Edit Plant: Senna

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'''''Senna''''' (from [[Arabic (language)|Arabic]] ''sanā''), the '''sennas''', is a large [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Caesalpinioideae]]. This [[biodiversity|diverse]] genus is [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] throughout the [[tropics]], with a small number of [[species]] reaching into [[temperate]] regions. The number of species is usually estimated to be about 260, <ref name="marazzi2006" >Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries, 2006, Brigitte Marazzi, Peter K. Endress, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, and Elena Conti, American Journal of Botany, volume 93, issue 2, pages 288–303</ref> but some authors believe that there are as many as 350. <ref name="randell1998"> Barbara R. Randell and Bryan A. Barlow. 1998. "Senna" pages 89-138. In: Alexander S. George (executive editor). ''Flora of Australia'' volume 12. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia. </ref> The [[type species]] for the genus is ''Senna alexandrina''. About 50 species of ''Senna'' are known in [[cultivation]]. <ref name="rhs"> Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set). </ref> Senna species make good ornamental plants and are used for landscape gardening. The wide variety of species and ecological adaptations makes at least a handful of sennas suitable for any climate warmer than cool-temperate. The following description is rather cursory and based mostly on Irwin and Barneby (1982), <ref name="irwin1982"> Howard S. Irwin and Rupert C. Barneby. 1982. "The American Cassiinae: A synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World". ''Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden'' '''35'''. </ref> but partly on Marazzi (2006) <ref name="marazzi2006"/>. The sennas are typically [[shrub]]s or [[subshrub]]s, some becoming [[Glossary of botanical terms#S|scandent]] when growing into other vegetation. Some are [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] or small [[tree]]s. Many species have [[extrafloral nectaries]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[Glossary of botanical terms#P|paripinnately]] [[compound leaf| compound]], the [[leaflet]]s [[Phyllotaxis|opposite]]. The [[inflorescence]] is a [[raceme]], or some arrangement or racemes. The [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]]s lack [[bracteole]]s. The [[flowers]] produce no [[nectar]]. They are [[buzz pollinated]] and offer [[pollen]] as a reward to [[pollinator]]s. They are often [[asymmetric]]. The [[petal]]s are 5 in number, similar to each other, [[yellow]], or rarely [[white]]. The [[stamen]]s may be as few as 4, but usually there are 10. When 10, they occur in 3 [[Set (mathematics)|sets]]. The 3 [[adaxial]] stamens are [[Staminode|staminodial]]. The 4 medial stamens are smaller than the 3 [[Glossary of botanical terms#A| abaxial]] stamens. The [[anther]]s are [[Glossary of botanical terms#B|basifixed]] and [[Dehiscence|open]] by two terminal pores or short slits. The [[gynoecium]] is often [[Glossary of botanical terms#E| enantiostylous]]; that is, it is deflected laterally to the right or left. This makes the flower [[asymmetric]], but the [[perianth]] and the [[androecium]] may be asymmetrical as well. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume]], [[Dehiscence|indehiscent]] or tardily dehiscent. ==Cultivation== ===Propagation=== ===Pests and diseases=== ==Species== Selected species: [[Image:Senna aversiflorafls.JPG|thumb|202px|''[[Senna aversiflora]]'' flowers]] [[Image:Starr 020815-0041 Senna didymobotrya.jpg|thumb|202px|''[[Senna didymobotrya]]'']] [[Image:Senna.png|thumb|right|202px|Undetermined ''Senna'' species]] [[Image:Senna lindheimeriana branch.jpg|thumb|202px|[[Velvet-leaved Senna]], ''[[Senna lindheimeriana]]'']] [[Image:Senna multiglandulosa 5.jpg|thumb|202px|''[[Senna multiglandulosa]]'' flower]] [[Image:Senna occidentalis(Leaves).jpg|thumb|202px|[[Coffee Senna]] (''[[Senna occidentalis]]'') leaf]] [[Image:Starr 020501-0002 Senna surattensis.jpg|thumb|202px|''[[Senna surattensis]]'']] [[File:Senna glutinosa subsp pruinosa.jpg|thumb|202px|''Senna glutinosa'']] * ''[[Senna acclinis]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell {{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna aculeata]]'' (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna alata]]'' (L.) Roxb. – Candle Bush, Candelabra Bush, Empress Candle Plant, Candlestick Tree, Ringworm Tree, "candletree" * ''[[Senna alexandrina]]'' Mill. – Alexandrian Senna, Egyptian Senna, Tinnevelly Senna, East Indian Senna, ''sene de la palthe'' (French) * ''[[Senna angulata]]'' (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna appendiculata]]'' (Vogel) Wiersema (= ''S. australis'') * ''[[Senna armata]]'' (S.Watson) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna artemisioides]]'' (Gaudich. ex DC.) Randell – Silver Senna, Feathery Senna * ''[[Senna auriculata]]'' (L.) Roxb. – Avaram Senna, ''avaram'', ''ranawara'' * ''[[Senna aversiflora]]'' (Herbert) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna bicapsularis]]'' – Rambling Senna, Christmas Bush, Money Bush, Yellow Candlewood * ''[[Senna birostris]]'' (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna candolleana]]'' (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna cardiosperma]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna caudata]]'' (Standl.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ([[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]]) * ''[[Senna cobanensis]]'' (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna corymbosa]]'' – Argentine Senna, Argentina Senna, Buttercup Bush, Flowering Senna, (Texas) Flowery Senna, Tree Senna * ''[[Senna covesii]]'' (A.Gray) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – Desert Senna, Coues' Senna, Rattleweed * ''[[Senna cumingii]]'' (Hook. & Arn.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna cuthbertsonii]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna didymobotrya]]'' (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna domingensis]]'' (Spreng.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ([[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]]) * ''[[Senna excelsa]]'' (Schrad) Irwin & Barneby{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna fruticosa]]'' (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna garrettiana]]'' (Craib) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna gaudichaudii]]'' (Hook. & Arn.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – ''Heuhiuhi'' ([[Pacific Islands]], [[Queensland]])<ref name="Bishop">\http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/resultsdetailed.asp?search=kolomona</ref> * ''[[Senna hayesiana]]'' (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna hebecarpa]]'' – American Senna, Wild Senna * ''[[Senna helmsii]]''{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna heptanthera]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna hirsuta]]'' (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ** ''Senna hirsuta'' var. ''puberula'' * ''[[Senna italica]]'' Mill. ** ''Senna italica'' ssp. ''italica'' – [[Neutral Henna]] * ''[[Senna ligustrina]]'' (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna lindheimeriana]]'' (Scheele) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – [[Velvet-leaved Senna]] * ''[[Senna macranthera]]'' ([[Louis Théodore Frederic Colladon|Collad.]]) [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]] ** ''Senna macranthera'' var. ''macranthera'' * ''[[Senna magnifolia]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna marilandica]]'' (L.) Link * ''[[Senna martiana]]'' ([[George Bentham|Benth.]]) [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]] * ''[[Senna martiana]]'' (Schrad) Irwin & Barneby{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna multiglandulosa]]'' (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna multijuga]]'' ([[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]]) [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]] ** ''Senna multijuga'' var. ''lindleyana'' ([[George Gardner (botanist)|Gardner]]) [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]] * ''[[Senna nicaraguensis]]'' (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna nitida]]'' (Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna notabilis]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna obtusifolia]]'' (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – Chinese Senna, Sicklepod, Foetid Senna, Sickle Senna, Coffeeweed, Arsenic Weed, "blunt-leaved senna", "coffee pod", "java bean" * ''[[Senna occidentalis]]'' (L.) [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] – [[Coffee Senna]], [[Mogdad Coffee]] (Pantropical)<ref>http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100059</ref> * ''[[Senna odorata]]'' (R. Morris) Randall * ''[[Senna oligoclada]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna oligophylla]]''{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna pallida]]'' (Vahl) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna papillosa]]'' (Britton & Rose) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna pendula]]'' (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ** ''Senna pendula'' var. ''stahlii'' (Urb.) Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna pleurocarpa]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna polyphylla]]'' (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna purpusii]]'' (Brandegee) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna reticulata]]'' Willd<ref name=santos> SANTOS, Rogério Nunes dos; SILVA, Maria Goretti de Vasconcelos, and BRAZ FILHO, Raimundo (2008). ''Constituintes químicos do caule de Senna reticulata Willd. (Leguminoseae)'' ("Chemical constituents isolated from the wood of Senna reticulata Willd") Química Nova [online], volume 31 issue 8, pages 1979--1981 (in Portuguese). {{doi|10.1590/S0100-40422008000800011}} "It is the first report of 1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone and 3-methoxy-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone in higher plants." </ref> * ''[[Senna rugosa]]'' ([[G.Don.]]) [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]] * ''[[Senna scandens]]'' * ''[[Senna septemtrionalis]]'' (Viv.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna siamea]]'' (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby – [[Siamese Senna]], ''khi-lek'' (Thai)  * ''[[Senna spectabilis]]'' (DC.) Irwin & Barneby ** ''Senna spectabilis'' var. ''excelsa'' ** ''Senna spectabilis'' var. ''micans'' - sometimes placed in ''Senna macranthera'' * ''[[Senna splendida]]'' ([[Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel|Vogel]]) [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]] * ''[[Senna surattensis]]'' (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (= ''S. speciosa'' [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]) * ''[[Senna sulfurea]]'' (Collad.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna sylvestris]]'' ([[José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo|Vell.]]) [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]]{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} ** ''Senna sylvestris'' var. ''bifaria'' [[Howard Samuel Irwin|H.S.Irwin]] & [[Rupert Charles Barneby|Barneby]] * ''[[Senna timoriensis]]'' (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna tora]]'' L. – Sickle Wild Sensitive-plant * ''[[Senna trolliiflora]]'' * ''[[Senna undulata]]'' (Vahl) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * ''[[Senna venusta]]'' (F.Muell.) Randell{{Verify source|date=December 2007}} * ''[[Senna wislizeni]]'' – Wislizenus' Senna, Shrubby Senna ==Gallery== <gallery perrow=5> Image:Upload.png| photo 1 Image:Upload.png| photo 2 Image:Upload.png| photo 3 </gallery> ==References== <references/>    ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__

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