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'''''Vicia faba''''', the '''broad bean''', '''fava bean''', '''faba bean''', '''horse bean''', '''field bean''' or '''tic bean''' is a species of [[legume|bean]] ([[Fabaceae]]) native to north [[Africa]] and southwest [[Asia]], and extensively cultivated elsewhere. Although usually classified in the same genus ''[[Vicia]]'' as the [[Vicia|vetches]], some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus as ''Faba sativa'' Moench. They are often grown as a [[cover crop]] to prevent [[erosion]] because they can over-winter and because as a [[legume]], they fix [[nitrogen]] in the soil. [[Image:Tuinboon zaden in peul.jpg|left|thumb|Broad beans in the pod]] It is a rigid, erect plant 0.5-1.7 m tall, with stout stems with a square cross-section. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 10-25 cm long, pinnate with 2-7 leaflets, and of a distinct glaucous grey-green colour; unlike most other vetches, the leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation. The [[flower]]s are 1-2.5 cm long, with five petals, the standard petal white, the wing petals white with a black spot (true black, not deep purple or blue as is the case in many "black" colourings [http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?sid=75ed643231a8cab76743747215fd6ab6&idno=2731628&c=chla&cc=chla&q1=Cheiranthus&seq=51&view=image]), and the keel petals white. The [[fruit]] is a broad leathery pod, green maturing blackish-brown, with a densely downy surface; in the wild species, the pods are 5-10 cm long and 1 cm diameter, but many modern [[cultivar]]s developed for food use have pods 15-25 cm long and 2-3 cm thick. Each pod contains 3-8 [[seed]]s; round to oval and 5-10 mm diameter in the wild plant, usually flattened and up to 20-25 mm long, 15 mm broad and 5-10 mm thick in food cultivars. Vicia faba has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12, meaning that each cell in the plant has 12 chromosomes (6 homologous pairs). Five pairs are [[acrocentric]] chromosomes and 1 pair is [[metacentric]]. {{Inc| Vicia faba, Linn. (Faba vulgaris, Moench. F. sativa, Bernh.). Broad Bean. Windsor Bean. English Dwarf Bean. Horse Bean. Figs. 478, 479, Vol. I. Strong erect annual, 2-4 ft., glabrous or nearly so, very leafy: lfts. 2-6, the lower ones not opposite on the rachis, the terminal one wanting or represented by a rudimentary tendril, oval to elliptic and obtuse or mucronate-pointed: fls. in the axils, dull white and with a large blue-black spot: pods large and thick, from 2 or 3 in. even to 18 in. long, the seeds large and often flat. Probably native to N. Afr. and S. W. Asia. R.F.G. 22:238.—Much grown in the Old World, but the hot dry summers prevent its cult. in most parts of the U. S. It is grown successfully in parts of Canada, particularly in the maritime provinces, and also in Calif. as a winter vegetable or green-manure crop. The plant is grown mostly for cattle-feeding in the U. S. but the beans are extensively used in Eu., both full grown and immature, for human food. This bean has been cult. from prehistoric times and its nativity is in doubt. The plant is hardy and seeds should be sown early, when the season is cool. The unripe seeds are reported to have caused cases of poisoning, but little is known as to the conditions of the poison production. }} ==Cultivation== <!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ===Propagation=== <!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ===Pests and diseases=== <!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> ==Varieties== In much of the [[Anglophone]] world, the name '''broad bean''' is used for the large-seeded cultivars grown for human food, while '''horse bean''' and '''field bean''' refer to cultivars with smaller, harder seeds (more like the wild species) used for animal feed, though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as [[falafel]]. The term '''fava bean''' (from the [[Italian language|Italian]] name ''fava'') is commonly used in the United States (especially for beans grown for human consumption), but is also seen elsewhere, especially in Mediterranean recipes (this language shift can also be seen in the common use of the term "[[arugula]]" in the US for what in the UK is called "rocket"). ==Gallery== {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> <gallery> Image:Upload.png| photo 1 Image:Upload.png| photo 2 Image:Illustration Vicia faba1.jpg|Plate showing broad beans, from Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'', 1885. Image:Tuinboon voor zaad.jpg|Mature field bean pods </gallery> ==References== <references/> * Dr D. G. Hessayon (2003). ''The Vegetable & Herb Expert''. Expert Books. ISBN 0-903505-46-0 *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> ==External links== *{{wplink}} {{stub}} __NOTOC__ [[Category:Faboideae]]
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