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:''For information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications, see [[cotton]]''.
:''For the clothing company, see [[Gossypium (clothes)]].''
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Gossypium''
| image = Koeh-068.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Gossypium barbadense''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = [[Malvaceae]]
| genus = '''''Gossypium'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Gossypium''''' is a [[genus]] of 39-40 species of [[shrub]]s in the family [[Malvaceae]], native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]]. The cotton plants, sources of [[cotton|commercial cotton]] fabric, are included in this genus.
Cotton shrubs can grow up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] called a '''boll''', each seed surrounded by downy fibres called '''lint'''. Commercial species of cotton plant are ''G. hirsutum'' (90% of world production), ''G. barbadense'' (8%), ''G. arboreum'' and ''G. herbaceum'' (together, 2%). While the lint (fiber) naturally occurs in colors of white, brown, and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton has led many cotton-growing locations to ban growing of coloured cotton varieties.
===Species of ''Gossypium''===
;Commercial cotton species
Commercial [[cotton]] fibres, used to manufacture [[cloth]], are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially:
* ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] – Tree cotton, native to [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].
* ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' L. – known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical [[South America]].
* ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' L. – Levant cotton, native to southern [[Africa]] and [[Arabian Peninsula]].
* ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' L. – Upland cotton, native to [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]] and southern [[Florida]] - most commonly grown species in the world.
;Non-commercial species
* ''[[Gossypium australe]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell]] – Endemic to north-western [[Australia]]
* ''[[Gossypium darwinii]]'' - Darwin's cotton, found only on the [[Galapagos Islands]]
* ''[[Gossypium sturtianum]]'' [[Jim Willis|J.H. Willis]] – Sturt's Desert Rose, native to [[Australia]].
* ''[[Gossypium thurberi]]'' Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to [[Arizona]] and northern [[Mexico]].
* ''[[Gossypium tomentosum]]'' [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]] ex Seem – ''Ma‘o'' or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]].
Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of the above species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects, disease and drought-tolerance.
== Cotton pests and diseases ==
[[Image:Gorskii_04431u.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cotton field in [[Sukhumi botanical garden]], photo ''ca.'' 1912]]
=== Pests ===
*[[Boll weevil]], ''Anthonomus grandis''
*[[Cotton aphid]], ''Aphis gossypii''
*[[Cotton stainer]], ''Dysdercus Koenigii''
*[[Cotton bollworm]], ''Helicoverpa armigera'' and [[native budworm]] ''Helicoverpa punctigera'' are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.
:*Some other [[Lepidoptera]] [[larva]]e also feed on cotton - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Cotton plants]].
*[[Green mirid]] (''Creontiades dilutus''), a sucking insect
*[[Spider mite]]s, ''Tetranychus urticae'', ''T. ludeni'' and ''T. lambi''
*[[Thrips]], ''Thrips tabaci'' and ''Frankliniella schultzei''
=== Diseases ===
{{See also|List of cotton diseases}}
*[[Alternaria|Alternaria leaf spot]], caused by ''[[Alternaria macrospora]]'' and ''[[Alternaria alternata]]''
*[[Anthracnose boll rot]], caused by ''[[Colletotrichum gossypii]]''
*[[Thielaviopsis|Black root rot]], caused by the fungus ''[[Thielaviopsis basicola]]''
*Blight caused by [[Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum|''Xanthomonas campestris'' pv. ''malvacearum'']]
*[[Fusarium boll rot]] caused by ''Fusarium'' spp.
*[[Phytophthora boll rot]], caused by ''[[Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica|''Phytophthora nicotianae'' var. ''parasitica'']]
*[[Sclerotinia boll rot]], caused by fungus ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]''
*[[Stigmatomycosis]], caused by the fungi ''[[Ashbya gossypii]]'', ''[[Eremothecium coryli]]'' ''(Nematospora coryli)'' and ''[[Aureobasidium pullulans]]''
==See also==
* [[Cotton]]
== External links ==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.cicr.gov.in Central Institute for Cotton Research] (India)
<gallery>
Image:Cotton_pollination_5892.JPG|''Gossypium hirsutum'' flower with [[bumblebee]] pollinator, [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
Image:Hawn_Cotton.jpg|''Gossypium tomentosum'' boll
Image:IPMtrap4854.JPG|Integrated Pest Management bollworm trap at a cotton field in [[Manning, South Carolina]] <!-- Search Dogpile -->
<table width="150" height="120" bgcolor="#213863">
<form method="get" action="http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl.sbox/search/redir.htm">
<input type="hidden" name="qcat" value="web">
<tr>
<td align="center"><img height="40" width="125" border="0" alt="Dogpile Search" class="image" src="http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl/pics/dp_remote_sidebar.gif"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><input type="text" name="qkw" value="" style="width:125px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><input type="submit" name="submit" style="font-family: Verdana; color: #233966; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; background-color: #FFFFFF;" value="Go Fetch!"></td>
</tr>
</form>
</table>
Image:Organic-agriculture biocontrol-cotton polistes-wasp.JPG|Natural biocontrol: Predatory [[Polistes]] wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
</gallery>
[[Category:Malvaceae]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
:''For the clothing company, see [[Gossypium (clothes)]].''
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Gossypium''
| image = Koeh-068.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Gossypium barbadense''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = [[Malvaceae]]
| genus = '''''Gossypium'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Gossypium''''' is a [[genus]] of 39-40 species of [[shrub]]s in the family [[Malvaceae]], native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]]. The cotton plants, sources of [[cotton|commercial cotton]] fabric, are included in this genus.
Cotton shrubs can grow up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] called a '''boll''', each seed surrounded by downy fibres called '''lint'''. Commercial species of cotton plant are ''G. hirsutum'' (90% of world production), ''G. barbadense'' (8%), ''G. arboreum'' and ''G. herbaceum'' (together, 2%). While the lint (fiber) naturally occurs in colors of white, brown, and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton has led many cotton-growing locations to ban growing of coloured cotton varieties.
===Species of ''Gossypium''===
;Commercial cotton species
Commercial [[cotton]] fibres, used to manufacture [[cloth]], are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially:
* ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] – Tree cotton, native to [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].
* ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' L. – known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical [[South America]].
* ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' L. – Levant cotton, native to southern [[Africa]] and [[Arabian Peninsula]].
* ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' L. – Upland cotton, native to [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]] and southern [[Florida]] - most commonly grown species in the world.
;Non-commercial species
* ''[[Gossypium australe]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell]] – Endemic to north-western [[Australia]]
* ''[[Gossypium darwinii]]'' - Darwin's cotton, found only on the [[Galapagos Islands]]
* ''[[Gossypium sturtianum]]'' [[Jim Willis|J.H. Willis]] – Sturt's Desert Rose, native to [[Australia]].
* ''[[Gossypium thurberi]]'' Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to [[Arizona]] and northern [[Mexico]].
* ''[[Gossypium tomentosum]]'' [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]] ex Seem – ''Ma‘o'' or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]].
Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of the above species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects, disease and drought-tolerance.
== Cotton pests and diseases ==
[[Image:Gorskii_04431u.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cotton field in [[Sukhumi botanical garden]], photo ''ca.'' 1912]]
=== Pests ===
*[[Boll weevil]], ''Anthonomus grandis''
*[[Cotton aphid]], ''Aphis gossypii''
*[[Cotton stainer]], ''Dysdercus Koenigii''
*[[Cotton bollworm]], ''Helicoverpa armigera'' and [[native budworm]] ''Helicoverpa punctigera'' are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.
:*Some other [[Lepidoptera]] [[larva]]e also feed on cotton - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Cotton plants]].
*[[Green mirid]] (''Creontiades dilutus''), a sucking insect
*[[Spider mite]]s, ''Tetranychus urticae'', ''T. ludeni'' and ''T. lambi''
*[[Thrips]], ''Thrips tabaci'' and ''Frankliniella schultzei''
=== Diseases ===
{{See also|List of cotton diseases}}
*[[Alternaria|Alternaria leaf spot]], caused by ''[[Alternaria macrospora]]'' and ''[[Alternaria alternata]]''
*[[Anthracnose boll rot]], caused by ''[[Colletotrichum gossypii]]''
*[[Thielaviopsis|Black root rot]], caused by the fungus ''[[Thielaviopsis basicola]]''
*Blight caused by [[Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum|''Xanthomonas campestris'' pv. ''malvacearum'']]
*[[Fusarium boll rot]] caused by ''Fusarium'' spp.
*[[Phytophthora boll rot]], caused by ''[[Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica|''Phytophthora nicotianae'' var. ''parasitica'']]
*[[Sclerotinia boll rot]], caused by fungus ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]''
*[[Stigmatomycosis]], caused by the fungi ''[[Ashbya gossypii]]'', ''[[Eremothecium coryli]]'' ''(Nematospora coryli)'' and ''[[Aureobasidium pullulans]]''
==See also==
* [[Cotton]]
== External links ==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.cicr.gov.in Central Institute for Cotton Research] (India)
<gallery>
Image:Cotton_pollination_5892.JPG|''Gossypium hirsutum'' flower with [[bumblebee]] pollinator, [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
Image:Hawn_Cotton.jpg|''Gossypium tomentosum'' boll
Image:IPMtrap4854.JPG|Integrated Pest Management bollworm trap at a cotton field in [[Manning, South Carolina]] <!-- Search Dogpile -->
<table width="150" height="120" bgcolor="#213863">
<form method="get" action="http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl.sbox/search/redir.htm">
<input type="hidden" name="qcat" value="web">
<tr>
<td align="center"><img height="40" width="125" border="0" alt="Dogpile Search" class="image" src="http://www.dogpile.com/info.dogpl/pics/dp_remote_sidebar.gif"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><input type="text" name="qkw" value="" style="width:125px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><input type="submit" name="submit" style="font-family: Verdana; color: #233966; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; background-color: #FFFFFF;" value="Go Fetch!"></td>
</tr>
</form>
</table>
Image:Organic-agriculture biocontrol-cotton polistes-wasp.JPG|Natural biocontrol: Predatory [[Polistes]] wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
</gallery>
[[Category:Malvaceae]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
