Edit Plant: Catharanthus roseus

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{{Inc| Vinca rosea, Linn. Madagascar Periwinkle. Fig. 3934. Tender erect ever-blooming plant, somewhat shrubby at the base: lvs. oblong, narrowed at base, veiny: petiole glandular at the base: fls. with a very small orifice, rosy purple or white, the latter with or without a reddish eye; calyx-lobes linear, corolla-lobes dimidiate-obovate, mucronulate. Cosmopolitan in the tropics. Gn.36. p. 455; 43, p. 389. V. 13:49; 16:49. B.M. 248. F.R. 1:141. G. 11:197; 14:333; 37:205.—This is commonly called the "Madagascar periwinkle," but V. rosea is probably not native to the Old World, while the only species of Vinca that is really native to Madagascar, viz., V. lancea, is not in cult. The plant is sometimes called "Cape periwinkle" and "old maid." The three main types should be known as V. rosea, V. rosea var. alba, V. rosea var. oculata, the latter being a white fl. with pink or red center. As a matter of fact, these appear in American catalogues as V. alba, V. alba pura, V. alba nova, V. oculata, and V. varius, the last being a trade name for seed of mixed varieties. Var. delicata, Hort., is a trade name. }} '''''Catharanthus roseus''''' ('''Madagascar Periwinkle''') is a species of ''[[Catharanthus]]'' native and [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Madagascar]]. Synonyms include ''Vinca rosea'' (the [[basionym]]), ''Ammocallis rosea'', and ''Lochnera rosea''; other English names occasionally used include Cape Periwinkle, Rose Periwinkle, Rosy Periwinkle, and "Old-maid".<ref name=fom>Flora of Madagascar: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=200018366 ''Catharanthus roseus'']</ref><ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70159 ''Catharanthus roseus'']</ref> In the wild, it is an endangered plant; the main cause of decline is habitat destruction by [[slash and burn]] [[agriculture]].<ref name=dd>DrugDigest: [http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/PrintablePages/herbMonograph/0,11475,4108,00.html ''Catharanthus roseus'']</ref> It is also however widely cultivated and is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] in subtropical and tropical areas of the world.<ref name=rhs/> It is an [[evergreen]] [[subshrub]] or [[herbaceous]] plant growing to 1 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm long and 1–3.5 cm broad, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The [[flower]]s are white to dark pink with a darker red centre, with a basal tube 2.5-3 cm long and a [[corolla]] 2–5 cm diameter with five petal-like lobes. The [[fruit]] is a pair of [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]] 2–4 cm long and 3 mm broad.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018366 ''Catharanthus roseus'']</ref><ref name=com>College of Micronesia: [http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/1999/vhp/rosnak01.html ''Catharanthus roseus'']</ref><ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.</ref><ref name=jeps>Jepson Flora: [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?553,559,560 ''Catharanthus roseus'']</ref> ==Cultivation== [[Image:Catharanthus roseus.jpg|left|thumb|''Catharanthus roseus'' cultivated in [[Brazil]] as a garden plant]] The species has long been cultivated for [[herbal medicine]] and as an [[ornamental plant]]. In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], extracts from it have been used to treat numerous diseases, including [[diabetes]], [[malaria]] and [[Hodgkin's disease]].<ref name=foc/> The substances [[vinblastine]] and [[vincristine]] extracted from the plant are used in the treatment of [[leukaemia]].<ref name=dd/> This conflict between historical [[indigenous]] use, and recent [[patents]] on ''C.roseus''-derived drugs by [[western]] [[pharmaceutical]] companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of [[biopiracy]].<ref name= Karasov>{{cite journal | author=Karasov, C.| title=Who Reaps the Benefits of Biodiversity? | journal= Environmental Health Perspectives | year=2001 | volume= 109| issue= 12| pages= A582-A587 | url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-6765%28200112%29109%3A12%3CA582%3AWRTBOB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1}}</ref> It can be dangerous if consumed orally.<ref name=dd/> It can be [[hallucinogenic plant|hallucinogenic]], and is cited (under its synonym ''Vinca rosea'') in the [[Louisiana State Act 159]]. As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical [[garden]]s where temperatures never fall below 5 °C to 7 °C, and as a warm-season [[bedding plant]] in temperate gardens. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions. Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).<ref name=rhs/> ''C. roseus'' is used in [[plant pathology]] as an experimental [[host (biology)|host]] for [[phytoplasma]]s.<ref>C. Marcone, A. Ragozzino, E. Seemuller (1997) Dodder transmission of alder yellows phytoplasma to the experimental host Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) Forest Pathology 27 (6), 347–350.</ref> This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as [[phyllody]] and significantly reduced [[leaf]] size.<ref>Chung-Jan Chang. Pathogenicity of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma citri on Periwinkle. Presented at the 89th Annual Meeting of The American Phytopathological Society August 12, 1997, Rochester, NY</ref> ===Propagation=== ===Diseases and Pests=== ==Gallery== ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *{{wplink}} __NOTOC__

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