]'' A.Heller *''[[Ribes glandulosum]]'' Grauer ex Weber - [[White currant]], Skunk Currant, Fetid Currant *''[[Ribes glaucescens]]'' Eastw. *''[[Ribes glutinosum]]'' Benth. *''[[Ribes gongshanense]]'' T.C.Ku *''[[Ribes goodingii]]'' M.E.Peck *''[[Ribes gracile]]'' Michx. *''[[Ribes grande]]'' Rose *''[[Ribes grantii]]'' A.Heller *''[[Ribes graveolens]]'' Bunge. *''[[Ribes greeneianum]]'' A.Heller *''[[Ribes griffithii]]'' Hook.f. & Thomson *''[[Ribes grossularia]]'' L. *''[[Ribes grossularioides]]'' Maxim. - Japanese Gooseberry, Catberry *''[[Ribes guangxiense]]'' C.Z.Gao *''[[Ribes hallii]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes haoi]]'' C.Y.Yang & Han *''[[Ribes hartwegianum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes hendersonii]]'' C.L.Hitchc. *''[[Ribes henryi]]'' Franch. *''[[Ribes hesperium]]'' McClatchie *''[[Ribes heterotrichum]]'' C.A.Mey. *''[[Ribes himalense]]'' Royle ex Decne. *''[[Ribes hirtellum]]'' Michx. - North American Gooseberry, Hairystem Gooseberry, Currant Gooseberry *''[[Ribes hirticaule]]'' J.F.Macbr. *''[[Ribes hirtum]]'' Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. *''[[Ribes hispidulum]]'' (Jancz.) Pojark. *''[[Ribes hittellianum]]'' Eastw. *''[[Ribes holocericeum]]'' Otto & A.Dietr. *''[[Ribes horridum]]'' Rupr. - Thorny Currant *''[[Ribes houghtonianum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes howellii]]'' Greene *''[[Ribes hudsonianum]]'' Richards - Northern Blackcurrant, Hudson Bay Currant, Western Blackcurrant *''[[Ribes humile]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes hunanense]]'' Chang Y.Yang & C.J.Qi *''[[Ribes huronense]]'' Rydb. *''[[Ribes hysterix]]'' Eastw. *''[[Ribes incarnatum]]'' Wedd. *''[[Ribes incertum]]'' J.F.Macbr. *''[[Ribes indecorum]]'' Eastw. - White-flowered Currant *''[[Ribes inebrians]]'' Lindl. *''[[Ribes inerme]]'' Rydb. - Whitestem Gooseberry, Klamath Gooseberry *''[[Ribes integrifolium]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes intermedium]]'' Tausch *''[[Ribes irriguum]]'' Douglas *''[[Ribes janczewskii]]'' Pojark. *''[[Ribes japonicum]]'' Maxim. - Japanese Blackcurrant, Thornless Blackcurrant *''[[Ribes jessoniae]]'' Stapf. *''[[Ribes jorullense]]'' Kunth *''[[Ribes kansuense]]'' K.S.Hao *''[[Ribes kialanum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes koehneanum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes kolymense]]'' (Trautv.) Kom. *''[[Ribes komarovii]]'' Pojark. *''[[Ribes kunthii]]'' Berland. *''[[Ribes laciniatum]]'' Hook.f. & Thomson *''[[Ribes lacustre]]'' (Pers.) Poir. - Black Gooseberry, Prickly Currant, Black Swamp Gooseberry *''[[Ribes lasianthum]]'' Greene - Alpine Gooseberry *''[[Ribes latifolium]]'' Jancz. - Broadleaf Currant *''[[Ribes laurifolium]]'' Jancz. - Evergreen Currant *''[[Ribes laxiflorum]]'' Pursh - Trailing Blackcurrant *''[[Ribes lehmannii]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes leiobotrys]]'' Koehne *''[[Ribes lentum]]'' (M.E.Jones) Coville & Rose *''[[Ribes leptanthum]]'' A.Gray - Trumpet Gooseberry *''[[Ribes leptosma]]'' (Coville) Fedde *''[[Ribes leptosmum]]'' (Coville) Standl. *''[[Ribes leucoderme]]'' A.Heller *''[[Ribes lindeni]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes liouanum]]'' Kitag. *''[[Ribes lioui]]'' C.Wang & Chang Y.Yang *''[[Ribes lobbii]]'' A.Gray - Gummy Gooseberry *''[[Ribes longeracemosum]]'' Franch. - Tibet Thornless Blackcurrant *''[[Ribes longiflorum]]'' Nutt. *''[[Ribes lucarense]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes luridum]]'' Hook. & Thoms. - Purple Currant *''[[Ribes luteynii]]'' Weigend *''[[Ribes macrobotrys]]'' Ruiz & Pav. *''[[Ribes macrocalyx]]'' Hance *''[[Ribes macrostachyum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes magellanicum]]'' Poir. *''[[Ribes malvaceum]]'' Sm. - Chaparral Currant *''[[Ribes malvifolium]]'' Pojark. *''[[Ribes mandschuricum]]'' (Maxim.) Komarov - Manchurian Redcurrant *''[[Ribes mariposanum]]'' Congdon *''[[Ribes marshallii]]'' Greene - Hupa Gooseberry *''[[Ribes maximowiczianum]]'' Kom. *''[[Ribes maximowiczii]]'' Batal. *''[[Ribes melananthum]]'' Boiss. & Hohen. *''[[Ribes melancholicum]]'' Siev. ex Pall. *''[[Ribes menziesii]]'' Pursh - Canyon Gooseberry, Menzies' Gooseberry *''[[Ribes mescalerium]]'' Coville - Mescalero Currant *''[[Ribes mexicanum]]'' Spreng. *''[[Ribes meyeri]]'' Maxim. - Meyer's Currant *''[[Ribes micranthum]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes microphyllum]]'' Kunth *''[[Ribes migratorium]]'' Suksd. *''[[Ribes missouriense]]'' Nutt. - Missouri Gooseberry *''[[Ribes mogollonicum]]'' Greene *''[[Ribes molle]]'' (A.Gray) Howell *''[[Ribes montanum]]'' Howell *''[[Ribes monticola]]'' K.Koch *''[[Ribes montigenum]]'' McClat. - Gooseberry Currant *''[[Ribes moupinense]]'' Franch. *''[[Ribes multiflorum]]'' Kit. - Manyflower Currant *''[[Ribes nanophyllum]]'' Freire-Fierro & L.Endara *''[[Ribes neglectum]]'' Rose *''[[Ribes nelsonii]]'' Coville & Rose *''[[Ribes nemorosum]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes nevadense]]'' Kellogg - Sierra Currant, Jaeger's Currant, Nevada Currant *''[[Ribes nigrum]]'' L. - [[Blackcurrant]], European Blackcurrant *''[[Ribes nitidissima]]'' Neger. *''[[Ribes niveum]]'' Lindl. - Snow Gooseberry, Slender-branched Gooseberry *''[[Ribes non-scriptum]]'' (A.Berger) Standl. *''[[Ribes occidentale]]'' Hook. & Arn. *''[[Ribes odoratissimum]]'' M.McMahon ex True *''[[Ribes odoratum]]'' H.L.Wendl. - Buffalo Currant, Clove Currant *''[[Ribes oligacanthum]]'' Eastw. *''[[Ribes orientale]]'' Desf. - Siberian Currant *''[[Ribes orizabae]]'' Rose *''[[Ribes ovalifolium]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes ovallei]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes oxyacanthoides]]'' L. - American Mountain Gooseberry, Canadian Gooseberry, Stream Gooseberry, Henderson's Gooseberry, Idaho Gooseberry *''[[Ribes pachyadenium]]'' Hand.-Mazz. *''[[Ribes pachysandroides]]'' Oliv. *''[[Ribes palczewskii]]'' (Jancz.) Pojark. - Palczjewski's Ribes *''[[Ribes pallidiflorum]]'' Pojark. *''[[Ribes palmeri]]'' Vasey & Rose *''[[Ribes panctatum]]'' Ruiz & Pav. *''[[Ribes parishii]]'' A.Heller *''[[Ribes parviflorum]]'' Wedd. *''[[Ribes parvifolium]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes parvulum]]'' (A.Gray) Rydb. *''[[Ribes pauciflorum]]'' Turcz. ex Pojark. - Few-flowered Ribes *''[[Ribes pensylvanicum]]'' Lam. *''[[Ribes pentlandii]]'' Britton *''[[Ribes peruvianum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes petiolare]]'' Fisch. *''[[Ribes petraeum]]'' Wulf. - Rock Currant, Rock Redcurrant, Bieberstein's Rock Currant *''[[Ribes pinetorum]]'' Greene - Orange Currant *''[[Ribes polyanthum]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes polystachyum]]'' A.Berger *''[[Ribes praecox]]'' J.F.Macbr. *''[[Ribes pringlei]]'' Rose *''[[Ribes procumbens]]'' Pall. - Trailing Redcurrant *''[[Ribes propinquum]]'' Turcz. *''[[Ribes pseudofasciculatum]]'' K.S.Hao *''[[Ribes pulchellum]]'' Turcz. *''[[Ribes purpurascens]]'' A.Heller *''[[Ribes purpusii]]'' Koehne ex Blank. *''[[Ribes quercetorum]]'' Greene - Rock Gooseberry *''[[Ribes reclinatum]]'' L. *''[[Ribes recurvatum]]'' Michx. *''[[Ribes reniforme]]'' Nutt. *''[[Ribes repens]]'' A.I.Baranov *''[[Ribes roezlii]]'' Reg. - Sierra Gooseberry, Roezl's Gooseberry *''[[Ribes rosthornii]]'' Diels *''[[Ribes rotundifolium]]'' Michx. - Appalachian Gooseberry, Round-leaved Gooseberry *''[[Ribes rubrisepalum]]'' L.T.Lu *''[[Ribes rubrum]]'' L. - [[Redcurrant]] *''[[Ribes rugosum]]'' Coville & Rose *''[[Ribes ruizii]]'' Rehder. *''[[Ribes sachalinense]]'' (F.Schmidt) Nakai *''[[Ribes sanguineum]]'' Pursh - Flowering Currant, Redflower Currant, Blood Currant, Sticky Blood Currant, Blackseed Blood Currant, Winter Currant *''[[Ribes sardoum]]'' Martelli - Sardinian Currant *''[[Ribes saxatile]]'' Pall. *''[[Ribes saximontanum]]'' E.E.Nelson *''[[Ribes saxosum]]'' Hook. *''[[Ribes scandicum]]'' Hedl. *''[[Ribes scuphamii]]'' Eastw. *''[[Ribes senile]]'' (Coville) Standl. *''[[Ribes sericeum]]'' Eastw. - Lucia Gooseberry *''[[Ribes setchuense]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes setosum]]'' Lindl. - Missouri Currant *''[[Ribes silvestre]]'' (Lam.) Mert. & Koch (syn. ''R. sativum'') - Woodland Currant *''[[Ribes sinanense]]'' F.Maek. - Chinese Gooseberry *''[[Ribes soulieanum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes spathianum]]'' Koehne *''[[Ribes speciosum]]'' Pursh - Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry *''[[Ribes spicatum]]'' Robson - Nordic Redcurrant, Nordic Currant, Downy Currant *''[[Ribes stanfordii]]'' Elmer *''[[Ribes steinbachiorum]]'' Weigend & Binder *''[[Ribes stenocarpum]]'' Maxim. - Narrow-fruited Currant *''[[Ribes subvestitum]]'' Hook. & Arn. *''[[Ribes sucheziense]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes suksdorfii]]'' A.Heller *''[[Ribes takare]]'' D.Don *''[[Ribes tenue]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes tenuiflorum]]'' Lindl. *''[[Ribes texense]]'' (Coville & A.Berger) Standl. *''[[Ribes thacherianum]]'' (Jeps.) Munz *''[[Ribes tianquanense]]'' S.H.Yu & J.M.Xu *''[[Ribes tolimense]]'' Cuatrec. *''[[Ribes tortuosum]]'' Benth. *''[[Ribes tricuspe]]'' Nakai *''[[Ribes trifidum]]'' Michx. *''[[Ribes trilobum]]'' Meyen. *''[[Ribes tripartitum]]'' Batalin *''[[Ribes triste]]'' Pall. - [[Northern Redcurrant]] or Swamp Redcurrant, Wild Redcurrant *''[[Ribes tularense]]'' (Coville) Fedde. - Tulare Gooseberry *''[[Ribes turbinatum]]'' Pojark. *''[[Ribes uniflorum]]'' T.C.Ku *''[[Ribes urceolatum]]'' Tausch *''[[Ribes ussuriense]]'' Jancz. - Korean Blackcurrant *''[[Ribes utile]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes uva-crispa]]'' L. (syn. ''R. grossularia'') - [[Gooseberry]], Wild Gooseberry, European Gooseberry, English Gooseberry *''[[Ribes valdivianum]]'' Phil. *''[[Ribes valicola]]'' Greene ex Rydb. *''[[Ribes van-fleetianum]]'' (A.Berger) Standl. *''[[Ribes velutinum]]'' Greene - Desert Gooseberry, Gooding's Gooseberry *''[[Ribes viburnifolium]]'' A.Gray - Island Gooseberry *''[[Ribes victoris]]'' Greene - Victor's Gooseberry *''[[Ribes vilmorinii]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes villosum]]'' Wall. ex Roxb. *''[[Ribes viscosissimum]]'' Pursh - Sticky Currant *''[[Ribes viscosum]]'' Ruiz & Pav. *''[[Ribes vitifolium]]'' Host *''[[Ribes vulgare]]'' Lam. *''[[Ribes warszewiczii]]'' Jancz. - Downy Currant *''[[Ribes watkinsii]]'' Eastw. *''[[Ribes watsonianum]]'' Koehne - Spring Gooseberry *''[[Ribes weberbaueri]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes weddellianum]]'' Jancz. *''[[Ribes wolfii]]'' Rothr. - Wolf's Currant *''[[Ribes xizangense]]'' L.T.Lu {{Inc| INDEX. acerifolium, 15. fructu-luteo, 9. opulifolium,18. aconitifolium, 9. fructu-viridi, 9. odoratum 1. albescens, 4. fuchsioides, 36. oxyacanthoides,24, albidum, 4 and suppl. fuscescens, 10. 26, 29. albinervium, 12. futurum, 15, suppl. pallidum, 16. alpestre, 32. giganteum, 32. palmatum, 1. alpinum, 18. glabellum, 16. pennsylvanicum, 8. americanum, 8. glabratum, 31. petraeum, 13. amictum, 34. glabrum, 30. pinetorum, 33. apiifolium, 9. glandulosum, 11. prostratum, 11. aridum, 34. glutinosum, 4 and pubescens, 16, 30. atropurpureum, 13. suppl. pubiflorum, 28. atrorubens 4. Gordonianum, 3. pumilum, 18. atrosanguineum, 4. Gouduinii, 15. Purpusii, 29. aureum, 1,2,18. gracile, 23, 26, 31. reclinatum, 30. bacciferum, 18. Grossularia, 30. reticulatum, 9. Beatonii, 3. heterophyllum, 9. rignes, 11. Berlandieri, 7. hirtellum, 26, 29. Roezlii, 34. Biebersteinii, 13. holosericeum, 16. rotundifolium, 23, 27. Billiardii, 17. hortense, 15. rubrum, 15, 16. bracteosum, 10. Houghtonianum, 15. rusticum, 26. Brocklebankii, 4. humile, 18. sanguineum, 4. bullatum, 13. inebrians, 7. sativum, 15. carneum, 4, 6. inerme, 29, 31. saxatile, 19. carpathicum, 13. irriguum, 28, 29, saximontanum, 25. caucasicum, 13. suppl. saxosum, 26. cereum, 6. japonicum, 17. scandicum, 16. chinense, 17. jasminiflorum, 2. Schlechtendalii, 16. chlorocarpum, 9. Koehneanum, 15. setosum, 25. chrysococcum, 2. laciniatum, 9, 18. Spaethianum, 7. crispum, 9. lacustre, 20. speciosum, 36. cruentum, 34. leiobotrys, 2. splendens, 4. curvatum, 22. Lobbii, 35. sterile, 18. Cynosbati, 31. longiflorum, 1. sylvestre, 16. diacantha, 19. Loudonii, 3. tenuiflorum, 2. dissectum, 9. macrobotrys, 13. triflorum, 27. divaricatum, 28. macrocarpum, 15. triste, 12. Douglasii, 28. marmoratum, 9. Uva-crispa, 30. farinosum, 6. missouriense, 1,8,23. variegatum, 9, suppl. fasciculatum, 17. montanum, 28. villosum, 28. flore-pleno, 4. multiflorum, 14. viscosissimum, 5. floridum, 8. nevadense, 29. vulgare, 15. foliis-aureis, 18. nigrum, 9. Wilsonianum, 34. fragrans, 1. niveum, 21. xanthocarpum, 9. R. aciculare, Smith. Allied to R. Grossularia. Spiny shrub: branches slender, bristly: lvs. 3-5-lobed, usually glabrous, about 1 in. broad: fls. pinkish; sepals reflexed; style glabrous: fr. smooth, rarely hispid, red or greenish yellow. Cent. Siberia, Altai Mts. The earliest gooseberry to burst into leaf.—R. affine, Douglas= R. laxiflorum.—R. albidum, Paxt.=R. glutinosum albidum.—R. ambiguum, Maxim. Low unarmed shrub: lvs. roundish, 3-5- lobed, with short. obtuse lobes, viscid-glandular beneath, to 2 in. broad: fls. 1-2, greenish; tube saucer-shaped; stamens shorter than sepals: fr. green, glandular-bristly. Japan.—R. ambiguum, Wats.=R. Watsonianum.—R. burejense, F. Schmidt. Allied to R. alpestre. Spiny and bristly shrub, to 3 ft.: lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed, pubescent and glandular, to 2 in. broad: fls. 1-2, reddish brown or pale: fr. greenish, prickly. N. E. Asia.—R. californicum, Hook. & Arn.=R. occidentale.—R, Carrierei, Schneid. (R. intermedium, Carr., not Tausch. R. glutinosum albidum X R. nigrum). Intermediate between the parents: lvs. without the odor of R. nigrum: fls. pink, glandular, in horizontal racemes to 3 in. long: fr. black, not bloomy. Originated with Billiard at Fontenay-aux-Roses., France.—R. cognalum, Greene (R. palousense, Elmer). Allied to R. oxyacanthoides. Spiny shrub to 10 ft., sometimes without bristles: fls. 2-5. white or whitish; calyx-tube cylindric, longer than sepals; stamens about half as long as sepals: fr. smooth. Wash., Ore.—R. coloradense, Cov. (R. laxiflorum var. coloradense, Jancz.). Allied to R. glandulosum. Unarmed procumbent shrub: lvs. usually 5-lobed: sepals longer, glandular-pubescent outside: fr. black, not bloomy. Colo.—R. Culverwelli, Macfarlane (R. Schneideri, Maurer. R. nigrum X R. Grossularia). Unarmed shrub: fls. similar to those of R. nigrum; the glandless lvs. and the infl. resembling those of the gooseberry: fr. dark red, hairy. G.C. III. 12:271; 44:120. J.H.S. 28, pp. 169-73. Originated in England and afterward also in Germany. Var. wollense (R. wollense, Bean). Lvs. with a few glands beneath: fr. glabrous, shining black.—R. dikuscha, Fisch. Allied to R. bracteosum. Unarmed shrub: lvs. 3-5-lobed, glabrous, glandular beneath, to 5 in. broad: fls. white, tomentose, in upright racemes to 3 in. long; bracts linear, small: fr. bluish black, slightly bloomy. E. Siberia.—R. erythrospermum, Cov. & Leiberg. Allied to R. glandulosum. Unarmed prostrate shrub: lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed, finely pubescent and glandular: racemes erect, (6-10-fld.; bracts about as long as pedicels; fls. yellow or salmon-colored: fr. glandular-hairy, scarlet. Ore. G.F. 10:184.—R. fontenayense. Jancz. (R. sanguineum fontenayense, Hort. R. Grossularia X R.sanguineum). Intermediate between the parents: unarmed shrub: lvs. subcoriaceous, pubescent beneath: racemes horizontal or pendulous, stalked, 3-6-fld.; fls. vinous-red, pubescent: fr. purplish black. Originated in France with Billiard at Fontenay-aux-Roses.—R. futurum, Jancz. (R. vulgare X R. Warscewiczii). Intermediate between the parents: fls. brownish red or pinkish: fr. dark red. Raised by Janczewski at Lemberg, Galicia.—R. Gayanum, Steud. (R. villosum. Gay, not Nutt. R. trilobum, Mey.). Evergreen unarmed shrub, to 4 ft., with pubescent branches: lvs. slightly 3-lobed, pubescent, 1-2 in. across: fls. dioecious, yellow, honey-scented, in erect dense pubescent racemes 1-2 in. long: fr. purple-black, hairy. Chile. B.M. 7611. Not hardy North.—R. Giraldii, Jancz. Allied to R. diacantha. Spiny shrub, to 2 ft., with spreading bristly branches: lvs. 3-5-lobed, the middle lobe longer, pubescent and glandular, about 1 1/2 in. broad: fls. dioecious, brownish, in upright racemes: fr. scarlet, glandular-bristly. N. W. China.—R. glaciale, Wall. Allied to R. alpinum. Unarmed shrub, to 15 ft.: lvs. cordate to truncate, 3-5-lobed, the middle lobe elongated, acute or acuminate, glandular, to 2 1/3 in. long: fls. dioecious, greenish white or purplish, in upright racemes: fr. glabrous, scarlet, finally black. Himalayas, W. China.—R. glutinosum, Benth. (R. sanguineum var. glutinosum, Loud.). Allied to R. sanguineum. Unarmed shrub, to 12 ft., with glandular-viscid pubescence: lvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, glandular beneath, otherwise nearly glabrous,to 4 in. broad: racemes pendulous, to 4 in. long; bracts recurved; fls. pink-carmine: fr. black, glandular-hairy. Calif. Var. albidum, Jancz. (R. sanguineum albidum, Kirchn. R. albidum, Paxt.). Fls. white, tinged pinkish, often confused with R. sanguineum var. albescens, which see.—R. Henryi, Franch. Evergreen unarmed shrub, glandular: lvs. elliptic, crenulate, to 4 in. long: fls. dioecious, small, greenish; pistillate racemes 7-9-fld., with large green bracts: fr. oblong, green, glandular. Cent. China.—R. himalayense, Decne.Allied to R. petraeum. Unarmed shrub, to 12 ft.: lvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, with acute or obtusish lobes, glandular above, pubescent or glabrous beneath, to 5 in. broad: fls. greenish, tinged purple, in racemes to 5 in. long, broadly campanulate: fr. red or black. Himalayas, W. China.—R. hudsonianum, Rich. Allied to R. bracteosum. Unarmed shrub: lvs. 3-5-lobed, resinous-dotted beneath, 1 1/2-4 in. broad: fls. white, in loose racemes about 2 in. long; bracts setaceous, as long as the pedicel: fr. black, smooth. Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to N. Minn. B.B. (ed. 2) 2:237.— R. intergrifolium, Philippi. Evergreen unarmed shrub, to 3 ft.: lvs. coriaceous, lanceolate, dentate above the middle, glabrous, 1-1 2/4in. long: fls. dioecious, yellow, in pendent racemes 2/4-1 1/4 in. long: fr. small, purplish black. Chile; not hardy North. Gt. 30:1047.—R. irriguum, Douglas. Allied to R. oxyacanthoides. Spiny shrub, to 10 ft., usually without bristles: lvs. 3-5-lobed, 1-2 1/2 in. broad: fls. whitish, the peduncle exceeding the bud-scales; sepals nearly twice as long as tube; stamens about as long as petals: fr. smooth. Brit. Col. to Ore., Mont., Idaho. Has been confused with R. cognatum, R. divaricatum, and R. inerme, which see.—R. japonicum, Maxim. Allied to R. bracteosum. Shrub, to 6 ft.: branchlets hairy: lvs. cordate, 5-lobed, pubescent and glandular beneath, to 6 in. broad: fls. greenish or brownish, tomentose and glandular, in upright racemes to 8 in. long; bracts linear: fr. black, smooth. Japan.—R. latifolium, Jancz. All ed to R. petraeum. Unarmed shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. 3-5-lobed, with acute lobes, glabrous or glandular-hairy, to 7 in. broad: fls. in racemes to 3 1/2 in. long, blood-red, campanulate: fr. red, rather large. Japan, Manchuria.—R. laurifolium, Jancz. Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. coriaceous, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-serrate, glabrous, 2—4 in. long: fls. dioecious, greenish, flat; stamens and petals much shorter than sepals; staminate racemes pendulous, 1-1 3/4 in. long; pistillate upright, 2/4in. long: fr. ellipsoid, 2/3in. long, pubescent, reddish. W. China. B.M. 8543. G.C. III. 55:239. Gn. 76, p. 143; 79, pp. 170, 171. J.H.S. 38, p. 54, fig. 36. Not hardy North.—R. laxiflorum, Pursh. Allied to R. glandulosum. Unarmed procumbent shrub: lvs. deeply 5-lobed, slightly pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. broad: racemes upright-spreading; sepals longer, pubescent, but not glandular: fr. dark purple, bloomy, glandular. Alaska to N. Calif. Var. coloradense, Jancz.=R. coloradense.—R. lentum, Cov. & Rose=R. montigenum.—R. leptanthum, Gray. Spiny slender shrub, to 4 ft.; branchlets slightly pubescent: lvs. usually truncate, deeply 3-5-lobed, glabrous or pubescent, 1/4-3/4in. broad: fls. 1-3, white, tinged with pink; calyx-tube cylindric; sepals reflexed: fr. black, lustrous. Colo., Utah, New Mex. and Ariz. Gt. 53, p. 409. Graceful small shrub. Var. quercetorum, Jancz.=R. quercetorum.—R. longeracemosum, Franch. Allied to R. petraeum. Unarmed shrub, to 10 ft.: lvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed. with acute or acuminate lobes, glabrous, to 6 in. broad: racemes pendulous, to 12 in. long, thinly set with greenish or pinkish fls.; calyx-tube broadly campanulate: sepals upright; bracts oval, half as long as the slender pedicels, persistent: fr. black, edible. W. China. Var. Wilsonii, Jancz. Young branchlets red: racemes shorter; fls. salmon-red. Cent. China.—R. luridum, Hook. f. & Thom. Allied to R. alpinum. Unarmed shrub; branchlets glabrous, red: lvs. 3-5-lobed, with obtusish lobes, glabrous or nearly so, glandular, to 2 in. broad: fls. dioecious, dark purple, in upright racemes, the staminate 1-2 in. long, the pistillate shorter: fr. black, glabrous. Himalayas, W. China.—R. malvaceum, Smith (R. sanguineum malvaceum, Loud.). Allied to R. sanguineum. Unarmed shrub: lvs. rough above, grayish tomentose and glandular beneath: fls. pink or purple, smaller, white-pubescent and glandular; tube longer than the sepals: fr. viscid-pubescent. Calif.—R. Marshallii, Greene. Allied to R. Lobbii. Spiny shrub with puberulent branchlets: lvs. deeply cordate, 3-5-lobed, glabrous, 1-1 1/2 in. wide: fls. solitary, large, purplish; sepals 1/2-2/3in. long; stamens slightly longer; petals salmon-pink: fr. purplish black, prickly. Calif.—R. Maximowiczii, Batal. Allied to R. alpinum. Shrub, to 10 ft.; branchlets pubescent: lvs. slightly 3-5-lobed, middle lobe much longer, or undivided and ovate, pubescent on both sides, 1 1/2-4 in. long: fls. dioecious, in upright racemes 1-2 in. long: fr. glandular-hairy, red. N. W. China.—R. Menriesii, Pursh (R. subvestitum, Hook. & Arn.). Allied to R. Lobbii. Spiny shrub, to 6 ft.; branchlets pubescent and bristly: lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed, pubescent and glandular beneath, 1-2 in. broad: fls. purple, with white petals; stamens as long as the sepals, with ovate-lanceolate anthers: fr. glandular-bristly. Ore. to Calif. G.C. III. 45:242. R.H. 1908, p. 31.—R. Meyeri, Maxim. Allied to R. petraeum. Unarmed shrub, to 10 ft.: lvs. usually 5-lobed, with acutish lobes, glabrous or glandular-hairy above, to 3 1/2 in. broad: racemes horizontal, lax, to 2 in. long: fls. purplish, nearly sessile, small, with upright sepals: fr. black, lustrous. Cent. Asia, W. China. Var. turkestanicum, Jancz. Lvs. obtusely lobed: racemes longer; fls. blood-red. Turkestan.—R. mogollonicum, Greene=R. Wolfii.—R. molle, Howell, not Poepp.=R. montigenum.—R. montigenum, McClatchie (R. lacustre var. molle, Gray. R. lentum, Cov. & Rose). Allied to R. lacustre. Sts. bristly: lvs. pubescent and glandular: racemes few-fld.: fr. red, glandular-bristly, edible. Wash. to Mont., Idaho to New Mex.—R. moupinense, Franch. Allied to R. petraeum. Shrub, to 15 ft.: lvs. 3-5-lobed, with acute or acuminate lobes, sparingly glandular, otherwise glabrous, to 6 in. broad: racemes pendulous, loose, 1 1/2-5 in. long; fls. greenish tinged with red, or red; sepals upright: fr. black, lustrous. W. China.-R. nevadense, Kellogg R. sanguineum var. variegatum, Wats. R. variegatum, A. Nelson). Allied to R. sanguineum. Unarmed shrub: lvs. thin, 3-5-lobed, sparingly pubescent or glabrous: fls. smaller, rose-colored; sepals about twice as long as the tube; petals white: fr. blue, glaucous. Ore., Calif., Nev.—R. occidentale, Hook. & Arn. (R. californicum, Hook. & Arn.). Allied to R. Roezlii. Spiny shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. usually 5-lobed, glabrous or nearly so, about 1 in. broad: fls. green or purplish; calyx-tube about as long as broad; sepals glabrous, except a tuft of hairs at the apex; stamens as long as sepals: fr. prickly. Cent. Calif.—R. orientale, Desf. Allied to R. alpinum. Unarmed shrub, to 6 ft.: young growth glandular-viscid: lvs. lustrous above, pubescent beneath: fls. dioecious, greenish, tinged with red, glandular, in upright racemes 1-2 in. long: fr. red, pubescent. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. B.M. 1583 (as R. resinosum).—R. palousense, Elmer=R. cognatum.—R. pulchellum, Turcz. Allied to R. diacantha. Spiny shrub, to 6 ft., glabrous: lvs. truncate to subcordate, deeply 3-lobed, to 2 in. broad: fls. purplish, in upright racemes, the staminate to 2 1/3 in. long, the pistillate shorter: fr. large, red, glabrous. N. China, Transbaikal.—R. quercetorum, Greene. Spiny slender shrub, sometimes bristly: lvs. 3-5-cleft, finely pubescent or usually glabrous, 1/3-3/4in. long: fls. 2-3, pale yellowish with short-cylindric tube; petals shorter than the sepals, a little longer than the stamens: fr. smooth, purple. Cent. Calif. to Low. Calif.—R. resinosum, Pursh=R. orientale. —R. robustum, Jancz. (R. niveum X R. hirtellum). Intermediate between the parents. Spiny vigorous shrub, only the stronger shoots bristly: fls. white or pinkish, but sepals broader and shorter and filaments shorter and less pubescent than in R. niveum: fr. black. Origin unknown.—R. Saundersii, Jancz. (R. hudsonianum X R. nigrum). Intermediate between the parents: fls. pink, fading to whitish: fr. black. Originated in Ottawa.—R. stenocarpum, Maxim. Allied to R. alpestre. Spiny shrub, often bristly: lvs. cordate, 3-5-lobed, glabrous or pubescent, about 1 1/2in. across: fls. 1-3, short-peduncled, reddish or pale; calyx-tube campanulate, shorter than the reflexed sepals; stamens scarcely longer than petals: fr. oblong, 3/4-1 in. long, glabrous or hispid. N. W. China.—R. subvestitum, Hook. & Arn.=R. Menziesii.—R. succirubrum, Zabel (R. niveum X R. divaricatum). Intermediate between the parents. Lvs. similar to those of R. niveum: fls. pink or pinkish; stamens 1 1/2 times as long as sepals: fr. black, slightly pruinose. Originated at Gotha, Germany.—R. tenue, Jancz. Allied to R. alpinum. Unarmed slender shrub: lvs. 3-5-lobed, lobes acute, incisely dentate, the middle one longer, glandular, to 1 1/2 in. long: fls. reddish brown or greenish, dioecious, in upright racemes: fr. red. Cent. and W. China, Himalayas.—R. trilobum, Mey.=R. Gayanum.— R. urceolatum, Tausch (R. multiflorum X R. petraeum). Intermediate between the parents. Fls. reddish: fr. red. Origin unknown.—R. utile, Jancz. (R. Cynosbati X R. Grossularia). Intermediate between the parents. Lvs. similar to R. Grossularia: fls. slightly pubescent; ovary glabrous: fr. purplish, sometimes with a few spines. A more detailed description will be found under the name of "Mountain" in G.F. 9:456. It originated with the Shakers of lebanon, N. Y.—R. variegatum, A. Nelson=R. nevadense.—R. viburnifolium, Gray. Evergreen, unarmed, aromatically scented shrub, to 8 ft.: branchlets glandular: lvs. ovate or oval, obtuse, coarsely toothed, glossy above, resinous-dotted beneath, 3/4-1 3/4 in. long: fls. dark pink, in upright racemes: fr. ovoid, red. Low. Calif., Santa Catalina Isl. B.M. 8094.—R. villosum, Gay, not Nutt.=R. Gayanum.— R. Vilmorinii, Jancz. Allied to R. alpinum. Unarmed shrub, to 6 t.: lvs. 3-5-lobed with obtuse or acutish lobes, glandular above, about 1 in. broad: fls. dioecious in short upright racemes, greenish or tinged reddish brown: fr. small, black, glabrous or glandular. W. China.—R. Warsce-wizcii, Jancz. Allied to R. rubrum. Unarmed shrub, to 6 ft.: Lvs. slightly 3-5-lobed, slightly pubescent below, to 4 in. broad: fls. larger, pinkish, in pendent racemes 2 in. long: fr. larger, purplish black, very acid. E. Siberia.—R. Watsonianum, Koehne (R. ambiguum, Wats., not Maxim.). Allied to R. pinetorum. Spiny shrub, upright or ascending: branches glandular, not bristly: lvs. deeply 3-5-lobed, sparingly pubescent on the veins, 1-2 in. broad: fls. pinkish, pubescent; petals white, one-fourth shorter than sepals; stamens as long as petals: fr. greenish, prickly. Wash.—R. Wolfii, Rothr. (R. mogollonicum, Greene). Allied to R. sanguineum. Unarmed shrub, to 10 ft.: lvs. 3-5-lobed, pubescent on the veins and glandular beneath, 2—3 1/2 in. broad: fls. greenish white, in upright long-stalked racemes, 1-1 1/2 in. long: fr. black, bloomy, glandular-bristly. Colo., Utah, New Mex., Arix. B.M. 8120.—R. wollense, Bean=R. Culverwellii var. wollense. }} ==Gallery== <gallery perrow=5> Image:Upload.png| photo 1 Image:Upload.png| photo 2 Image:Upload.png| photo 3 </gallery> ==References== <references/> *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963    ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__

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