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'''''Ulmus pumila''''' <small>L.</small>, the '''Siberian Elm''', is native to [[Turkestan]], eastern [[Siberia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Xizang]] ([[Tibet]]), northern [[China]], [[India]] (northern Kashmir) and [[Korea]] <ref name=Fu>Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf] </ref>. It is also known as the '''Asiatic Elm, Dwarf Elm''' and (erroneously) '''Chinese Elm'''. ''U. pumila'' has been widely cultivated throughout [[Asia]], [[North America]] and, to a lesser extent, southern [[Europe]]. The Siberian Elm is usually a small to medium-sized, often bushy, [[tree]] growing to 10 - 20 m tall, with a trunk up to 80 cm [[diameter at breast height|d.b.h]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]] in cold areas, but [[evergreen|semi-evergreen]] in warmer climates, < 7 cm long and < 3 cm broad, with an oblique base and a coarsely serrated margin, changing from dark green to yellow in autumn. The wind-dispersed fruit develops in a flat, oval membranous wing ([[Samara (fruit)|samara]]) 1 - 1.5 cm long and notched at the outer end <ref name=Elwes>Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848–1929. Private publication. [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/1f/trees_of_britain_and_ireland_vol_7.pdf] </ref> <ref name=Rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees''. Collins.</ref> <ref name=Huxley>Huxley, A. (1992). ''The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan.</ref>. The tree is short-lived in temperate climates, rarely reaching more than 60 years of age, but in its native environment may live to between 100 and 150 years [http://www.northern.edu/natsource/TREESA1/Siberi1.htm]. {{Inc| Ulmus pumila, Linn. (U. microphylla, Pers. U. sibirica, Hort.). Small tree or shrub, with slender pubescent, sometimes pendulous branches: lvs. oval-elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute, firm, dark green and smooth above, pubescent when young beneath, 3/4 - 3 in. long: fls. short-pedicelled; stamens 4-5, with violet anthers: fr. obovate, with the nutlet somewhat above the middle, incision at the apex reaching about half-way to the nutlet. Turkestan to Siberia and N. China.—A graceful small hardy tree. Var. arborea, Litwinow (U. pinnata-ramosa, Dieck. U. turkestanica, Regel). Tree with long, pinnately branched shoots pubescent when young: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 1 – 2 1/2 in. long; petioles pubescent at first. Var. pendula, Hort. (U. parvifolia pendula, Hort. Planera repens, Hort.), has slender more pendulous branches. {{SCH}} }} As an [[ornamental]] ''U. pumila'' is a very poor tree, tending to be short-lived, with brittle wood and poor crown shape, but has nevertheless enjoyed some popularity owing to its rapid growth and provision of shade. The Siberian Elm has been described by Prof. [[Michael Dirr]] as "one of, if not ''the'', world's worst trees...a poor ornamental that does not deserve to be planted anywhere" <ref name=Dirr>Dirr, M. (1975). ''Manual of Woody Landscape Plants''. Stipes Publishing LLC. Champaign, Illinois.</ref>. Yet in the USA during the 1950s, the tree was also widely promoted as a fast growing hedging substitute for [[Privet]], and as a consequence is now commonly found in nearly all states <ref name=Klingaman>Klingaman, G. (1999). Plant of the Week: Siberian Elm. ''Extension News'', University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture.</ref>. In the [[UK]], its popularity has been almost exclusively as a [[bonsai]] subject, and mature trees are largely restricted to arboreta. Introduced into [[Spain]] in the 16th century, and later [[Italy]], it has naturally hybridized with the [[Field Elm]] ''U. minor''. In Italy it was widely used in viniculture, notably in the [[Po River|Po]] valley, to support vines until the 1950s, when the demands of mechanization made it unsuitable. ;Invasiveness In North America it has become an [[invasive species]] from central [[Mexico]] <ref name=Todzia>Todzia, C. A. & Panero, J. L. (2006). A new species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from southern Mexico and a synopsis of the species in Mexico. ''Brittonia'', Vol 50, (3): 346</ref> [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2807778?seq=1] to [[Ontario]]. It is found in abundance along railroads and in abandoned lots and on disturbed ground. The gravel along railroad beds provides ideal conditions for its growth: well-drained, nutrient poor soil, and high light conditions, and these beds provide corridors which facilitate its spread. Owing to its high sunlight requirements, it seldom invades mature forests, and is primarily a problem in cities and open areas <ref name=National>National Audubon Society (2002). ''Field Guide to North American Trees'', Western Region, p. 419-420</ref>. In [[South America]], the tree has spread across much of the Argentinian [[pampas]] <ref name=Villamil>Villamil, C. B., Zalba, S. M. ''Red de información sobre especies exóticas invasoras - I3N-Argentina'' Universidad Nacional del Sur Bahía Blanca, Argentina</ref>. ==Cultivation== The species has a high sunlight requirement and is not shade-tolerant; with adequate light it exhibits rapid growth. The tree is also fairly intolerant of wet ground conditions, growing better on well-drained soils. While it is very resistant to drought and severe cold, and able to grow on poor soils, its short period of [[dormancy]], flowering early in spring followed by continuous growth until the first frosts of autumn, <ref name=Geng>Geng, M. A. (1989). A provenance test with elm (Ulmus pumila L.) in China. ''Silvae Genetica'' 32 (2), 37-44.</ref> renders it vulnerable to frost damage. ===Propagation=== ===Pests and diseases=== The tree has considerable variability in resistance to [[Dutch elm disease]].<ref name=Smalley>Smalley, E. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding elms for resistance to Dutch elm disease. ''Annual Review of Phytopathology'', 31, 325-352</ref> Moreover, like many other elms in North America, it is highly susceptible to damage from many insects and parasites, including the elm leaf beetle ''[[Xanthogaleruca luteola]]'',<ref name=Miller>Miller, F. and Ware, G. (2001). Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmuss spp.) to Feeding of the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ''Journal of Economic Entomology'' 94 (1): 162-166. 2001. Entom. Soc.of America.</ref><ref>[http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm]</ref> [[powdery mildew]], cankers, [[aphids]], and [[leaf spot]]. In trials in Italy, the species was also found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to [[Elm Yellows]].<ref name=Mittempergher>Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. ''Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.</ref> However, ''U. pumila'' is the most resistant of all the elms to [[verticillium wilt]].<ref name=Pegg>Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). ''Verticillium Wilts''. CABI Publishing. [[ISBN 0-85199-529-2]]</ref> ==Varieties== One variety is recognized: [[Ulmus pumila var. arborea|var. ''arborea'']] <small>Litv.</small>. ==Cultivars== Valued for the high resistance of some clones to [[Dutch elm disease]], over a dozen selections have been made to produce hardy ornamental cultivars, although several may no longer be in cultivation: *[[Ulmus 'Ansaloni'|Ansaloni]], [[Ulmus 'Aurescens'|Aurescens]], [[Ulmus 'Chinkota'|Chinkota]], [[Ulmus 'Dropmore'|Dropmore]], [[Ulmus 'Green King'|Green King]], [[Ulmus 'Hansen'|Hansen]], [[Ulmus 'Harbin'|Harbin]], [[Ulmus 'Manchu'|Manchu]], [[Ulmus 'Mr. Buzz'|Mr. Buzz]], [[Ulmus 'Park Royal'|Park Royal]], [[Ulmus 'Pendula' (Siberian elm cultivar)|Pendula]], [[Ulmus 'Pyramidalis Fiorei'|Pyramidalis Fiorei]], [[Ulmus 'Variegata' (Siberian elm cultivar)|Variegata]] ==Hybrid cultivars== The species has been widely hybridized in the [[USA]] and [[Italy]] to create robust trees of more native appearance with high levels of resistance to Dutch elm disease: *[[Arno (elm hybrid)|Arno]], [[Cathedral (elm hybrid)|Cathedral]], [[Coolshade (elm hybrid)|Coolshade]], [[Fiorente (elm hybrid)|Fiorente]], [[Homestead (elm hybrid)|Homestead]], [[Lincoln (elm cultivar)|Lincoln]], [[Ulmus 'Morton Plainsman'|Morton Plainsman]], [[Ulmus 'Morton Stalwart'|Morton Stalwart]], [[Ulmus 'New Horizon'|New Horizon]], [[Plinio (elm cultivar)|Plinio]], [[Regal (elm hybrid)|Regal]], [[Rosehill (elm hybrid)|Rosehill]], [[San Zanobi (elm cultivar)|San Zanobi]], [[Urban (elm cultivar)|Urban]], [[Willis (elm hybrid)|Willis]]. Also ''U.'' '260' (''Ulmus × hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''Ulmus pumila'') raised at [[Wageningen]] but never commercially released; a few specimens survive as part of the [[Brighton & Hove]] CC [[NCCPG]] Elm Collection at Happy Valley Park, [[Woodingdean]]; Crespin Way, Hollingdean (10 trees), The Highway, Moulsecoomb (1 tree) and Royal Pavilion Gardens (1 tree). ==Gallery== <gallery perrow=5> File:Ulmus pumila1.jpg File:Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) bark detail.jpg File:비술나무 잎가지.JPG File:Ulmus pumila 20070415.jpg </gallery> ==References== <references/> <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__
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